# data[].attributes.body
Some skills you might want if you are going to be an aid worker are . .  . Go to this google document. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1A_7D7sm8tN5KMocHvvAbgloIfM-_OxXs4nbo_3JPREg/edit

# data[].attributes.body
they did this to not only symbolize man hood but that you are strong

# data[].attributes.body
When the Lost Boys tried to cross the Gilo 1,000 boys got shot, eaten, or drowned

# data[].attributes.headline
Why did the lost boys cross the Gilo River

# data[].attributes.subject
Why did the lost boys cross the Gilo River

# data[].attributes.body
The refuge camp was forced to close and everyone in it was being pushed towards the Gilo.

# data[].attributes.body
The Gilo River is located in Ethiopia

# data[].attributes.body
the Gilo River is over 200 miles long  and 200 yards wide.

# data[].attributes.body
To get the symbol they stab a dull knife in your head to make line

# data[].attributes.body
Northern Sudan also has a back round that goes back before the war

# data[].attributes.body
Southern Sudan has a back round that lastes way before the war

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
South Sudan | Facts, Map, People, & History

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
South Sudan, country located in northeastern Africa that was part of Sudan, its neighbor to the north, until 2011.

# data[].attributes.body
The southern part of Sudan fought for independence.The northern part was more so just being fought.

# data[].attributes.body
During the wet season, the Nile river is seven times wider, than during the dry season.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Nile River - Plant and animal life: In the areas where no irrigation is practiced, different zones of plant life may be roughly divided according to the amount of rainfall. Tropical rainforest is found along the Nile-Congo divide, in parts of the Lake Plateau, and in southwestern Ethiopia.

# data[].attributes.body
Other countries in Africa have a dry and wet season. Sudan is not the only country in Africa. In Africa there is a wet season and a dry season.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
If you're planning a trip to Africa, the weather is often an important factor. In the northern hemisphere, weather is generally determined according to four seasons: spring, summer, fall and winter. In many African countries, however, there are only two distinct seasons: the rainy season and the dry season. Each one has its own characteristics, and knowing what they are is a key part of successfully planning your vacation.

The best time to travel depends on what you want from your African adventure. In general, the best time to go on safari is during the dry season, when water is scarce and animals are forced to congregate around the few remaining water sources, making them easier to spot. The grass is lower, affording better visibility; and dirt roads are easily navigable, increasing your chances of a successful safari. In addition to the discomfort of occasionally getting wet, rainy season travelers can usually expect high humidity and occasional flooding.

However, depending on your destination, the dry season has its own drawbacks, ranging from intense heat to severe drought. Often, the rainy season is the most scenic time to visit Africa's wild places, as it causes flowers to bloom and parched brush to turn green again. In many of the continent's countries, the rainy season also coincides with the best time of year to see young animals and a greater variety of birds. Rains are often short and sharp, with plenty of sunshine in between. For those on a budget, accommodation and tours are typically cheaper at this time of year.

Part of the northern hemisphere, North Africa's seasons are familiar for Western travelers. Although there's no rainy season as such, the time of year with the most rainfall coincides with the North African winter. Between November and March the coastal areas see the most rain, while many inland destinations remain dry due to their proximity to the Sahara Desert. This is a good time for those hoping to visit Egypt's otherwise scorching tombs and monuments, or for taking a camel safari in the Sahara.

The summer months (June to September) constitute North Africa's dry season, and are characterized by almost non-existent rainfall and sky-high temperatures. In the Moroccan capital of Marrakesh, for example, temperatures frequently exceed 104°F/ 40°C. High altitudes or coastal breezes are required to make the heat bearable, so the beaches or mountains are the best option for summer visitors. A swimming pool or air-conditioning are a must when choosing accommodation.

East Africa's dry season lasts from July to September, when the weather is defined by sunny, rain-free days. This is the best time to visit famous safari destinations like the Serengeti and the Maasai Mara, although optimum game-viewing opportunities make it the most expensive time, too. This is the southern hemisphere winter, and as such weather is cooler than at other times of the year, making for pleasant days and chilly nights.

Northern Tanzania and Kenya experience two rainy seasons: one major rainy season lasting from April to June, and a more sporadic rainy season lasting from October to December. Safari destinations are greener and less crowded during these periods, while the cost of travel decreases significantly. From April to June especially, visitors should avoid the coast (which is both wet and humid), and the rainforests of Rwanda and Uganda (which experience torrential rain and frequent flooding).

Each season provides opportunities for witnessing different aspects of East Africa's famous wildebeest migration.

Weather in the Horn of Africa (including Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea and Djibouti) is characterized by the region's mountainous geography and cannot be easily defined. Most of Ethiopia, for example, is subject to two rainy seasons: a short one that lasts from February to April, and a longer one that lasts from mid-June to mid-September. However, some areas of the country (specifically the Danakil Desert in the northeast) rarely see any rain at all.

Rain in Somalia and Djibouti is limited and irregular, even during East Africa's monsoon season. The exception to this rule is the mountainous region in the northwest of Somalia, where heavy rains can fall during the wettest months (April to May and October to November). The diversity of the weather in the Horn of Africa means that it's best to plan your trip according to local weather patterns.

For most of Southern Africa, the dry season coincides with the southern hemisphere winter, which typically lasts from April to October. During this time, rainfall is limited, while the weather is typically sunny and cool. This is the best time to go on safari (although those considering a camping safari should be aware that nights can get cold). Conversely, in South Africa's Western Cape province, winter is actually the wettest season.

Elsewhere in the region, therainy seasonruns from November to March, which is also the hottest and most humid time of year. The rains during this time of year will close down some of the more remote safari camps, however other areas (like Botswana's Okavango Delta) are transformed into a lush birder's paradise. Despite regular brief thunderstorms, November to March remains peak season in South Africa, where the beaches are best at this time of year.

Generally, November to April is the dry season in West Africa. Although humidity is high throughout the year (especially towards the coast), there are less mosquitoes during the dry season and the majority of unpaved roads remain passable. The dry weather makes this the optimum time to visit for beachgoers; especially as cool ocean breezes help to keep temperatures bearable. However, travelers should be aware of the , a dry and dusty trade wind that blows in from the Sahara Desert at this time of year.

The southern areas of West Africa have two rainy seasons, one lasting from the end of April to mid-July, and another, shorter one in September and October. In the north where there is less rainfall, there is only one rainy season, which lasts from July to September. Rains are typically brief and heavy, rarely lasting longer than a few hours. This is the best time to visit land-locked countries like Mali (where temperatures can soar as high as 120°F/ 49°C), as the rains help to make the heat more manageable.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
A Brief Guide to Africa's Dry and Rainy Seasons

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
If you're planning a trip to Africa, the weather is often an important factor. In the northern hemisphere, weather is generally determined according to four seasons: spring, summer, fall and winter. In many African countries, however, there are only two distinct seasons: the rainy season and the dry season.

# data[].attributes.body
In Sudan there are two different parts in the year. The rainy part, and the dry part. The Dry part is what I will explain on this note. There is very little rainfall during the dry part of the year.  Due to little rainfall,  there is very little water.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Temperatures are rising, water supplies are scarce, soil fertility is low and severe droughts are common. After years of desertification, its rich biodiversity is under threat and drought has hindered the fight against hunger.

This burden is affecting not only the country's food security and sustainable development, but also the homes of many Sudanese families.

Dust storms -- known locally as "Haboob" -- have also increased in this region. Moving like a gigantic thick wall, it carries sand and dust -- burying homes, increasing evaporation to a region that's struggling to preserve water supplies, as well as eroding valuable fertile soil.

Experts say that without quick intervention, parts of the African country -- one of the most vulnerable in the world -- could become uninhabitable as a result of climate change.

Increasing temperature

"North Africa is already hot and is strongly increasing in temperature. At some point in this century, part of the region will become uninhabitable," Jos Lelieveld, a climate scientist from the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, told CNN.

"That will string from Morocco all the way through to Saudi Arabia," he said.

Sudan's temperature is expected to increase significantly. By 2060, it's projected to rise between 1.1 °C and 3.1 °C.

As a result of hotter climate and erratic rainfall, much of Sudan has become progressively unsuitable for agriculture and villages.

Irregular rain has ruined crops, and the country is experiencing both droughts and floods -- making arable land unsuitable for cultivation and displacing more than 600,000 people due to flood-related disasters since 2013, according to the Internal Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC).

Michelle Yonetani, a senior advisor on disasters from IDMC, says 70 percent of the rural population are reliant on traditional rain-fed agriculture -- for both food and livelihood -- while 80 percent of the population rely on rainfall for their water supply.

She told CNN that Sudan was facing a "hugely complex emergency situation."

"Drought aggravates desertification which affects the savannah belt in the northern region -- so these encroaching deserts have been displacing entire villages."

Yonetani said Sudan was one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change because of the issue of food security -- it ranks 98th out of 113 countries on the Global Hunger Index, placing it in the top 15 most food-insecure countries in the world.

Communities 'pushed to the limits'

Until the late 20th century, the Sahel -- the transitional zone between the desert and the tropical south -- was peppered with baobab and acacia trees as well as sparse grass cover. But now desertification is changing the landscape and invading on precious agricultural and habitable land.

"Communities who are already very vulnerable -- who are already suffering from impoverishment, who may be in areas that may be affected by climate change -- are pushed to the limits of their coping mechanisms," Yonetani said.

The livelihoods for farmers located in thousands of villages spread across this region are becoming increasingly strained because of heat stress and persistent drought.

According to a report by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), earlier this year it was estimated that 1.9 million people could be affected by reduced agricultural and livestock production -- due to the impacts of this year's weather phenomenon, El Niño. During the recent El Niño, locals experienced smaller farming areas, poor pastures and limited water availability.

And 3.2 million people were expected to face water shortages, potentially causing what OCHA said was a "further deterioration of already fragile sanitation and hygiene conditions."

IDMC's Yonteani said this crisis wasn't a humanitarian crisis, "It's a crisis of development."

But head of Program for the World Food Programme (WFP) in Sudan, Marco Cavalcante, told CNN it's not too late to change the country's future.

"This trend is not unstoppable if important measures are taken."

A lasting impact

To make a lasting impact against climate change, holistic adaptation and mitigation efforts need to target farmers, pastoralist communities as well as vulnerable groups who are affected by the food insecurity.

The government released a renewable adaptation plan in July which published agreed strategies to protect Sudanese people -- particularly those in rural communities.

"It's a very positive sign that there is a political commitment," Cavalcante said.

Within the report, Sudan's Ministry of Environment has broken down adaptation plans for each region of Sudan. Strategies include drought resistant crop varieties that can withstand shifting climate conditions, more efficient irrigation technologies and improved crop storage.

WFP's Cavalcante added that crop storage was important to ensure farmers weren't forced to sell right after harvesting when the price may be low.

He also said that because of the variability in climatic conditions, farmers may experience a good harvest one year and a bad one the next. So by improving crop storage, they can "ensure income for the following year."

The report also outlined plans to dig more wells and boreholes to alleviate water scarcity.

The WFP also has helped Sudan construct "haffirs" (water reservoirs) to help retain water and boost crop yields in years of poor rainfall.

Communities are also being taught how to plant trees to help combat desertification -- which Cavalcante says has a "substantial impact" on Sudan's future.

Health is also a large focus of the government's adaptation plan. It says climate change could accelerate the spread of malaria, yellow fever and cholera -- and while investment into education to ensure humans are more resilient to climatic shocks is important, there also needs to be research into the link between rising temperatures, water stress and the spread of those diseases.

While Sudan is making efforts to fix the issue of climate change, it's not one that the country can fix alone. Climate change is a global challenge affecting every continent, and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, according to scientist Lelieveld, is one of the most important aspects.

Funding needed to help Africa

Despite being one of the most affected countries by climate change, the funding Sudan receives to help combat the pressures is significantly lower than other countries.

Experts say it's going to take a substantial amount to expand adaptation projects to lower temperatures, prevent desertification from intruding on precious habitable and agricultural land and to educate communities on how to adjust.

"There needs to be far more investment and early measures to strengthen the resilience at the community level," Yonetani said.

She said by encouraging governments to increase its commitment to act upon climate is "perhaps one of the most indirect ways, but globally the most important."

"Now really is the time to push governments to act and mitigate," she added.

Unless the world is prepared to take on refugees as a result of the food crisis and uninhabitable areas, "we will have to help Africa to invest and protect itself," Lelieveld said.

"They didn't cause this problem," he added. "We did."

CNN's Anastasia Beltyukova contributed to this report

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
climate change could render sudan 'uninhabitable' - cnn

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Is Sudan doomed to become 'uninhabitable'?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Temperatures are rising, water supplies are scarce, soil fertility is low and severe droughts are common. After years of desertification, its rich biodiversity is under threat and drought has hindered the fight against hunger. This burden is affecting not only the country's food security and sustainable development, but also the homes of many Sudanese families.

# data[].attributes.body
In the Gilo River the on predator that will get you every time is the deadly crocodile.

# data[].attributes.body
18,000 - 40,000 in general.

# data[].attributes.body
to get the symbol you just have to be over six

# data[].attributes.body
Almost 100/1000 babys die as infants.

# data[].attributes.body
To be an aid worker you need to volunteer at a helping summer for around 2-6 months for step one the finale step is to get a masters degree in "Applicable Majors"

# data[].attributes.body
In 2006 there were 476 deths from diarrhea in just 5 months. The diarrhea was cased by the bacteria from the water.

# data[].attributes.body
they need it to show man hood

# data[].attributes.body
the symbol were always different they had to do some weird design

# data[].attributes.body
Due to the muddy water, sometimes you can get worms inside your stomach and they will eat it.

# data[].attributes.body
the symbol is either the color of your skin or red from the dry blood

# data[].attributes.body
They take dull knifes and cut lines into your head

# data[].attributes.headline
Other countries affected by the civil war 

# data[].attributes.subject
Other countries affected by the civil war 

# data[].attributes.body
another country that was also affected by the war was Uganda. People fleeing into Uganda was also a problem because Uganda

# data[].attributes.body
The civil war affected other countries not just northern and southern Sudan. The war affected Ethiopia because with all of the people from Sudan fleeing there they did not have enough resources for everyone.

# data[].attributes.body
the tribes that use the honey guides are the jur-cul,yoa and Masai

# data[].attributes.body
The tribes that fought in the south were the Shilluk,Dinka and,Murle. These tribes were all in the southern part of Sudan.

# data[].attributes.body
the honeyguide uses a specel bird call for humans to lure them to honey witch the bird can smell

# data[].attributes.body
People in Sudan have to save their water.  Due to little rainfall, people have to save their water. Next, when people get more water, you save the water for when you don't have water. People in Sudan use sand dams to store their water.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The discovery of a lake the size of Delaware beneath a Kenyan desert this month may prove to be a game-changer for precious water needs in arid East Africa.

The new supply of billions of gallons, if managed properly, may make the desert bloom indefinitely, some scientists and UN experts say.

Yet in the mid-term, as Kenyan communities grapple with water shortages, many are starting to turn to something called "sand dams" to trap and save nature's precious liquid for use in times with no rain.

More than a thousand sand dams have been built in East Africa in the past decade in what is a simple, low-cost, effective way to store millions of gallons of water - by trapping it in piles of sand and later accessing it when rivers go dry.

Kenyans in the counties of Kitui, Machakos, and Makueni need water for crop irrigation, not to mention drinking. But their main rivers flow only seasonally.

Now, in a number of villages, local farmers are planting and harvesting all year long.

Sand dam technology may date to Roman times. But it has been perfected in the 21st century by a combination of talent including a British NGO called Excellent Development, the late Joshua Mukusya who made his start as a Kenyan farmer, and members of the Mennonite community of North America.

The dams are built by securing one or sometimes two long, reinforced concrete barriers across river beds, and by placing slotted PVC pipe deeper under the barriers. When it rains, the water carries sand downstream, depositing it up and around the level of the barrier.

At the end of the rainy season, water remains trapped in the piled-up sand, sometimes far downstream. Over time it drains into the PVC (a process that also helps with filtering and cleaning) and is then horded using a hand pump or a small run off pool - or in some cases a simple hole is dug at the base of the dam down to what has become a pool of stored water that can slake the thirst of 1,200 people for a year.

An average sand dam can store millions of gallons of water for years, and provide water for irrigation even when the rains fail, as noted at the first international conference on sand dams in Machakos, a town near Nairobi.

"We have literally turned arid and semi-arid lands into some of the most productive farmland. We continue to provide water to our community through the construction of sand dams," said Kevin Kimuya, the chief executive officer of Utooni Development Organization, a sand dam NGO founded by Mr. Mukusya. "This forms the basis of local and International water and food security solution now and well into the future."

The technology is in use across the world, from Brazil to Thailand. But under the Utooni group in Kenya, the idea has in recent year become a hot ticket in Ethiopia, Ghana, Mozambique, Burkina Faso, Somaliland, and Zimbabwe. Excellent Developers estimates that some 120 of the dams have been built in Kenya in recent years.

For several years, the Mennonite Central Committee (MCC) has supported its sister NGOs in organizing communities to complete the dams.

The Mennonites, according to Ron Ratzlaff, a representative of the Mennonite council, are helping with sand dams as part of a peace theology that seeks "to remove threats that advance war and conflict, water being one of them."

The Mennonites work with Canadian Foodgrains Bank which fights global hunger as well as the US Food Resource Bank, which funds local farmers' efforts against hunger.

"This is not just about sand dams. It is much more than sand dams. It is about trees and terraces...drought resistant crops...conservation agriculture. It is about a whole bunch of things that get added in at the value chain associated with water," says Mr. Ratzlaff.

Jesse Mugambi, an ecologist at the University of Nairobi, argues that sand dam construction is the most economical method of rehabilitating semi-arid lands wherever rain runoff includes both sand and water.

The dams' construction combined with terracing and reforestation restores degraded land within less than a generation, he told the international conference. "Sand can carry water, store it, filter it, cool it, preserve it, and prevent it from evaporation," Prof. Mugambi adds.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Sand dams: Simple way to save water in Africa takes hold

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The discovery of a lake the size of Delaware beneath a Kenyan desert this month may prove to be a game-changer for precious water needs in arid East Africa. The new supply of billions of gallons, if managed properly, may make the desert bloom indefinitely, some scientists and UN experts say.

# data[].attributes.body
At different points in the year tribes will have some flooding issues. At another time in the year tribes will have flooding issues.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Forty-eight people have been killed and more than 500,000 affected by the worst floods in Sudan in quarter of a century.

The region around the capital, Khartoum, was particularly badly hit, with at least 15,000 homes destroyed and thousands of others damaged. Across Sudan, at least 25,000 homes are no longer habitable. A UN official described the situation as a disaster.

The flooding, caused by continuous rains, has damaged public buildings, including schools, clinics, offices, shops, markets and water and sanitation facilities. Roads have been inundated, disrupting transport.

One of the major health worries is the collapse of more than 53,000 latrines; the World Health Organisation (WHO) has warned of an increase in malaria cases in the past two weeks.

WHO and Unicef, the UN agency for children, are supporting Sudanese authorities and national NGOs to run 50 emergency health clinics. The centres will be open for two months in eight states - Khartoum, White Nile, El Gezira, River Nile, Northern, Blue Nile, North Darfur and South Darfur.

In South Sudan, recent fighting has forced 148,000 people in Pibor country - almost the entire population - to flee to the bush. Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), the medical NGO, says about 90,000 people are missing. The 28,000 people who have been accounted for are in and around Gumuruk village, where MSF is running a clinic.

The organisation has provided up to 100 consultations a day to people with diseases contracted after spending weeks or months hiding in the bush during the rainy season.

MSF has expressed concern about the absence of men coming for treatment, apparently because they are frightened of seeking help where there is a military presence.

In May, clashes between the South Sudan Army and the David Yau Yau militia intensified in Pibor county, prompting a mass exodus. In July, further violence between the Lou Nuer ethnic group and the Murle, the majority group in the area, triggered a wave of panic. Last month's attacks left 328 people dead, according to a Murle leader.

A woman who received treatment from MSF said her husband was too frightened to visit the clinic. "My husband does not dare enter the village as he is afraid he will be killed. If we run to the town the soldiers might kill us, and if we run to the bush the enemy tribe might kill us," she said.

MSF is also worried about the impact of the fighting on food supplies. "People come to the village and sit all day waiting for food," said Carolina Lopez, its emergency co-ordinator in Pibor county. "Most lost their cattle in the recent fighting, and this year's planting season was plagued with violence, so they are extremely vulnerable. Too many of them turn and walk back through the rain to their temporary shelters in the evening, their bags empty."

The UN military mission in South Sudan said this week it had increased its patrols in Pibor county to allow civilians to return to their towns and access food distribution points. Jonglei state has been plagued by ethnic violence between the Lou Nuer and the Murle, who have a history of animosity over grazing land, water sources and cattle raids that have often involved the abduction of women and children.
Topics

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Sudan's worst floods for 25 years leave 500,000 facing destruction and disease

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Forty-eight people have been killed and more than 500,000 affected by the worst floods in Sudan in quarter of a century. The region around the capital, Khartoum, was particularly badly hit, with at least 15,000 homes destroyed and thousands of others damaged. Across Sudan, at least 25,000 homes are no longer habitable.

# data[].attributes.body
Aid workers cure people and help people that got injured or hurt in a war or got hurt on there way running away from the war. Aid workers helping a man that id wounded.

# data[].attributes.body
There is a high % of deths for drinking the puloted water that will lead to a lot of dedly illnesses

# data[].attributes.body
Salva has billt wells all over sothern sudan. On this website skrol down to the map.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Need Overcoming Challenges Transforming Lives Where We Drill Well Rehabilitation Hygiene Education Just Add Water Documentary Operations FAQ

# data[].attributes.body
There are around 12 million to 14 million refugees on the globe right now. aid workers have to take care of them. here is a picture of a refugee camp in turkey.

# data[].attributes.body
The dinka tribe get around 8 lines cut into there head by a knife to symbol man hood

# data[].attributes.body
This illness threatens 60 million people, but only 7% has acses to medical tretment. This disese can be goten by the bite of a fly.

# data[].attributes.body
Some tribes that were in the northern part of Sudan are... The Nubian tribe and the Arab tribe

# data[].attributes.body
The civil war in sudan was a conflict between the north and south that lasted around 22 years. It started in 1983 and ended in 2005