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Think I've finally worked out how to use this!

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TIME IS NEARLY UP....I HAVE PRINTED AND MARKED THOSE ESSAYS THAT HAVE BEEN POSTED- THANK YOU! I DID SO AS I HAVE NOT HAD CONSISTENT ACCESS TO A COMPUTER SO IT WAS EASIER THAT WAY. SEE YOU NEXT WEEK!

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The number of people calling themselves Christian in the UK fell dramatically between 2001 and 2011. Christianity was the only religion to see a drop-off in membership, with a 12% decrease during those 10 years. The Methodist church described the results as "challenging but not discouraging" while the pioneering Christian group Fresh Expressions said "The church in England and Wales needs to find new ways of engaging those who no longer have, or never had any interest."

The British Humanist Association spoke of a "significant cultural shift" in a society where "[r]eligious practice, identity, belonging and belief are all in decline... and non-religious identities are on the rise". The number of people with no religion at all in the UK has doubled since 2001.

Islam showed the biggest growth in the country with 1.2 million - 5% of the population - calling themselves Muslims in 2011. That is up 1.8% in the past decade. Critics suggest this figure could be misleading, and in fact be a matter of more Muslims filling in the form properly. Birth rates among the Islamic community are not out of proportion with the rate of population increase.
Marriage: For the first time in history, a majority are unmarried
For the first time ever, the majority of Britons were unmarried in 2011. The percentage of married couples fell from 51 to 47%. Reasons for the decline include women outliving men, leaving an increased population of widows, as well as a greater number of younger couples choosing instead to cohabit.

As many as 35% of the population classed themselves as single at last count, that is an increase of 5% in 10 years. Fractured communities and, ironically, the communications revolution, are among those reasons for more solo living.

Married, Civil partnered and one-person households accounted for 63% (14.8m) of all households. Meanwhile the number of us living in shared accommodation has grown. In seven years since the Civil Partnership Act was introduced in 2004, the number of official same-sex unions had reached 105,000 by 2011.
Ethnicity: Indians beat Irish as top migrant group while melting pot grows
India had replaced the Republic of Ireland as the biggest migrant community, with Pakistan retaining third position. The success of immigrants including Rajesh Agrawal, 35, who arrived from India with £60, and is now a super-rich entrepreneur has highlighted flaws in changes in the law in the past decade. Had the immigration tick box system been in place when Agrawal came to the UK eight years ago, he wouldn't have been allowed in.

Britain has proven an ever-warmer melting pot with 2.2% of the population in England and Wales calling themselves mixed race - up from 1.27% in 2001. According to the think tank British Future which produced 'The Melting Pot Generation: How Britain became more relaxed about race', the true figure is far higher: "Twice as many people have ethnically mixed parentage - but over half of them choose other census categories, such as black or white".

Wales had the largest proportion of people who listed their ethnic group as White in 2011,that was 96% of the population. Compared to London where just 59% ticked White in 2011, and less than half of 8.2 million usual residents claimed to be White British. At the same time, Londoners are more likely to consider themselves "British" rather than "English", leading commentators to report the dawning of a new cosmopolitan sense of 'Britishness' sweeping the Capital.
Population: There's a lot more of us (and more of us were born elsewhere)
Of 56.1 million residents of England and Wales last year (that is 3.7m more than 10 years previously) some 7.5m were born abroad -that is 3m more than the number reported in 2001. Just under half of those had arrived in the past 10 years.

There are now 23.4 million households in the UK, with 2.4 residents per household. The number of these that are mortgages has dropped while the number of renters - most acutely in London where property prices were less affected by the property crisis - has risen in its place.

14m people now consider themselves without a religion - up from 7.7m in 2001

The number of cars and vans in England and Wales rose to 23.9m

4.2m The number of people who work in the wholesale and retail sector - more than any other

Nearly 80% of people in England and Wales live in a whole house or bungalow, rather than a flat or apartment

96% of Welsh people are white, compared with just 59% of Londoners

The number of people claiming Jedi Knights as a religion fell by 50% to 176,632

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Less religious and more ethnically diverse: Census reveals a picture

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The number of people calling themselves Christian in the UK fell dramatically between 2001 and 2011. Christianity was the only religion to see a drop-off in membership, with a 12% decrease during those 10 years.

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What is the ethnic population breakdown of the 54m people in England and Wales? Now we have an answer, right down to local authority level.

The non-white British population has grown from 6.6m in 2001 to 9.1m in 2009 - or nearly one in six. The figures were published this week in an "experimental" data release from the Office for National Statistics, which also show that there are now a million mixed-race people in the two countries.

The white British population has stayed the same since 2001 - because even though there has been an increase in births, there has also been a similar number of people migrating. The non-white British population has grown by 4.1% a year, or a total of 2.5m over the whole period, or 37.4%.

In fact, the only group to actually shrink is the white Irish population, down from 646,600 in 2001 to 574,200 now due to falling birthrates and migration. A rise in the "other white" population from 1.4m to 1.9m is not simply due to Eastern Europeans moving to the UK, said the ONS statistician responsible for the report, but also people from the old Commonwealth - countries like Australia and New Zealand.

The mixed-race population has neared a million for the first time - from 672,000 in 2001 to 986,600 in 2009, an increase of nearly 50%. A third are mixed Afro-Caribbean and white, followed by Asian/white. The ONS statistician said this is not a result of increasing birth rates but more that we are becoming less divided: "the population is mixing up more". The highest proportion are in Haringey, London, where 4.4% are mixed.

The numbers report the ethnic breakdown of every local authority area (which we've mapped using Google Fusion Tables above), which show that in 225 of them, the white population comprises over 90% of local people. That figure is highest in Wales and the North east of England - the whitest borough is Blanaeu Gwent in Wales, where 96.5% of the population is white British, followed by Copeland in Cumbria, where only 2% of the population are not white.

In contrast, Brent, in London, is the most ethnically diverse borough in the country - just over a third of its population counts as white British, with large mixed race, Asian, Black and Irish communities making up the rest.

These figures, published for the third year running, are the most detailed available on the ethnic breakdown of the country before the results of the 2011 census in a year's time - the ONS estimates them by combining data from the 2001 census, the Labour Force Survey and the Annual Population Survey. The figures are not compiled for Scotland.

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equality and human rights commission (ehrc)

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The ethnic population of England and Wales broken down by local authority

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What is the ethnic population breakdown of the 54m people in England and Wales? Now we have an answer, right down to local authority level. The non-white British population has grown from 6.6m in 2001 to 9.1m in 2009 - or nearly one in six.

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Essay - also Miss Patterson, David was having some difficulties loading this site so if he hasn't posted yet, he must not have got it to work and he's on holiday now so it may be in after the deadline. Just wanted to let you know, in case you were wondering - and sorry for all the articles, I got a wee bit excited.

Miss Patterson replied:

Thanks for letting me know Kathryn. Hope you had a good Christmas! Good work on all the articles-good prep for uni when you will have to research all the time!!

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(Published in 2010) Conflicts with new findings in 2014 (Cari's article) - Higher migration / diversity than first thought.

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Ethnic minorities are set to make up a fifth of the UK population in 40 years, a University of Leeds study predicts.

It says the proportion of black, Asian and other ethnic minorities will rise from 8% of the population, as recorded in the 2001 census, to 20% by 2051.

Researchers say the population will reach nearly 78 million - up from 59 million in 2001.

One of the authors, Professor Philip Rees, said the UK's ethnic make-up was "evolving significantly".

He said: "Groups outside the white British majority are increasing in size and share, not just in the areas of initial migration, but throughout the country, and our projections suggest that this trend is set to continue through to 2051.

"At a regional level, ethnic minorities will shift out of deprived inner city areas to more affluent areas, which echoes the way white groups have migrated in the past.

It is impossible to predict exactly how people will move into, out of and within the country
Professor Philip Rees, University of Leeds

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"In particular, black and Asian populations in the least deprived local authorities will increase significantly."

The Leeds study suggested the population is also set to become more racially diverse as well as less segregated over the coming years.

Prof Rees said the number of people identifying themselves as being of "mixed race" would rise from 1.2% to 4.2%.

The study, based on computer modelling, suggested white British and Irish populations would grow slowly while the "other white" ethnic group would be extremely fast growing.

This was because of expected high levels of immigration from Europe, Australasia and the US.

In 2051 the number of British people classed as white was predicted to be 79%, compared with 92% now, the research suggests.

Projections

The researchers formed their predictions following a three-year study.

The results include population projects for England's 352 local authorities and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland for every year over the next 40 years.

They examined ethnic population trends at a local scale in the UK and then used a computer model to project those trends under a variety of scenarios in the future.

They also used data already available on the 16 ethnic groups that had been used in the 2001 census and also considered other demographic factors including immigration, emigration, fertility and mortality.

But Prof Rees, said it was not an exact science.

He said: "It is impossible to predict exactly how people will move into, out of and within the country... as all of these trends are influenced by a whole range of socio-economic factors."

BBC UK Affairs Correspondent Tom Symonds said although immigration to the UK had increased over the last decade, official statistics show birthrate is playing a bigger part in changing the make-up of the population.

Baby boost

He said the statistics show that, in particular, recent immigrants are more likely to be of child-bearing age, resulting in something of a baby boom.

The Leeds researchers say they expect minority groups to move from deprived local authorities to more affluent areas.

Other groups set to increase rapidly include those of south Asian origin and from countries such as India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, where immigration into the UK has been high in the past.

In October the Office for National Statistics predicted the population would exceed 70m by 2029.

Last week the government announced it was examining other ways of measuring population and other statistics rather than carrying out an expensive census.

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Ethnic minorities are set to make up a fifth of the UK population in 40 years, a University of Leeds study predicts. It says the proportion of black, Asian and other ethnic minorities will rise from 8% of the population, as recorded in the 2001 census, to 20% by 2051.

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Census of England and Wales 2011

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Ethnicity and National Identity in England and Wales - Office for National Statistics

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We focus on the increasing ethnic diversity within England and Wales. Whilst the majority of the population gave their ethnic group as "White" in the 2011 Census, results from the past 20 years show a decrease, falling from 94.1% in 1991 down to 86% in 2011.

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Diversity in English schools are increasing exam success.

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The success of London teenagers who achieve significantly better GCSE results than the rest of England is due to the ethnic diversity in the capital's schools, according to research published on Wednesday.

The so-called "London effect", which describes the high levels of attainment and progress of pupils in the capital over the past decade, has been the subject of intense investigation by researchers seeking to replicate it elsewhere.

The London Challenge, a policy launched by the Labour government in 2003 which brought a massive injection of cash and a commitment to give every child in the capital a good education, has been virtually unanimously credited with the turnaround. The policy was later rolled out to Greater Manchester and the Black Country.

But according to researchers at the Centre for Market and Public Organisation (CMPO) at Bristol University, London's success is less to do with innovative education policy and more to do with the diversity of the city's population, and in particular the ethnic composition of pupils in London.

Researchers looked at GCSE data for all pupils in state secondary schools in England for 2013 and found that pupils in London scored 8 GCSE grade points higher than their peers in the rest of England.

Previous CMPO research has shown that white British pupils, who make up 34% of GCSE pupils in London compared with 84% in the rest of England, achieve the lowest GCSE scores. "Once ethnicity was taken into account in the analysis, the London effect in pupil progress disappears," the report states.

Professor Simon Burgess, who led the research, said: "We know that ethnic minority pupils score more highly in GCSEs relative to their prior attainment than white British pupils. London simply has a lot more of these high-achieving pupils and so has a higher average GCSE score than the rest of the country.

"Many policymakers, school leaders and commentators enthuse about the major policy of the time, London Challenge, and view it as unambiguously improving schools in London. This unanimity carries weight, and no doubt London schools were improved in a number of ways. But so far at least, catching a reflection of this improvement in the attainment data is proving to be difficult."

He continued: "It sounds somehow uninspiring and disappointing that the London attainment premium is largely accounted for by demographic composition rather than wholly caused by some innovative policy. I disagree. It can be seen as a story of aspiration and ambition."

The Bristol University report also examined the impact of children of recent immigrants on the trend, rather than looking more broadly at ethnicity, and said that evidence showed this also played a part in the London effect. Comparing Newcastle, where 11.8% of the population was born abroad and arrived before the year 2000, with London, where the figure is 34.7%, yields a difference of about 15 GCSE grade points in pupil progress in London's favour.

Estelle Morris, the Labour education secretary who launched the London Challenge, acknowledged that the ethnic diversity in London's schools was a factor but added: "It's something to be proud of that the results of ethnic minority children have risen across the country. Of course London will benefit but so has every urban area.

"What all the research shows is that whatever your gender, whatever your colour, the best place to be educated if you are poor is in London. Let's not knock one of the most important urban education initiatives we've ever had."

The research is published at a time when educationalists and policymakers are concerned about underachievement in education by white working class children; Ofsted's chief inspector Sir Michael Wilshaw said last year that attainment levels for white children from poorer families have improved more slowly than for all other ethnic groups since 2007.

Burgess said: "My interpretation of these results leads to a focus on pupil aspiration, ambition and engagement. There is nothing inherently different in the ability of pupils from different ethnic backgrounds, but the children of relatively recent immigrants typically have greater hopes and expectations of education and are, on average, more likely to be engaged with their schoolwork. This is not by chance of course. A key point about London is its attraction to migrants and those aspiring to a better life.

"London has a right to be pleased with itself in terms of the excellent GCSE performance of its pupils. These results help to explain the London effect but they do not explain it away. The London effect is a very positive thing, and much of the praise for this should be given to the pupils and parents of London for creating a successful multi-ethnic school system."
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London's GCSE success due to ethnic diversity in capital's schools - report

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The success of London teenagers who achieve significantly better GCSE results than the rest of England is due to the ethnic diversity in the capital's schools, according to research published on Wednesday. The so-called "London effect", which describes the high levels of attainment and progress of pupils in the capital over the past decade, has been the subject of intense investigation by researchers seeking to replicate it elsewhere.

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''Racial inequality in the workplace has worsened over the last decade, despite the fact that ethnic minorities now outperform white British students in education, research shows.'' (Racial tensions)

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Racial inequality in the workplace has worsened over the last decade, despite the fact that ethnic minorities now outperform white British students in education, research shows.

The Runnymede Trust, the charity behind the study, believes the findings point to institutional racism in the workplace. Ethnic minorities are also more likely to live in poor housing conditions, a comparison of census data from 2001 and 2011 in England and Wales has found.

Omar Khan, director of the trust, said: "It's time we stopped telling ethnic minorities that all you need to do is get better qualifications and integrate more and it'll be fine. The evidence shows British ethnic minorities don't have a problem in terms of attitude, or education, or good grades, so what else explains their poor outcome in the labour market other than discrimination?"

In more than a third of districts in England and Wales there were increases in ethnic inequalities in employment over the 2000s. Newcastle, Leeds, Cardiff, Swansea and Bristol were amongst the cities which saw the gulf in employment outcomes for ethnic minorities when compared to white British citizens grow in the decade to 2011.

In some cases progress reversed dramatically. Ethnic minorities in Durham, Dover, Fylde and the Ribble Valley had better employment outcomes than white British people in 2001 but by 2011 they were worse.

Mr Khan said: "I think racism is more hidden now. It's more insidious and hard to capture. It's easier to spot racism when it's Tommy Robinson and the EDL saying awful things. We absolutely need to rebut that, but it can distract attention from insidious racism happening across the country in public and private institutions that not only are preventing black and Asian people from being recruited and promoted but also are leading to higher rates of child poverty and lost opportunities for a third generation of British born ethnic minority young people."

London's Lambeth and Haringey had the worst racial inequality gap between white British people and ethnic minorities, followed by Rotherham in Yorkshire.

On average educational achievement is now higher amongst ethnic minority groups, with higher rates of university participation. Yet this is not translating to success in the workplace.

Mr Khan believes the Government and businesses need to be more proactive in giving more opportunities to ethnic minorities in the workplace. He said: "I think it's really worrying. Government and policy makers at a local and national level are just not doing enough about this. Companies should at least have soft targets... if managers are able to progress black and Asian staff it should count in their favour.

There are indications that the situation is similar in Scotland. A report produced by the Coalition for Racial Equality and Rights (CRER) earlier this year found that just 0.8 per cent of staff in all of Scotland's local authorities are from BME backgrounds - despite making up four per cent of the general population of Scotland.

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Britain's hidden racism: Workplace inequality has grown in the last

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Racial inequality in the workplace has worsened over the last decade, despite the fact that ethnic minorities now outperform white British students in education, research shows. The Runnymede Trust, the charity behind the study, believes the findings point to institutional racism in the workplace.

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''Labour have seen a collapse in their crucial ethnic minority vote since 2010 in a blow for Ed Miliband with three quarters of Indian voters abandoning the party.'' (Politics suffering

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The survey will be difficult reading for Mr Miliband as his party sees loyal support among ethnic minority voters disappear just as the numbers of ethnic minority voters in Britain increase.

According to recent research one in three people in Britain will be from an ethnic minority within a generation with non-white people will making up between 20 and 30 per cent of the population by 2050. The current share is around 14 per cent.

Dr Maria Sobolewska, an expert from Manchester University and part of the team conducting the Ethnic Minority British Election Study, told a conference this month: "What is happening is that the Labour party is sitting pretty, or at least they think they are sitting pretty, they think they have the minorities is the bag.

"The ethnic minorities are seen to be the core of Labour party vote, they have been for years, for decades but I will make these people here representing Labour a little bit uncomfortable about this assumption that minorities will vote for them as a matter of course.

Data from the BES shows how the ethnic minority vote has abandoned the party in recent years

She added: "Labour is not really sitting pretty on ethnic minorities anymore and in fact it wasn't in 2010 either... we can already see that a lot of the ethnic minority groups, in fact all of the ethnic minority groups supported Labour a lot less even in 2010, but this did not yet make Labour worried.

"Looking at the 2014 figures I am hoping that all of you from the Labour party are shifting uncomfortably in your seats. This is a disaster.

"The percentage of people who identify with the Labour party is falling very fast."

The Conservatives, who only attracted 16 per cent of black and ethnic minority (BME) voters at the last election have, in recent years, set their sights on winning more over to counteract the losses they have made to Ukip.

The party's election chief Lynton Crosby has said the the party must do more to attract the vote, and has told MPs they should take tips from Boris Johnson, the London Mayor.

In October Mr Crosby told a fringe meeting at the Conservative party conference that the campaign he ran in the capital for Johnson in 2012 saw "Boris outperform the Conservative party by 40% in the BME [black minority ethnic] communities."

However Dr Sobolewska says that although the Tories believe many BME voters should be "natural 'small c' Conservatives" they have had little luck winning over any of the voters leaving the Labour party.

She told the conference: "The Conservatives have been trying to win some of this vote because they think that ethnic minorities are natural small 'c' Conservatives.

"And they have been trying for a while, but they don't think for the effort they are putting in they are getting enough back - in fact they think what is going to happen to them is this so-called death by demographics that has been advertised as something that is already happening to the republicans in the US."

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Labour's crucial ethnic minority vote set to collapse

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The survey will be difficult reading for Mr Miliband as his party sees loyal support among ethnic minority voters disappear just as the numbers of ethnic minority voters in Britain increase. According to recent research one in three people in Britain will be from an ethnic minority within a generation with non-white people will making up between 20 and 30 per cent of the population by 2050.

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ethnic minorities in the UK, ethnic minority, British Asian, British black, immigration, white

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ethnic minorities UK, minority groups, British asian, British black, Indian, pakistani, UK, diversity, culture, population statistics, ethnic origin

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Kim Yi Dionne: Following last week's special series on Immigrant Integration in Europe, Sara Wallace Goodman sends us this guest post drawing from her new book, "**** Immigration and Membership Politics in Western Europe."
British newspapers have begun to read like a highlights reel of what many perceive as an irreversible trend in Britain: The attacks on the London Transport in 2005 by British-born nationals, the brutal killing of Lee Rigby in 2013 by converted and radicalized Muslims of Nigerian descent, the heartbreaking beheading of journalist James Foley and others by a British-accented militant (a jihadist known as "John the Beatle") along with an estimated 500 other Britons fighting for ISIL in Syria, not to mention almost two dozen women emigrating to become jihadi brides. Even domestic institutions seem to be vulnerable; Operation Trojan Horse revealed a detailed plan by hardline Muslim community leaders in Birmingham to remove head teachers hostile to Islamic principles in city schools. This pattern is not an escalation but - perhaps more troubling - reflects the continuation of a malignant and deep-seated problem: not all citizens of free societies value freedom, especially freedom for others.

This is not a problem of religion. This is not a problem of immigration. And, despite British Prime Minister David Cameron's assertion, the root of the problem is not even the "poisonous" political ideology of fundamental Islam. The root problem - where ideological extremism flourishes - is alienation. Disaffected, second- and third-generation immigrant youth are seeking alternative communities of belonging that conflict with a free society. To this problem, there is plenty of blame to go around.

Muslim youth are born into British society and socialized in British schools, or naturalized after years of residence and integration, but endure frustrating barriers to socioeconomic mobility and face discrimination as members of an ethnic minority. And though a majority identify as British, a 2006 Pew survey shows how British Muslims maintain attitudes of disaffection and alienation more than Muslims in other European countries. Opportunistic imams can then mobilize a minority of impressionable youth toward a fundamental practice of religion. In fact, former Foreign Office Minister Kim Howells directly attributes the threat from British-born Islamic State militants in Syria and Iraq to not dealing with their radicalization in the U.K.

Yet blame is ascribed not merely for the absence of tough responses to radicalization at home, but also in providing weak tropes of belonging in the first place. As David Cameron stated in a speech criticizing state multiculturalism, "We have failed to provide a vision of society to which they feel they want to belong."

Therefore, British politicians - as well as their similarly-vexed European counterparts - are confronted with some tough questions. How do liberal societies fix the problem of alienation and move forward? How do societies welcome new immigrants - accepting the cultural diversity and values they bring - while maintaining a common identity and values that enable existing members to enjoy equal freedom? Can advanced democracies accept undemocratic citizens and values? Or, to use Cameron's words, how do liberal states establish a balance where "openness [is not] confused with tolerance for extremism"?

For its part, European governments believe the problem of integration and alienation is born from a lack of information and skill. The logic goes: If immigrants are educated in the history and values of their new society, and if they are able to speak the national language, then they will undoubtedly feel a part of - and take part in - greater society. In my research, I identify where a majority of European states - from Austria to the U.K. - have introduced some version of this solution in pursuit of so-called "civic integration." The term civic integration is the English translation of the Dutch inburgering, fusing the concept of citizen ( burger) with the process or performance of becoming (indicated by the suffix - ing). In fact, one of the initial rationales to this process of citizen-ization was not political participation or belonging, but economic performance, where immigrants were not sufficiently qualified to enter the labor market on the requirements set by a highly developed economy.

The past fifteen years has yielded a bumper crop of civic integration policies across Western Europe. In Germany, where honor killings periodically plague the national political landscape, over a million immigrants seeking settlement and citizenship have participated in civic orientation and language courses. In France, which still cleaves to the idea of a difference-blind society amidst suburban riots and synagogue attacks, immigrants are required to sign an integration contract where they commit to uphold core French values: "France, a country of rights and duties," "a secular country," "a country of equality," and "knowing the French language, a necessity." Citizenship tests and American-style naturalization ceremonies have also cropped up in The Netherlands and the U.K., in attempts to thicken civic life and identity.

These programs are costly, popular, and important. They show that states are doing something to repair the value gap. But, is it the right something? Many point out that civic integration policies are merely tools to restrict immigration and, ultimately, hinder integration. But the bigger point is that integration tests and language courses may miss their target audience altogether. It's not simply new immigrants that need civic integration. Curbing future immigration does not address the problem of today's estranged youth, despite claims by political parties across the ideological spectrum.
Sara Wallace Goodman is assistant professor of political science at University of California, Irvine. Her book, "Immigration and Membership Politics in Western Europe," is being released by Cambridge University Press this month.
Shortly after the 7/7 bombings, Tony Blair declared, "The right to be in a multicultural society was always implicitly balanced by a duty to integrate, to be part of Britain." Six years later, David Cameron presented a variation on the same theme, asserting " muscular liberalism " for Britain, in which a forceful commitment to democracy, rule of law, and respect for minorities is "not an option but a way of life." The liberal democratic state cannot impel an individual to believe certain values and ideas, but it can require certain behavior as part of the "duties-for-rights" contract of citizenship. And it is in this tethering of behavior to status conditionality that the major immigrant-receiving states of Western Europe are investing their chips, in order to reduce alienation among Muslim youth as well as some of its more pernicious, and sometimes violent, byproducts.

****

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The root problem of Muslim integration in Britain is alienation

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Kim Yi Dionne: Following last week's special series on Immigrant Integration in Europe, Sara Wallace Goodman sends us this guest post drawing from her new book, " **** Immigration and Membership Politics in Western Europe ."

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ZADIE SMITH, a novelist born to a black Jamaican mother and a white British father, recently recalled that when she was growing up in Willesden Green, a London district with a large immigrant population, "nothing could be more normal than a mixed-race girl". The surprise, she said, was entering publishing and finding that people thought it unusual. Nobody could get that impression now: Britons are mixing at extraordinary speed.

The 2011 census revealed a country that is decreasingly white and British: England's ethnic-minority population grew from 9% of the total in 2001 to 14%. But the biggest single increase was in the number of people claiming a mixed-ethnic background. This almost doubled, to around 1.2m. Among children under the age of five, 6% had a mixed background-more than belonged to any other minority group (see chart). Mixed-race children are now about as common in Britain as in America-a country with many more non-whites and a longer history of mass immigration.
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As Britain's mixed-race population swells, another group appears destined to shrink. The Labour Force Survey reveals that 48% of black Caribbean men and 34% of black Caribbean women in couples are with partners of a different ethnic group-with higher proportions still among younger cohorts. Black Caribbean children under ten years old are outnumbered two-to-one by children who are a mixture of white and black Caribbean.

Rob Ford of Manchester University points out that Caribbean folk are following an Irish pattern of integration, in that their partners are often working-class. The Irish parallel also suggests they will eventually be fully absorbed into the British population. Polls show that adults who are a mixture of white and black Caribbean tend to see themselves not so much as black, Caribbean or even as British, but rather as English-the identity of the comfortably assimilated.

Indians, who began arriving in large numbers in the 1960s, were slower to mix. They are now doing so-but along Jewish, rather than Irish, lines. For them, assimilation follows education: according to research by Raya Muttarak and Anthony Heath, Indians with degrees are far more likely to marry whites. Indians are not so much marrying into the white majority as into its suburban middle class, says Shamit Saggar at the University of Essex.

Their children are quietly transforming Britain's suburbs and commuter towns. Whereas Asians are still concentrated in cities such as Leicester and in London boroughs like Tower Hamlets and Harrow, mixed Asian and white children are widespread (see maps). In Chiltern, an affluent commuter district in Buckinghamshire, 5% of children under five years old were mixed Asian and white in 2011-more than in most of London. Their parents may have met at university or while working in the capital. Within Birmingham, too, mixed Asian and white children are especially common in the largely middle-class white suburbs of Edgbaston, Moseley and Harborne.

Still warming up

Pakistanis and Bangladeshis mostly remain in cities, and are mixing more slowly. Just 8% of Pakistani men and 7% of Bangladeshi men in couples are with people of a different ethnic group, and the proportions for women are smaller. Oddly, older Pakistani men are more likely to have partners of another ethnicity, perhaps because many early migrants were single men. But even these groups are assimilating: another study finds that Pakistanis and Bangladeshis born in Britain are far likelier to socialise with whites than their parents were.

Britain's newer minorities are blending into the larger population, too, but in ways that defy easy categorisation. Mixed black- African and white children are particularly common in working-class suburbs and commuter towns such as Croydon and Southend-on-Sea, possibly because black Africans are rarely tied to city centres through social-housing tenancies. They are also mixing with new immigrants from continental Europe. Most of the 21,000 children born to Polish mothers in 2012 had Polish fathers; but of the rest, 23% had African or Asian fathers.

Such esoteric partnerships can confuse the authorities. Last November the Home Office invited journalists to accompany officers on a raid of an apparent sham wedding between an Italian man and a Chinese woman in north London. After interrogating the bride, groom and guests, the officers emerged sheepishly to admit that the union was probably real.

As race becomes less clear-cut, schools, hospitals and police forces, which record people's ethnic identity at almost every opportunity, will have to deal with more fragmented definitions. So too will researchers trying to measure racial injustices. Confusingly, police officers now record the ethnicity of the people they stop and search according to two separate systems: observed ethnic appearance (which does not include a mixed-race category) and self-identified ethnicity (which does).

Politicians in the habit of treating Britain's ethnic groups as distinct "communities" will also have to adapt. The shrewder black and Asian politicians have already built power bases that do not depend on ethnic block votes (see Bagehot). Speeches such as the one made by Tony Blair in 2007 about the culture of black youth violence will look silly when so many black teenagers have white parents too. Crude racist politics, thankfully now rare in Britain, ought to become almost impossible as more white families acquire non-white members. Englishness, which has remained distinctly a white identity for many, may become less exclusive.

Most of all, the rise of mixed-race Britain shows that Britain is capable of absorbing even large numbers of newcomers. For the young, who are used to having people of all backgrounds in their midst, race already matters far less than it did for their parents. In a generation or two more of the melting pot, it may not matter at all.

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ZADIE SMITH, a novelist born to a black Jamaican mother and a white British father, recently recalled that when she was growing up in Willesden Green, a London district with a large immigrant population, "nothing could be more normal than a mixed-race girl".

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Remeber the deadline, remember the extra readings, remember how interesting this topic is!?

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Essay

Miss Patterson:

Thanks Cari. Im sure you'll be glad to have this completed before Christmas! Will provide feedback soon- its 11:30pm so not tonight!!

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Here is another article....interesting and applicable to the whole aspect of perceived ethnic identity.

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Ethnic minorities living in the UK feel more British than their white counterparts, research has revealed.

Muslims are the most likely of all groups to identify with the concept of "Britishness", the Institute for Social and Economic Research found.

The report's authors say the results rubbish suggestions that ethnic groups are unwilling or unable to integrate into British society and show that fears over the negative impacts of immigration on cultural identity are overstated.

The study, named Understanding Society, looked at the socioeconomic circumstances of people living in 40,000 UK households.

Occupants were asked a series of questions, including how important, on a scale of one to 10, being British was to them.

People of Pakistani origin scored the highest with an average of 7.76. Bangladeshi and Indian groups came second and third respectively, while the white population scored the lowest with an average of 6.58.

The study also found that identification with Britishness was higher among the children and grandchildren of migrants.

The research will be presented next week at the Economic and Social Research Council research methods festival by Dr Alita Nandi.

She said: "There is a huge emphasis in public and policy discourse on immigration and its potential challenge to cultural homogeneity and national identity.

"Our research shows that people we might assume would feel very British in fact do not - while others who we might assume would not associate themselves with feelings of Britishness in fact do."

She added: "Many people seem to manage dual identities, and it's interesting to note that in all the ethnic groups we looked at British identity increases from generation to generation, while within the majority white population many maintain strong non-British identities, such as Scots or Welsh."
Topics

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Ethnic minorities in UK feel most British, research finds

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Ethnic minorities living in the UK feel more British than their white counterparts, research has revealed. Muslims are the most likely of all groups to identify with the concept of "Britishness", the Institute for Social and Economic Research found.

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30% of British pop from ethnic minorities by 2050:

Miss Patterson:

Great Cari- interesting to see the composition of ethnic groups in the UK with the 5 largest ethnic groups belonging to Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Black African and and Black Carribean- 'the face of Britain' really is changing.

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The proportion of UK citizens from ethnic minority communities is expected to double in the next decades and will be between 20 and 30 percent by 2050, "radically changing the face of Britain," a new report says.

While the UK's White population "has remained roughly the same size" over the past 10 years, the ethnic minority population has almost doubled and now is at least 8 million people, or 14 percent of the UK population, says "A Portrait of Modern Britain," says a report released by Policy Exchange, a center-right research institute based in London.

The authors of the study took the UK's five largest distinct ethnic groups as an example, including Pakistani, Black African, Black Caribbean, Bangladeshi and Indian, with the latter the largest BME group in the UK.

"Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) communities now make up a significant and fast-growing part of the population," it adds.

According to the study, these groups accounted for 80 percent of the UK's population growth with Black Africans being the fastest growing group and White and Black Caribbean groups the slowest.

Meanwhile, the minorities represent mostly young groups of the population. According to the report, only 5 percent of the non-Whites are over 60 years old, while 25 percent of non-Whites are children under 5.

"The median age of BME communities ranges from 22 (Bangladeshis) to 38 (Black Caribbeans). The White median age is 39," the study says.

In 2016, the median age for the minorities "will be between 11 and 13 as compared to 40 for the White population," say the report's authors. "And according to the last Census, non-Whites already outnumber Whites in every age group in London up to 20."

The report also raises questions about the future of the English national identity as it reveals that ethnic minorities "are three times more likely than the White population to feel that 'being British' forms some part of their identity."

In 2011 only 14 percent of White population in the country saw themselves as "British" and 64 percent identified themselves as "English."

Meanwhile, at the same time at least 71 percent of Bangladeshis, 63 percent of Pakistanis and 55 percent of Black Caribbean considered themselves purely British.

"What is perhaps more surprising is that they identify with being specifically 'British' to a much greater extent than the White population, who self-identify largely with only the individual UK home nations (i.e. English, Scottish, Welsh or Northern Irish)," adds the research.

The ethnic groups mostly reside in big cities with London, Greater Birmingham and Greater Manchester accounting for at least a half of Britain's entire BME population.

"98 percent of BME residents live in urban areas, compared to 80 percent of White residents," the report says.

According to the authors of the report, ethnic minorities in the country "are more likely to have a religion, more likely to practice it regularly, and to feel it plays an important part in their life." While the majority of Black Caribbeans, Bangladeshis and Pakistanis attend religious services every week, only 10 percent of White British tend to have such a practice.

Also the 70 percent of the above mentioned ethnic communities say that religion plays a significant role in their lives, which is compared with only 14 percent of the White population.

Ethnic groups generally have higher unemployment rate than the White population with the highest percent of jobless Black Africans - at least 14.8 percent. The exception is the Indian minority group "which representatives cluster in the highest skilled professions," the study says.

Pakistani and Bangladeshi experience specific difficulties in finding work. Twenty-four percent of Pakistani men are taxi drivers and 50 percent of Bangladeshi men work in restaurants while at least 39 percent of Pakistani women and 42 percent of Bangladeshi women have never worked.

The problems is that these ethnic minorities "either ... have a lower understanding of the employment market and the jobs available, or ... are unable to find jobs which suit the working hours they are willing to commit to," says the study, quoting research by the Runnymede Trust for the All-Party Parliamentary Group of Race and Community.

However, despite suffering from high unemployment , BME communities also have a bigger number of "students staying on in formal education at 16 and 18 than the White population," the report says.

At least 99 percent of second-generation ethnic minority groups who were born in the UK to immigrant parents have British citizenship, the research quotes Ethnic Minority British Election Study (EMBES) as saying. This is a high rate, compared to only 37 percent of representatives of the same group in the US and 83 percent in Canada.

The report also adds that ethnic minorities are more and more engaging in civic life similar to the White population. At least 68 percent of people from all ethnic minority groups vote for the Labour Party, while PM David Cameron's Conservative Party is popular only among 16 percent of the ethnic minorities.

"The face of Britain has changed... BME communities will continue to become an ever more significant part of Britain. There are clear and striking differences between communities and these differences should be understood by policymakers and politicians," the reports says.

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Up to 30% of UK population will be from ethnic minorities by 2050 - study

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The proportion of UK citizens from ethnic minority communities is expected to double in the next decades and will be between 20 and 30 percent by 2050, "radically changing the face of Britain," a new report says.

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Census reveals a growing number of ethnic groups

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London's changing face: 2011 census reveals growing number of ethnic minorities

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The results of the 2011 census revealed that less than half of London's residents are white British. JN1 spoke to Londoners to find out more about the changing face of Britain.

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The diversity of Britain has steadily increased- why and how?

Take a look at this document and the last three census counts to find out more.

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This is your task for over the Christmas break!

1. Finish notes on processes that creat ethnic diversity

if you have not already done so.

2. Click on the link and, using the structure provided,

take notes on your case study.

Then.....

Research- how ethnically diverse Britainhas become. Look at Newspaper articles,

journals, videos, listen to podcasts etc. Anything you do find of interest- post onto here!

I want to see evidence in your essay of some outside reading.

Then...

EXPLAIN HOW THE PROCESSES OF COLONISATION,

ANNEXATION AND INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION

HAVE CREATED ETHNIC DIVERSITY IN ANY ONE COUNTRY.

Deadline: 2nd January 2015