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Cataracts — the leading cause of blindness globally and the leading cause of vision loss in the U.S. — affects all too many people, and their only solution is a painful operation that removes the clouded lens from the eye and replaces it with an artificial lens. Scientists in Californiahave developed eye drops capable of “melting” cataracts away. After the scientists discovered a naturally occurring steroid, known as lanosterol, they decided to test it on donated human lenses. Not only did lanosterol significantly shrink the size of the cataract, but it also prevented it from returning when administered via eye drops.

http://www.medicaldaily.com/7-biggest-medical-breakthroughs-2015-364636#big-shots/364636/4

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1. Latest technology used to improve health.
2. Latest discovery in the field of Medical Advances.

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1)
a. Microchips Modeling Clinical Trials
Microchip modeling clinical trials aim to replace the use of animals in clinical trials to more accurately test the safety and efficacy of treatment for human patients and spare the lives of countless animals typically used in testing.These microchips are smaller than a human thumb, can reconstruct the complicated interface between organs and capillaries, which is similar to the idea of micro-fabrication, the process of making structures on a micrometer scale. By eliminating animal models in certain circumstances, scientists and doctors have been able to reconstruct organs like the human lungs by focusing on the use of complicated systems of microchips to emulate these bodily systems.
Picture:
http://themunicheye.com/articles/images/monthly_image_folders/2012_Nov/Munich_Eye_09_17_26_43.jpg

b.Hybrid Operating Rooms
A hybrid operation room is a new innovation where a traditional OR is outfitted with advanced medical technology to improve the care delivered to patients and enhances the skill-sets of medical practitioners when it comes to administering treatment.

The Lakeland Regional Media Center is an example of a hybrid operating room

Technologies used in hybrid operating rooms have typically helped reduce trauma, scarring, spurred faster rehabilitation and has helped decrease hospital stays. The technologies used at the LRMC that helped improve a patient’s experience at a hospital included advanced imaging technologies that allowed for real-time intra-operative image guidance, as well as tools to help perform high-risk minimally invasive cardiac procedures.

Picture:
https://getreferralmd.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/hybrid-operating-room.jpg
2)
1. Cellular "Leapfrogging"

Recently, scientists developed a method of "leapfrogging" cells, or transmuting existing cells into a totally new form. Fully mature liver cells from laboratory mice have been transformed directly into functional neurons by researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine. It is the first time that cells have been shown to "leapfrog" from one fundamentally different tissue type to another. These liver cells unambiguously cross tissue-type boundaries to become fully functional neural cells.

Such an advance could prove essential in generating essential cells for an ailing patient—or transmuting potentially dangerous or cancerous agents into benign cells.
2.Robot Surgeries

In late 2007 the surgeons at the Cleveland Clinic began removing kidneys through a single incision in the patient's navel. Using tiny metal hands carefully manipulating sutures deep inside a patient's body seems like something pulled from science fiction, but that robotic surgery is occurring daily in a growing number of centers across the country.

The greatest benefit of tiny openings into the body rather than large incisions made by traditional surgery, may—believers say—be shorter and less painful recovery time. Doctors have also used robotic surgery to improve the accuracy of procedures, especially in cancer cases. Robotic surgery increased the ability of cancer surgeons to get clean margins as well due to the magnification of the structures.

Robotic tools also offer the potential for surgeons to operate on patients remotely, which would reduce the costs of travel and other barriers towards receiving specialized care. While critics say the cost of the robotic hardware may outweigh the benefit, the potential for smoother, more efficient, and less invasive surgeries bodes well both for patient safety and overall medical costs.

Websites Used:

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Analysts drove by researchers at Imperial School London and Johns Hopkins College uncovered HIV by expelling cholesterol from this cell divider, delivering a substantial gap in the infection's layer and making it penetrable, which thus prompted to a more grounded versatile reaction, arranged by safe cells. While scientists have lengths to go before they can even think to report a cure for HIV, this leap forward could definitely lessen the measure of assets dedicated to treating and battling the illness and give understanding into battling correspondingly complex ailments later on.

2.the Nike+ FuelBand packs accelerometers - sensors that measure the wearer's development - with other hardware to screen physical action. By blending through Bluetooth with an iOS gadget or connecting to a PC's USB port, the $149 band stores the quantity of steps taken, calories smoldered and NikeFuel, the organization's exclusive unit of development estimation, so you can screen your action level.

The FuelBand has a splendid, high-differentiate Drove show that demonstrates a fun liveliness when you hit your day by day movement objective. Besides, it even keeps time.

3. in chad  Smoking is prohibited in all indoor public places, indoor workplaces, and in all public transportation. Smoking is also prohibited in some outdoor areas such as outbuildings, courtyards, terraces, and other places that are close enough to indoor places that smoke may pass into the interior.

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a.) Latest Discoveries in the Field of Medicine

i. Stent Removers
Deep Vein Thrombosis, or DVT, is a condition in which a clot blocks the passageway of the veins. This can cause a numbness in lower areas of the body, especially the legs and the groin. DVT is just one of  the conditions that result from blood clots. Some more include pulmonary embolism, and thrombophlebitis. These conditions can lead to swelling, pain, and in the worst case scenario, amputation. Clots are dealt with using blood thinners, however, should this not work, a new option is now available. Stent Removers are small wires that fit snugly into the arteries of the body. Most of the time, these wires are inserted through the saphenous vein of the thigh. Once the wire has reached the clot, the mouth widens in order to anchor itself into the vein. It then drills into the clot through the center. Once the bit is exposed in the other side of the clot, it releases a mesh that pushes the clot into the vacuum at the mouth of the wire. The mouth then narrows in order to recommence normal blood flow.
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QkVqAGA8dLw

Source:
http://www.ihtc.org/patient/blood-disorders/clotting-disorders/signs-and-symptoms-of-thrombosis/
http://www.aarp.org/health/conditions-treatments/info-2015/top-medical-breakthroughs.html

b.) Technological Advancements for Health
ii. Nanotechnology
The bigger the problems, the smaller our technology becomes. Nanotechnology is a field that deals with machines the size of a billionth of a meter. These machines cannot be built through normal means and thus need to be engineered through specific tools and techniques. Singaporean researchers have explored this quantum field and have demonstrated a nano-sized graphene engine, which expands when fired by a laser. This engine could be a power source for nanobots similar to the way airplane engines frictionlessly power turbines. Subsequently, nano machines similar to motor proteins are being tested to help those with movement and paralysis problems.

Source:
https://theconversation.com/meet-the-nanomachines-that-could-drive-a-medical-revolution-58107

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latest technology used to improve health:
New Antibiotic in 30 Years discovery of an antibiotic that has the potential to work against a broad range of fatal infections such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, and blood and soft tissue infections.

A Portable Breathing Lung

In 2013 transplant specialists at University Hospital in Leuven, Belgium, succeeded in preserving donor lungs outside the body for 11 hours, the longest time in medical history. This is good news for those who suffer from chronic lung disease and failure and are waiting for transplants.

This is thanks to OCS LUNG, a portable machine that supplies the donor lungs with a continual, fresh supply of oxygen. Developed by TransMedics, a US company, the machine will revolutionise lung transplants by enabling surgeons to preserve and monitor donor lungs for longer between sites. It is now commercially available in Europe and Australia.

http://www.rdasia.com/health/Medical-Breakthroughs-2016.asp

new medical advances:
there is this new device that can keep the heart beating perfectly forever. it could save thousands of lives from heart failure. it is a soft robot that acts like healthy cardiac muscles. it twists and compresses the heart's chambers, and keeps the blood flow going. it mimics the heart's natural compression motion. the device was tested on pigs with failing hearts. it restored the heart function from 47% to 97%.
fb.com/sciencenaturepage

Government regulations in germany that address health problems:

Abortion

As in lots of other countries, abortion (Abtreibung) is a controversial topic in Germany. German law – or, to be more precise, § 218 of the German penal code – has come up with an odd compromise, which defines the status of abortion under certain circumstances as “illegal, but without threat of punishment”. In practice, this means that both the patient and her ob/gyn may decide upon an abortion together in one of the following three cases:

An abortion on criminal grounds is permitted in cases of sexual assault (rape, abuse, incest) within 12 weeks after conception.

An abortion on medical grounds is allowed within 22 weeks after conception if the mother’s life is in danger or if the pregnancy poses serious risks to the mother’s health or psychological wellbeing. If the child is likely to be born with a physical or mental disability, the doctor is legally obliged to give the pregnant woman detailed information on caring for children with disabilities before she may opt for an abortion.

Abortions on criminal as well as medical grounds have to be recommended by an independent doctor (i.e. not the ob/gyn performing the abortion). They are usually covered by health insurance companies.

However, most abortions in Germany (97% in 2009) are abortions on demand. A woman may terminate her pregnancy within 12 weeks after conception. For this purpose, she first needs to have the pregnancy officially confirmed before obtaining a certificate (Beratungsschein) from a licensed counseling center, such as ProFamilia. After a waiting period of three days after the counseling session, a doctor is then allowed to perform an abortion. The patient has to pay for the procedure herself, but some low-income women may be eligible for financial support.

If you should find yourself in a difficult situation when you consider terminating a pregnancy, try to find out what your ob/gyn’s views on the topic are. For example, there have been (rather rare) cases when an anti-abortion gynecologist issued misleading information on abortion methods or when doctors tried to manipulate patients into aborting a fetus with a high risk of disabilities. Moreover, church-funded hospitals are often opposed to abortions. Catholic hospitals usually won’t administer the so-called abortion pill (not identical with the morning-after pill), although it is actually legal in Germany for the first 63 days of a pregnancy.

In any case, a good gynecologist will always try to tell you as much as possible about the legal and medical situation, the procedure itself and any potential complications, counseling clinics and support groups (especially if your fetus has been diagnosed with specific disabilities). They should help you make an informed and responsible decision.

https://www.internations.org/germany-expats/guide/15986-health-insurance/women-s-health-in-germany-16004

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1. Latest discovery in the field of Medical Advances.

2. Latest technology used to improve health.

3. Government Policies/regulations to address Health problem in your own country!
Our country : Japan
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1)  Okano Kogyo, a precision metal company in Sumida Ward Tokyo with only five employees, manufactures hypodermic needles that are so thin (0.2-millimeters thick) they can barely be felt when they pierce the skin. Produced on sheets of metal that look like film for the medical appliance maker Teremo Corp , the needles are made for diabetes patients so they don't suffer pain from repeated insulin shots. Okano Kogyo has also developed thin skins for cell phone batteries made from a single piece of sheet metal that enable the phones to use lithium-ion batteries, giving the phones more battery power in a small size.

Mani Inc., a medical supply company with 292 employees based in Utsonomiya, has more than a 30 percent market share in two specialized medical products: dental remaes---a kind of dental drill---and ophthalmological knives used to cut the cornea in cataract eye surgery. Founded in 1959, the business had sales of ¥8.7 billion and a profit of ¥3.4 billion in 2008.

Japanese medical researchers have been able to reduce the pain of an injection by using hypodermic needles edged with tiny serrations, like those on a mosquito's proboscis, minimizing nerve stimulation.

Medical students at Gifu University study inside a virtual hospital performing physical examinations of artificial patients using computer graphics, robots and images of the human body, including internal organs, projected on a 3-D human model. Students can move the model around and ask it questions as if it were a real patient. The robot answers with an artificial voice.

2) Japan’s citizens are historically among the world’s healthiest, living longer than those of any other country. The Internet has become a main source of medical information ,According to the Pew Internet and American Life Project, in a 2004 survey of 8 million seniors who use the internet, only 66% said they searched healthcare information online. In 2009 24 million Americans reported the same. Better treatment and less suffering Let's not forget the most obvious way technology has changed healthcare: by providing new machines, medicines, and treatments that save lives and improve the chance of recovery for billions.4.Improved patient care and worker efficiency
Information technology has made patient care safer and more reliable than before. Nurses and doctors use hand-held computers to record a patent's medical history and check that they are administering the correct treatment. Results of lab tests, records of vital signs, and medicine orders are all electronically put into a main database that can be referred to later. And as more institutions are adopting electronic health records, patients have easier access to their own information so they too can understand what is being done to them.

e and worker efficiency

Information technology has made patient care safer and more reliable than before. Nurses and doctors use hand-held computers to record a patent's medical history and check that they are administering the correct treatment. Results of lab tests, records of vital signs, and medicine orders are all electronically put into a main database that can be referred to later. And as more institutions are adopting electronic health records, patients have easier access to their own information so they too can understand what is being done to them.

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1. Some of the things discovered in the field of Medical Advances are:

Synthetic Cells:
Generated from a painstaking process of stitching together the chemicals that compose DNA, Venter synthesized the entire genome of a bacterium, which was inserted into a cell and was able to replicate.
Brain-To-Brain Communication: Scientists at the University of Washington used direct brain-to-brain-interfaction (BBI) which combines neuroimaging and neurostimulation, to allow the brains of a “sender” and a “receiver” to communicate directly through neural coding. The content of the “sender” brain was extracted from neural signals and digitized before being re-coded in the “receiver” brain in the form of induced neural activity.

3. Health improvement in Canada: The federal government introduced the Medical Care Act in 1966 that extended the HIDS Act cost-sharing to allow each province to establish a universal health care plan -an initiative that was drafted and initiated by the Liberals and supported by the NDP. It also set up the Medicare system. Since then, the healthcare acts of Canadian provinces have continuously evolved, to the point where as of right now, it is almost universally ‘free’; the taxes cover everything, while they aren’t technically free, but they are more than affordable. Whereas, the

WORKS CITED:
https://www.fastcompany.com/1794863/7-recent-discoveries-could-revolutionize-medicine
http://www.medicaldaily.com/7-biggest-medical-breakthroughs-2015-364636#big-shots/364636/2

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1. Latest technology used to improve health.

In the past decade the technology used to improve health was enhaced drastically a few examples include:
1. Electronic Aspirin
The system involves the permanent implant of a small nerve stimulating device in the upper gum on the side of the head normally affected by headache. The lead tip of the implant connects with the SPG bundle, and when a patient senses the onset of a headache, he or she places a handheld remote controller on the cheek nearest the implant. The resulting signals stimulate the SPG nerves and block the pain-causing neurotransmitters.

2.Needle-Free Diabetes Care
Diabetes self-care is a pain—literally. It brings the constant need to draw blood for glucose testing, the need for daily insulin shots and the heightened risk of infection from all that poking.  Echo Therapeutics (Philadelphia, PA) is developing technologies that would replace the poke with a patch. The company is working on a transdermal biosensor that reads blood analytes through the skin without drawing blood.

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Yousif Ammar, Ahmed Al-Mubarak, & Waleed Al-Jamed (P-7)

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Yousif Ammar, Ahmed Al-Mubarak, & Waleed Al-Jamed (P-7)

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1. Latest discovery in the field of Medical Advances.

In Egypt, Treatment of osteochondral defects (OCLs) of the talus is a challenging orthopedic surgery. Treatment of talar OCLs has evolved through the 3 "R" paradigm: reconstruction, repair, and replacement

2. Latest technology used to improve health.

Saudi Arabia has an idea to create a technique with minimal medical intervention. Fidaa thought of using laparoscopic surgery, to help those who have congenital abnormalities in the ear and nose.

HCitation: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/27261813/
3. Government Policies/regulations to address Health problem in your own country!

Saudi Arabia imposed 100% tax on tobacco to bring down the number of smokers

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1.  Stem Cell Research is a rising field in Medicine. Singapore is considered "the stem cell center" of Asia. Stem Cells are cells that have the capability to differentiate into cells of a certain lineage, or to any type depending on the stem cell. Stem cells are of 2 types;  embryonic and adult (somatic) cells. Embryonic stem cells are derived from embryos (which raises moral and ethical issues). Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent (can differentiate to many cell types), unlike adult stem cells which multipotent (can differentiate to a limited amount of cells. These cells replenish and grow according to its lineage. Stem cells are  remarkable in medicine as it creates a cure for many diseases such as replace neurons damaged by spinal cord injury, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease or other neurological problems; produce insulin that could treat people with diabetes and heart muscle cells that could repair damage after a heart attack.

2. Singapore ranked the second in the rankings of The Global Information Technology Report 2010-2011

3. The Human Organ Transplant act (HOTA) was passed on the 24th of January in Singapore. The act was made to allow more citizens in Singapore to benefit from cadaverous organs. First it was only for the kidney but then they expanded it to include liver, heart and cornea. This bold new move has helped to save an additional 218 lives. Yet, there are more than 600 patients waiting for an organ transplant in Singapore.  The rate of patience is decreasing dramatically by the day.

Citation:
https://www.moh.gov.sg/content/moh_web/home/policies-and-issues.html
https://www.cirm.ca.gov/patients/power-stem-cells

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1. Latest Discovery In The Field of Medical Advances:

Disarming HIV:- HIV/AIDS kills around 1.8 million people a year. But a recent study in journal Blood presents a potentially new way to combat the disease: instead of killing the virus, make the body resistant to it. When a person is infected, the body's innate immune system provides an immediate but flawed defense; HIV takes its membrane or "skin" from the cell that it infects.

2. Latest Technology Used To Improve Health:

Light bulbs that Disinfect and Kill Bacteria:

HOW IT WORKS:

1. The 405nm emitted from Indigo-Clean reflects off of walls and surfaces, penetrating harmful micro-organisms

2. The light targets naturally occurring molecules called porphyrins that exist inside bacteria. The light is absorbed and the excited molecules produce Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) inside the cell

3. 405nm creates a chemical reaction inside the cell, similar to the effects of bleach

4. The Reactive Oxygen Species inactivates the bacteria, preventing it from re-populating the space

Picture Link: https://getreferralmd.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/light-bacteria.jpg

3. Government Policies/regulations to address Health problem in your own country:

France:  THE FRENCH HEALTH CARE system has achieved sudden notoriety since it was ranked No. 1 by the World Health Organization in 2000.

France has brought the theme of universal health coverage to the international arena. France was behind the resolution adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in December 2012 on this subject. Along with Germany, it created the “Providing for Health” partnership, hosted by the World Health Organization.

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Government Policies/regulations to address Health problem in your own country: USA

Latest discovery in the field of Medical Advances: USA

One of the latest discoveries from the field of medical science is the medication that can be used to disarm HIV.  HIV/AIDS kills around 1.8 million people a year, and ranks as the third leading cause of death in low-income countries.  When a person is infected, the body's innate immune system provides an immediate but flawed defense; HIV takes its membrane or "skin" from the cell that it infects. While researchers have lengths to go before they can even think to announce a cure for HIV, this breakthrough could drastically reduce the amount of resources devoted to treating and combating the disease and provide insight into fighting similarly complex diseases. This breakthrough could drastically reduce the amount of resources devoted to treating and combating the disease and provide insight into fighting similarly complex diseases in the future.

Citations: Rucker, JD. "7 Recent Discoveries That Could Revolutionize Medicine." Fast Company. N.p., 13 Nov. 2011. Web. 07 Feb. 2017.

Government policies/regulations:

No Texting While Driving Campaign

The government endorses a no texting while driving campaign throughout the country,

ads are shown displaying accidents and scenes relatable to most at risk group: teens.

Popular apps also assist in this widespread risk.

billboards displaying simple text, but catchy yet non-graphical images

Police arrests will be made if they see the phone while driving.

You will be fined varying amounts of money.

The FDA

The FDA is the Food and Drug Administration, it is responsible for many health and safety related programs and was created June 30th, 1906.

Among many things, it provides on its website health information, links, and resources.

The FDA is very widely known for its approval of foodstuffs and medicines that uphold and maintain a standard.

FDA approved drugs have been tested for safety and foodstuffs must be made to specific sanitary standards.

Citations: "FDA's Origin." FDA's Origin. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, n.d. Web. 07 Feb. 2017. <http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/WhatWeDo/History/Origin/ucm124403.htm>

"Texting and Driving Prevention." AdCouncil. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Feb. 2017. <http://www.adcouncil.org/Our-Campaigns/Safety/Texting-and-Driving-Prevention>