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The Ludlow Amendment, had it been passed, would have made there be a national referendum on any declaration of war by Congress. Representative Louis Ludlow, from Indiana, proposed the amendment several times in between 1935 and 1940, but it was never added to the Constitution. Supporters argued that since we were the people who would have to go off to war and fight to defend our country, we should make the final decision on whether or not we should go to war. This is a good example of Constitutional Stability because Ludlow and his supporters attempted to make a change to the constitution, but failed, because our system of passing amendments, the Ludlow Amendment wasn't added to the Constitution.

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In the case of Brown v. Board of Education, the Browns were fighting to eliminate segregated schools, saying that the schools for black children were not as good as white schools, and some black kids had to walk farther distances, and through dangerous paths, even though there was a white school closer to them. The Supreme Court had previously ruled in the Plessy v. Ferguson case that segregated schools were constitutional, but in the Brown v. Board of Education case, they reversed their ruling after receiving more information, and set the precedent that "separate but equal" is not really equal. This is an example of Constitutional Dynamism because we used to segregate schools but as we as a society came to stop racism and segregation, the concept of segregated schools changed with the times.

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The Equal Rights Amendment, if passed, would have made it illegal for the federal or state government to discriminate on account of sex. It was first proposed in 1923, and was proposed by congress. The original ratification deadline was in 1979, and by 1977 it had received 35 of the 38 votes it needed to pass, and the deadline was extended to 1982, but no new states ratified the amendment, so it did not become a part of the constitution. This is a good example of Federalism because the states blocked an action from Congress (part of the Federal Government) by preventing them from adding the amendment to the constitution.

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In 1871, a Representative from Missouri named Andrew King tried to pass an amendment to make interracial marriage legal nationwide, because after the 14th amendment passed, he (correctly) anticipated that people would try to make interracial marriage legal, which they did in the Loving v. Virginia case. King was worried that the 14th amendment would make any bans on interracial marriage unconstitutional. This is a good example of separation of powers because a representative tried to pass an amendment and was checked by the Legislative Branch.

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Popular Sovereignty: District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment

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Popular Sovereignty: District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment

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This Amendment was proposed by Congress in 1978, in an attempt to give the District of Columbia (Washington D.C.) full representation that a state would have in the House of Representatives, Senate, and the Electoral College, among other things. It also would have repealed the Twenty-third Amendment, which prevents D.C. from having more Electoral Votes than the least populous state, and prevents them from having any role in the elections of President and Vice President from the two houses of congress. This is a good example of Popular Sovereignty because the amendment was trying to expand equal voting right to Washington D.C. but it was shot down.\

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In the case of Mapp v. Ohio, police were searching Dollree Mapp's house, and they discovered "obscene" materials, and then proceeded to arrest her. The only issue, was that the police didn't provide a search warrant, the materials shouldn't be allowed to be used in court, because they found them as a a result of illegal search and seizure. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Mapp, and set the precedent that illegally obtained material can't be used in trial. This is a good example of limited government because the government was trying to extend their power by saying that they could use illegally obtained material in trial, but they were blocked from doing so, because it was deemed unconstitutional.

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Separation of Powers: The Corwin Amendment

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Separation of Powers: The Corwin Amendment

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The Corwin Amendment was proposed in 1860 by Thomas Corwin, a representative from Ohio. The amendment would have prevented congress from ever making any amendments or laws limiting or abolishing "domestic institutions" which at the time would have included slavery. Originally, James Buchanan, the 15th President, supported the amendment, but when Abraham Lincoln came into office, he opposed it. It passed through the House of Representatives and the Senate, but was eventually shot down by the states. This shows Constitutional Dynamism, because we were willing to stop the amendment, and remain open to change from the government about things like slavery.

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In the Cooper v. Aaron case, several southern states were refusing to follow the Supreme Court decision in the Brown v. Board of Education case, and claimed that states could nullify Supreme Court decisions if they thought their decision was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court unanimously ruled against the states, saying that individual states did not have the right to nullify Supreme Court decisions. This is a good example of Constitutional Dynamism because we made the precedent that states couldn't nullify supreme court decisions to adapt to the fact that states were trying to nullify the Supreme Court decisions.

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In the Texas v. Johnson case, a man named Gregory Lee Johnson was arrested for burning an American Flag outside of the Dallas City Hall. Johnson argued that while the act of burning the flag was considered offensive, it was "symbolic speech" and was therefore protected under the First Amendment right to free speech. The Supreme Court ruled that it was in fact considered "symbolic speech" and set the precedent that all speech including offensive and/or symbolic speech is protected under our First Amendment right to freedom of speech. The Texas v. Johnson case is a good example of Constitutional Dynamism because it changed our view on offensive speech like flag burning, and showed our willingness to adapt.

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The 19th Amendment was passed by Congress in 1919 and then ratified by the states in 1920. 50 years earlier, the 15th Amendment had been ratified, which gave men of any skin color the right to vote, but now this one granted women the right to vote, after the successful movement led by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who pushed forward, with the slogan "all men and women are created equal," which was a creative spin on the quote from the Declaration of Independence that President Abraham Lincoln used when he was trying to free the slaves, "all men are created equal." The 19th Amendment shows that our government is dynamic, because we were able to expand upon our Constitution, deciding that women should have the right to vote.

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While the Constitution can change, it is also hard enough to make it change, and requires enough of the people to agree on the change, that it doesn't change too often, and remains stable on the foundation it was built on.

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The Constitution is a dynamic document, that has the ability to change and/or be interpreted, using things like amendments and Supreme Court rulings, which set precedents about the Constitution.