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Bloody Sunday

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Voici la fresque murale qui correspond à la desciption dans l'entraînement à l'expression orale ci-dessus

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Cette vidéo n’a pas de son. Vocabulaire Les différentes parties d’une image Les différentes sortes d’images in the middle au milieu a photograph une photographie in the centre au centre a painting un tableau at the top en haut a drawing un dessin at the bottom en bas an advertisement une publicit…

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Irish Hungerstrike Memorial - Irish Hungerstrike 1981

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A history of the 1981 hungerstrikes in Ireland in 1981, includes, pictures, songs, and H-Block poetry, from Bobby Sands and the other IRA & INLA volunteers.

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Thousands of Orange Order members have taken part in parades across Northern Ireland.

The 12th of July parades mark the 326th anniversary of King William III's victory at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690.

A total of 18 demonstrations were held in towns and cities.

Northern Ireland's first and deputy minister and justice minister appealed for calm ahead of the parades.

In north Belfast, two nationalist residents' groups held separate protests against a feeder parade past the Ardoyne shops.

The stretch of Crumlin Road has been the scene of violence in recent years.

It was hoped a solution had been brokered to the long-running dispute last month, but the deal fell apart at the last minute.

On Tuesday morning, the feeder parade and the protests passed off without trouble.

However, protesters at the Ardoyne shops heckled PSNI Chief Constable George Hamilton, shouting that he was not welcome in the area

This year, as has been the case since 2013, the feeder parade was not allowed to return by the same route on Tuesday evening.

The return feeder parade passed off without incident.

A total of three lodges were due to march on the return leg but only one lodge turned up at the police barrier on the Woodvale Road.

The Orange Order said the other two north Belfast lodges dispersed before the Woodvale Road barrier as they were outside the 20:30 BST deadline which had been set by the Parades Commission.

In east Belfast, around 30 bands took part in the return leg of the parade along the Lower Newtownards Road.

Several bands breached the Parades Commission ruling which stated that hymns could only be played between the junction at Short Strand to St Matthew's Church at Bryson Street.

There were security cordons and more than 20 landrovers but this part of the parade passed off without incident before heading onto Templemore Avenue.

The main Belfast march, which is traditionally the longest every year, left Carlisle Circus at 10:00 BST and made its way to the city hall.

The parade passed St Patrick's Catholic Church on Donegall Street without major incident.

Bands were told to only play a single drumbeat near the church, and most abided by the Parades Commission ruling.

However, one band played a hymn in the no-music zone and a small group of Orangemen sang a football song outside the church before they were stopped by fellow lodge members.

Sinn Féin's Carál Ní Chuilín said she was disappointed by the minor breaches of the Parades Commission ruling but was pleased with how the parade went as a whole.

When the parade reached Belfast City Hall, a wreath-laying ceremony was held at the cenotaph for servicemen and women who died during both World Wars and throughout the Troubles.

Tribute

This year the service marked the 100th anniversary of the Battle of the Somme and the soldiers who served with the 36th Ulster Division were commemorated.

The Orange Order also paid tribute to soldiers from all over the island of Ireland who died during the World War One battle.

After the ceremony, the parade made its way south through the city centre to the demonstration field at Barnett Demesne.

About 60 bands walked the six-mile route.

Flagship

The parade left the field for the return leg at 16:15 BST.

Flagship parades were staged in Portadown, County Armagh and Kilkeel, County Down.

About 5,000 Orangemen and women took part in the Portadown event, with thousands of supporters lining the streets to watch the parade.

Portadown also marked the Battle of the Somme centenary with a carpet of poppies at the town's Cenotaph and a new Somme memorial gate at the demonstration field.

In Kilkeel, more than 1,000 Orange Order members marched through the town.

Mourne District Loyal Orange Lodge (LOL) Number 6 had 15 lodges on parade, according to historian, Dr Gavin Hughes, who took part in the BBC's live coverage of the event.

Grand Master of the Grand Orange Lodge of Ireland, Edward Stevenson, attended County Londonderry's largest parade in Limavady.

Approximately 3,000 Orangemen and women, representing 60 lodges, were accompanied by more than 50 bands.

The main procession began at 12:00 BST from Church Street.

County Fermanagh's main Twelfth commemoration was held in the village of Maguiresbridge for the first time in 10 years.

A total of 15 Fermanagh district lodges were accompanied by a variety of marching bands.

'Celebration'

First Minister Arlene Foster attended the demonstration in Maguiresbridge and watched her children parade.

"This really is about celebration, it's about doing things in a way that we've done so for generations," she said.

"I always think of the Twelfth when I used to get two sandwiches in a plastic bag and a bun and that is still going on today but it is good fun and we really enjoy ourselves every year."

The Fermanagh Twelfth also hosted visiting lodges from the Republic of Ireland - including members from Donegal, Leitrim, Cavan and Monaghan.

The Orange Order said it hoped the event would attract many tourists to the lakeland venue.

North Antrim's Twelfth demonstration was staged in the coastal town of Ballycastle, where the guest of honour was one of the UK's most senior Orangemen - Grand Master of the Grand Orange Lodge of England, Ron Bather.

About a dozen protesters held small demonstrations along the parade route, which had been lined with Irish tricolours, éirígí flags and Palestinian flags.

Police spoke to one protester following a small scuffle during the march.

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Thousands of Orange Order members have taken part in parades across Northern Ireland. The 12th of July parades mark the 326th anniversary of King William III's victory at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690. A total of 18 demonstrations were held in towns and cities.

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The Irish Free State, comprising four-fifths of Ireland, is declared, ending a five-year Irish struggle for independence from Britain. Like other autonomous nations of the former British Empire, Ireland was to remain part of the British Commonwealth, symbolically subject to the king. The Irish Free State later severed ties with Britain and was renamed Eire, and is now called the Republic of Ireland.

English rule over the island of Ireland dates back to the 12th century, and Queen Elizabeth I of England encouraged the large-scale immigration of Scottish Protestants in the 16th century. During ensuing centuries, a series of rebellions by Irish Catholics were put down as the Anglo-Irish minority extended their domination over the Catholic majority. Under absentee landlords, the Irish population was reduced to a subsistence diet based on potatoes, and when the Potato Famine struck the country in the 1840s, one million people starved to death while nearly two million more fled to the United States.

A movement for Irish home rule gained momentum in the late 19th century, and in 1916 Irish nationalists launched the Easter Rising against British rule in Dublin. The rebellion was crushed, but widespread agitation for independence continued. In 1919, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) launched a widespread and effective guerrilla campaign against British forces. In 1921, a cease-fire was declared, and in January 1922 a faction of Irish nationalists signed a peace treaty with Britain, calling for the partition of Ireland, with the south becoming autonomous and the six northern counties of the island remaining in the United Kingdom.

Civil war broke out even before the declaration of the Irish Free State on December 6, 1922, and ended with the victory of the Irish Free State over the Irish Republican forces in 1923. A constitution adopted by the Irish people in 1937 declared Ireland to be "a sovereign, independent, democratic state," and the Irish Free State was renamed Eire. Eire remained neutral during World War II, and in 1949 the Republic of Ireland Act severed the last remaining link with the Commonwealth.

Conflicts persisted over Northern Ireland, however, and the IRA, outlawed in the south, went underground to try to regain the northern counties still ruled by Britain. Violence between Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland escalated in the early 1970s, and to date the fighting has claimed more than 3,000 lives.

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The Irish Free State, comprising four-fifths of Ireland, is declared, ending a five-year Irish struggle for independence from Britain. Like other autonomous nations of the former British Empire, Ireland was to remain part of the British Commonwealth, symbolically subject to the king.

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Good Friday Agreement, accord reached on April 10, 1998, and ratified in both Ireland and Northern Ireland by popular vote on May 22 that called for devolved government in Northern Ireland.

By the mid-1960s the demographic majority that Protestants enjoyed in Northern Ireland ensured that they were able to control the state institutions, and these powers were at times used in ways that disadvantaged the region's Roman Catholic minority (though the extent of discrimination in Northern Ireland remains a matter of intense debate). An active civil rights movement emerged in the late 1960s, and incidents of communal violence ensued, which led the British government to send troops to assist in quelling the urban violence. Bombings, assassinations, and rioting between Catholics, Protestants, and British police and troops continued into the early 1990s. A tentative cease-fire was called in 1994, but sporadic violence continued.

Multiparty talks-involving representatives of Ireland, various political parties of Northern Ireland, and the British government-resumed in June 1996 and eventually culminated in the signing in Belfast on April 10, 1998 (that year's Good Friday), of an agreement that called for the establishment of three "strands" of administrative relationships. The first strand provided for the creation of the Northern Ireland Assembly, which would be an elected assembly responsible for most local matters. The second was an institutional arrangement for cross-border cooperation on a range of issues between the governments of Ireland and Northern Ireland. The third called for continued consultation between the British and Irish governments. In a jointly held referendum in Ireland and Northern Ireland on May 22, 1998-the first all-Ireland vote since 1918-the agreement was approved by 94 percent of voters in Ireland and 71 percent in Northern Ireland. However, the wide disparity between Catholic and Protestant support in Northern Ireland (96 percent of Catholics voted in favour of the agreement, but only 52 percent of Protestants did) indicated that efforts to resolve the sectarian conflict would be difficult.

The most severe evidence of division came just four months after the agreement was signed, in August 1998, when a splinter group of the Irish Republican Army (IRA), the Real IRA, killed 29 people in a bombing in the town of Omagh. Moreover, the IRA's failure to decommission its weapons delayed the formation of the Northern Ireland Executive (a branch of the Northern Ireland Assembly), in which Sinn Féin, the political wing of the IRA, was to have two ministers.

On December 2, 1999, the Republic of Ireland modified its constitution, removing its territorial claims to the whole of the island of Ireland, the United Kingdom yielded direct rule of Northern Ireland, new agreements between Ireland and the United Kingdom and between Ireland and Northern Ireland entered into force, and, symbolically, Irish Pres. Mary McAleese had lunch with Queen Elizabeth II. (For further developments related to the Good Friday Agreement, see Northern Ireland: History.)

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Good Friday Agreement | British-Irish Peace Process, 1998 Referendum

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Good Friday Agreement, accord reached on April 10, 1998, and ratified in both Ireland and Northern Ireland by popular vote on May 22 that called for devolved government in Northern Ireland. By the mid-1960s the demographic majority that Protestants enjoyed in Northern Ireland ensured that they were

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Irish Republican Army (IRA), also called Provisional Irish Republican Army, republican paramilitary organization seeking the establishment of a republic, the end of British rule in Northern Ireland, and the reunification of Ireland.

The IRA was created in 1919 as a successor to the Irish Volunteers, a militant nationalist organization founded in 1913. The IRA's purpose was to use armed force to render British rule in Ireland ineffective and thus to assist in achieving the broader objective of an independent republic, which was pursued at the political level by Sinn Féin, the Irish nationalist party. From its inception, however, the IRA operated independently of political control and in some periods actually took the upper hand in the independence movement. Its membership overlaps with that of Sinn Féin.

During the Anglo-Irish War ( Irish War of Independence, 1919-21) the IRA, under the leadership of Michael Collins, employed guerrilla tactics-including ambushes, raids, and sabotage-to force the British government to negotiate. The resulting settlement established two new political entities: the Irish Free State, which comprised 26 counties and was granted dominion status within the British Empire; and Northern Ireland, made up of six counties and sometimes called the province of Ulster, which remained part of the United Kingdom. These terms, however, proved unacceptable to a substantial number of IRA members. The organization consequently split into two factions, one (under Collins's leadership) supporting the treaty and the other (under Eamon de Valera) opposing it. The former group became the core of the official Irish Free State Army, and the latter group, known as "Irregulars," began to organize armed resistance against the new independent government.

The ensuing Irish civil war (1922-23) ended with the capitulation of the Irregulars; however, they neither surrendered their arms nor disbanded. While de Valera led a portion of the Irregulars into parliamentary politics with the creation of Fianna Fáil in the Irish Free State, some members remained in the background as a constant reminder to successive governments that the aspiration for a united republican Ireland-achieved by force if necessary-was still alive. Recruiting and illegal drilling by the IRA continued, as did intermittent acts of violence. The organization was declared illegal in 1931 and again in 1936. After a series of IRA bombings in England in 1939, Dáil Éireann (the lower house of the Oireachtas, the Irish parliament) took stringent measures against the IRA, including provision for internment without trial. The IRA's activities against the British during World War II severely embarrassed the Irish government, which remained neutral. At one point the IRA sought assistance from Adolf Hitler to help remove the British from Ireland. Five IRA leaders were executed, and many more were interned.

After the withdrawal of Ireland from the British Commonwealth in 1949, the IRA turned its attention to agitating for the unification of the predominantly Roman Catholic Irish republic with predominantly Protestant Northern Ireland. Sporadic incidents occurred during the 1950s and early '60s, but lack of active support by Catholics in Northern Ireland rendered such efforts futile. The situation changed dramatically in the late 1960s, when Catholics in Northern Ireland began a civil rights campaign against discrimination in voting, housing, and employment by the dominant Protestant government and population. Violence by extremists against the demonstrators-unhindered by the mostly Protestant police force (the Royal Ulster Constabulary)-set in motion a series of escalating attacks by both sides. Units of the IRA were organized to defend besieged Catholic communities in the province and were sustained by support from units in Ireland. In 1970 two members of the Fianna Fáil government in Ireland, including future prime minister Charles Haughey, were tried for importing arms for the IRA; they subsequently were acquitted.

Conflict over the widespread use of violence quickly led to another split in the IRA. Following a Sinn Féin conference in Dublin in December 1969, the IRA divided into "Official" and "Provisional" wings. Although both factions were committed to a united socialist Irish republic, the Officials preferred parliamentary tactics and eschewed violence after 1972, whereas the Provisionals, or " Provos," believed that violence- particularly terrorism -was a necessary part of the struggle to rid Ireland of the British.

Beginning in 1970, the Provos carried out bombings, assassinations, and ambushes in a campaign they called the "Long War." In 1973 they expanded their attacks to create terror in mainland Britain and eventually even in continental Europe. It was estimated that, between 1969 and 1994, the IRA killed about 1,800 people, including approximately 600 civilians.

The fortunes of the IRA waxed and waned after 1970. The British policy of interning persons suspected of involvement in the IRA and the killing of 13 Catholic protesters on " Bloody Sunday" (January 30, 1972) strengthened Catholic sympathy for the organization and swelled its ranks. In light of declining support in the late 1970s, the IRA reorganized in 1977 into detached cells to protect against infiltration. Assisted by extensive funding from some Irish Americans, the IRA procured weapons from international arms dealers and foreign countries, including Libya. It was estimated in the late 1990s that the IRA had enough weapons in its arsenal to continue its campaign for at least another decade. The IRA became adept at raising money in Northern Ireland through extortion, racketeering, and other illegal activities, and it policed its own community through punishment beatings and mock trials.

In 1981, after hunger strikes in which 10 republican prisoners died (7 were IRA members), the political aspect of the struggle grew to rival the military one, and Sinn Féin began to play a more prominent role. Sinn Féin leaders Gerry Adams and Martin McGuinness, together with John Hume, head of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), sought ways to end the armed struggle and bring republicans into democratic politics. Convinced by the Irish and British governments that a cease-fire would be rewarded with participation in multiparty talks, in August 1994 the IRA declared a "complete cessation of all military activities," and in October a similar cease-fire was declared by loyalist paramilitary groups fighting to preserve Northern Ireland's union with Britain. However, Sinn Féin continued to be excluded from the talks because of unionist demands for IRA decommissioning (disarmament) as a condition of Sinn Féin's participation. The IRA's cease-fire ended in February 1996, when a bomb in the Docklands area of London killed two people, though it was reinstated in July of the following year. Having agreed that decommissioning would occur as part of the resolution of Northern Ireland's sectarian conflict, the IRA's political representatives swore to uphold principles of nonviolence and were included in the multiparty talks beginning in September 1997.

In April 1998 the participants in the talks approved the Good Friday Agreement (Belfast Agreement), which linked a new power-sharing government in Northern Ireland with IRA decommissioning and other steps aimed at normalizing cross-community relations. Significantly, republicans agreed that the province would remain a part of Britain for as long as a majority of the population so desired, thus undermining the logic of continued military action by the IRA. Although the IRA subsequently destroyed some of its weapons, it resisted decommissioning its entire armoury, hampering implementation of key parts of the peace agreement. On July 28, 2005, however, the IRA announced that it had ended its armed campaign and instead would pursue only peaceful means to achieve its objectives. The IRA was back in the headlines in 2015 when an investigation into the murder of a former IRA leader revealed that at least some of the organizational structure of the Provisional IRA was still in place.

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Irish Republican Army | History, Attacks, & Facts

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Irish Republican Army (IRA), also called Provisional Irish Republican Army, republican paramilitary organization seeking the establishment of a republic, the end of British rule in Northern Ireland, and the reunification of Ireland. The IRA was created in 1919 as a successor to the Irish Volunteers, a militant nationalist organization founded in 1913.

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The organization which would become the political arm of the Irish Republican Army began as one of numerous nationalist pressure groups. The name means 'Us' or 'Ourselves Alone', a proclamation that the solution to Ireland's predicament lay in the hands of its people and nobody else.

Sinn Fein was an amalgamation of groups founded by Arthur Griffith and Bulmer Hobson. In 1899 Griffith, a Dublin-born journalist, had founded the weekly United Irishman, which lambasted the Irish MPs at Westminster. The following year he established an organization called Cumann na nGaedhael ('Tribe of the Gaels'), which was to be the principal ancestor of Sinn Fein, and merged it with the republican Dungannon Clubs, flourishing mainly in Ulster and organized by Hobson, a Belfast-born Quaker, who described them as 'semi-literary, semi-political and patriotic'.

Griffith believed Fenian-style reliance on armed rebellion had failed and the effective tactic was passive resistance. This would involve a withdrawal from Westminster and the establishment of a national assembly in Ireland, refusing to pay British taxes, creating independent Irish courts and an Irish civil service, taking control of local authorities and boycotting British products. He wanted Ireland as part of a dual monarchy under the British crown and developing into an industrialized country. His aim was 'to make England take one hand from Ireland's throat and the other out of Ireland's pocket.' Griffith saw a precedent in the tactics of Hungarian nationalists in the 1860s, though this parallel was derided in Ireland. Though he had almost no Gaelic, he supported a renaissance of Celtic Irish language and culture.

His journal Sinn Fein was published from 1906 until it was banned in 1914 and the party attracted nationalists, pacifists and feminists. In 1908 it won fifteen seats in the Dublin local elections, but failed badly at the North Leitrim parliamentary by-election. The Sinn Feiners marked the coronation of George V in 1911 by burning Union Jacks, but for years the party had little influence outside Dublin.

The situation changed after the Easter Rising of 1916. Griffith steered clear of the rising to the disapproval of hardliners including Michael Collins, who set about reorganizing Sinn Fein as a militant republican party. Griffith stood aside to allow Eamon de Valera to be elected as Sinn Fein's president and in 1918 the party won 73 of the 105 Irish seats at Westminster. It refused to take its seats and seceded to form an Irish parliament in Dublin, the Dail Eireann, which declared Ireland an independent republic.

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The organization which would become the political arm of the Irish Republican Army began as one of numerous nationalist pressure groups. The name means 'Us' or 'Ourselves Alone', a proclamation that the solution to Ireland's predicament lay in the hands of its people and nobody else.

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On 1 July 1690, two armies faced each other across the River Boyne, just to the north of Dublin in Ireland.

The commander on the north side was William of Orange, a Dutch Protestant, who had recently been crowned King of England, Scotland and Ireland.

The commander on the south side was James II, the deposed Catholic king, who had lost his throne to William only the year before.

The two men were linked by blood and family ties. James II was both the uncle of William of Orange and his father-in-law.

In 1688, William was invited to seize James II's throne by Protestant nobles who feared James was founding a Catholic royal dynasty. James, who chose not to oppose him, was captured then allowed to escape to exile in France.
James arrives in Ireland
In March 1689, James landed in Ireland with troops supplied by the Catholic King Louis XIV of France. France was the greatest military power in Europe at the time and Louis was William's sworn enemy.

James saw Ireland as the back door through which he could invade England and regain his crown. Predominantly Catholic Ireland readily rallied to the 'Jacobite' (from the Latin for James) cause.

Fergal Keane charts James's progress from Kinsale northwards for the 2011 series The Story Of Ireland.
William arrives in Ireland
Throughout his reign, William's focus was always firmly on his fight to bring to an end Louis XIV's domination of Europe. The crowns of England, Scotland and Ireland were vital to his ongoing struggle. James' army represented a significant threat that William had to deal with decisively.

William's invasion force was the largest Ireland had ever seen. Altogether he had more than one thousand horses to draw his artillery and gun equipment. An eye-witness recalled Belfast Lough (the body of water connecting Belfast to the sea) looking like a wood:
"There being no less than seven hundred sail of ships in it, mostly laden with provisions and ammunition. The great numbers of coaches, waggons, baggage horses and the like is almost incredible to be supplied from England, or any of the biggest nations in Europe. I cannot think that any army of Christendom hath the like."
William himself stepped ashore at the northern port of Carrickfergus on 14 June 1690, where this pale asthmatic monarch, his face lined with the constant pain of fighting ill health, said in halting English that he had come to ensure the people of Ireland would be "settled in a lasting peace".
The Pope backs King Billy
William is celebrated to this day as a champion of Protestantism, but he was nonetheless backed by the head of the Catholic Church, Pope Alexander VIII. The Pope was part of a 'Grand Alliance' against Louis XIV's warring in Europe and supported William's reconquest of Ireland.
William's army
William's army reflected his leadership of the Grand Alliance. The core consisted of Dutch, Danish, Germans and Huguenots (French Protestants persecuted by Louis XIV). His English troops were mainly raw recruits, reinforced by Ulster Protestant 'skirmishers'. These were described by the army chaplain George Story as being "half-naked with sabre and pistols hanging from their belts, like a horde of Tartars".
James' army
While most of William's men were professional, well-paid, well-armed and recently fed, James' Irish infantrymen were often armed only with scythes and farm tools. But their morale was high and - thanks to Louis XIV - they had some of the best cavalry in Europe.
The Boyne
The River Boyne lies 30 miles north of Dublin. It was the last natural barrier facing William as he marched south towards the city and James' stronghold. James chose to make a stand at the Boyne, enshrining it as the location where, for the last time, two crowned kings of England, Scotland and Ireland would meet in battle.
William crosses the Boyne
William was known for his sometimes reckless courage and the Boyne was no different. He decided to investigate the river's crossing points for himself and was shot at by Jacobite officers. It was rumoured that William was dead, but a bullet had only grazed his shoulder. He shrugged it off, reputedly saying: "Ce boulet est venu bien pres. Ce n'est rien" ("The ball came close enough, but it's nothing").

At almost 40 years of age William was a battlehardened commander and a veteran of countless campaigns. By contrast James, once praised for gallantry in battle as a younger man, was in his late fifties with his best years as a military leader behind him.

After four hours of fierce fighting a significant body of William's men had made it across to the Boyne's southern riverbank. James' cavalry had them pinned down, but they held and James gave the order to retreat. A rout was avoided by Louis XIV's cavalry skilfully covering the withdrawal. Battlefield Britain illustrates how William took the decision to lead his horsemen across the river.

Myths have grown up around the image of William crossing the Boyne. The military historian Richard Doherty dispels some of these for BBC Northern Ireland's You Thought You Knew King Billy.

The battle ended on high ground above the southern side of the river.
Aftermath
Dr. Padraig Lenihan of the National University of Ireland sums up the aftermath of the battle for The Story Of Ireland.

Despite his army retreating in good order, James quickly abandoned them and returned to exile in France. William marched into Dublin and finally secured his reconquest of Ireland with the Treaty of Limerick in 1691.

William's victory ended James II's hope of regaining his throne. William was now securely in control of England, Scotland and Ireland, which would ultimately help him to reverse Louis XIV's military conquests in Europe.

William ruled jointly with his wife Mary (James II's daughter). Their reign marked an important transition from the direct rule of monarchs like James towards a more parliamentary system.

In Ireland, William's victory dashed Jacobite hopes of recovering property that had been confiscated from Irish landowners since the days of Oliver Cromwell.

But for Protestants, it secured their ascendancy in Ireland. In Ulster it ensured the survival of the Protestant, English-speaking colonies known as the Plantation. The victory is still celebrated every 12 July in Northern Ireland by the Orange Order, named for William of Orange.
Why 12 July?
The Battle of the Boyne was fought on 1 July 1690, according to the old Julian calendar. This was reformed and replaced with the Gregorian calendar across the British Empire in 1752, repositioning the 'date' of the Battle of the Boyne to 11 July. The method of altering historical dates was somewhat complicated, with eleven days being added to 'old style' dates occurring after 1700, but only ten days to those taking place before that.

There is some dispute over whether celebrating on 12 July is simply the result of a slight historical miscalculation, or a case of the Battle of the Boyne replacing the Battle of Aughrim (another important battle in the Williamite War which took place on 12 July in the Julian calendar) as the focus of commemoration. Either way, William's victory at the Battle of the Boyne has been celebrated on 12 July for over 200 years.

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On 1 July 1690, two armies faced each other across the River Boyne, just to the north of Dublin in Ireland. The commander on the north side was William of Orange, a Dutch Protestant, who had recently been crowned King of England, Scotland and Ireland.

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Video clip U2