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reflections on nature, nurture, and their interaction

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reflections on nature, nurture, and their interaction

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experience shapes us
- family and peers
- culture and norms
---- gender roles

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sex
gender
aggression
relational aggression
social power
- men place more importance on power and achievement
men lead more directive
women lead more democratically
social connectedness
male answer syndrome
men = independent, women = interdependent
men work with things, women work with people
- affects speech
women act and identify as caretakers
men value freedom and self-reliance

biology influences gender
1. genetically with sex chromosomes
2. physiologically with sex hormones
Prenatal sexual development
- x chromosome
- y chromosome
---- testosterone
- 4-5mo in womb is when sex hormones influence brain wiring
Adolescent sexual development
- puberty
---- primary sex characteristics
---- secondary sex characteristics
- spermarche and menarche
Sexual development variations
- disorder of sexual development
---- fetus exposed to unusual levels of sex hormones
---- sex reassignment surgery

physical traits to define biological male and female is the same worldwide but gender traits to define how each act differ by culture
Gender Roles
- role
---- gender role (can change over time)
How Do we learn gender
- gender identity
- social learning theory
---- gender typing
------- androgyny
- children = gender detective with language
- transgender
- gender identity distinct from sexual orientation

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culture
- human nature designed for culture
- social creatures
preservation of innovation ---> mastery of language
humans are similar in capacity for culture

norms
culture shock
cultures vary and compete for resources
- culture can change quick;y
individualism
collectivism
cultural neuroscience = neurobiological and cultural traits influence on each other

independence v. obedience
similar in conscientiousness and extroversion from nation to nation
all have hunger and all have the need to belong

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how does experience influence development

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how does experience influence development

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prenatal environment and early experiences and parenting
impoverished v. enriched environments
pruning process at puberty
plasticity

society has increasingly blamed parenting for outcomes
parenting only affects if it's extreme
selection effect: pick out peers w/ similar attitudes and interests
parents and peers are complementary

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culture, gender, and other environmental influences

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culture, gender, and other environmental influences

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interactions
- environment triggers gene activity
identical twins seek similar experiences that express genes

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an evolutionary explanation of human sexuality

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an evolutionary explanation of human sexuality

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males and females similar but differ in behaviors related to reproduction
- men have stronger sex drive
sexual over-perception bias = view friendliness as sexual interest
women are less casual about sex
women look for money, men look for figure

critique of evolution = social learning theory
- social script

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evolutionary success helps explain similarities

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evolutionary success helps explain similarities

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emotion, drive, and reasoning are common across cultures
there is more genetic variation within groups than between them

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mutations

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evolutionary psychology
- natural selection
- darwin
--- offspring compete for survival
--- biological and behavioral variations increase reproductive and survival chances
--- surviving offspring's traits get passed down
--- population characteristics change over time

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adaption
molecular genetics
specific genes influence behavior
- molecular behavior genetics
triggers that switch genes on and off
- epigenetics
- genes = self regulating
- epigenetic marks

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heritability = extent to which differences among people are due to genes
heritable individual differences does not imply heritable group differences

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temperament = genetic

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control heredity while vary the environment
v.
control environment while vary the heredity
*identical twins*
fraternal twins
separated twins = same voice, personality, and health risks STILL
family has little effect on personality for twins

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heredity interacts w/ experience
chromosome
--> DNA
-----> genes
genome

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behavior genetics and predicting individual differences

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behavior genetics and predicting individual differences

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behavior genetics
environment

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chapter 4 and 5 quizlet:
https://quizlet.com/_31yoxo