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Science :

Science is what can be observed, have evidence and can be explained. It can a body of knowledge from experiences. Science were about natural event that happened around the world. Science literally are broad because we have biology, chemistry, mathematics, social science and others. All of these are science because it can be scientifically tested and obtain similar or almost similar result. The importance of science because it help to explain, find a resolution, and find the exact solution. Scientists were working together in this field until now to provide world with technologies which giving a mankind an easy way to live. However, scientist were firm on taking opinion and beliefs is something way different from science because opinion are subjective to each person while belief is not something can be explained and proved sciencetifically. As time gradually changes, so do the philosophy in science. Scientist promote that science is not only a study in existence knowledge but as well to discover new facts, new theories and new laws.

Nature of Science

Nature of science is something like important parts in science. Without its nature, we can’t claim it as a science. Nature of science are :

1.      World can be studied and understandable

2.      The idea of science can change

3.      Science knowledge are resilience

4.      Science can’t solve all human problem

5.      Science base on evidence

6.      Science consist of logic and imagination

7.      Science can explain and predict

8.      Science always value and avoid bias.

9.      Science not authority

10.    Science are complex social activities

11.    Science are sorted with order of content and various science experts.

12.    Science have principle and general etiquette while doing various activities
13.    Scientist must take part in public matters as expert and normal citizen

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Misconception and Misinterpretation in Nature of Science

Misleading idea towards nature of science can make this knowledge no longer complex and exciting. Sometimes, people may see science as uninteresting and bothersome. This is happening when some part in science were misjudged, and next result in the misconception to the whole science. There are many misconception appointed and explained. Amount of effort taken to explained to help better understanding in science. There are many misconception in science. For an example, misconception number 1 which is “science is a collection of facts”. Since one can learn science from books, so it was thought as everything can be learnt from it. The actual is, science is complex and exciting. Science can be something new and not even exist in a textbook. Second misconception is “there is a single Scientific Method that all scientists follow”. The method that had been taught in science courses are the general method to aid the understanding of basic scientific testing. It may be differ to scientist while doing their testing to the study. Because engage to different environment might need a different ways to deal with. There are some other misconceptions in science, all need to be understood so perhaps we can develop new study in science and lead to new discovery.

Myth in Science

Myth in science is something to be believed as a part of science but obviously not, since it is opposite to the nature of science. There are several myth that had been highlighted in myths of science. For an example “A General and Universal Scientific Method Exists”. It was a mistaken thought, when some set an order or step to perform a scientific study. There are no specific steps in scientific study. Through some studies on scientists, scientists approach and solve problem with imagination, creativity, knowledge and perseverance. Next example is “Science and Its Methods Can Answer All Questions”. This is definitely oppose the nature of science which is “science can’t solve all human problem”. Science can help human to solve problem but not all. Some problem remain as a mystery and not solved. Last example from me is “Experiment are The Principal Route to Scientific Knowledge”. Experiment considered as important to obtain knowledge but can’t be taken as an absolute way in discovering a knowledge. Observation is one of the method used and many fundamental discoveries was obtained through this method. As a conclusion we need to know about myths of science so science itself are not enclosed. Science should be broaden and the existence of myths only make science as something scripted and everything should be followed as it was stated.

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In designing a new or existence study, there is no standard flow or standard scientific method. However, there is a guideline useful to refer which are.

Step 1  :           Defining a Problem

Step 2  :           Collecting Information

Step 3  :           Making a Hypothesis

Step 4  :           Doing Experiment

Step 5  :           Observing and Measuring

Step 6  :           Conclusion

EXAMPLE :

Step 1: Problem

Question : Does egg yolk act as emulsifier to form an emulsion (mixture) between vinegar and oil?

Step 2 : Gathering Information

Egg yolk has a number of emulsifiers just as Lecithin. It is able to mix with both the oil and vinegar. Then they stabilizing the dispersion.

Step 3 : Hypothesis

Vinegar and oil mix together when egg yolk is added

Step 4: set up for experiment

Egg yolk

Vinegar

Oil

*we also can use water instead of vinegar

Step 5: Do the experiment

1. Pour vinegar and oil into a beaker.

2. Add egg yolk.

3. Stir up until the mixture of vinegar and oil emulsified.

Step 6  : make an observation

At the end, a stable emulsion was formed between the vinegar and oil.

Step 7 : Testing Hypothesis

Hypothesis accepted.

Step 8 : Drawing conclusion

Egg yolk is an emulsifying agent which able to form a stable dispersion between vinegar and oil.

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FACTS :

Fact in my point of view is something can't be deny the truth of its chemical or physical. For an example is while drinking tea, it taste sweet. Anyone who take a sip will say the same thing. The reason behind of its fact is what so called EXPLAINATION. There must be an expaination behind of the sweetness of the tea. The sweet taste must have come from sweetener. It can be sugar, condensed milk or stevia. But to be detailed, it must go through a bit of investigation.

HYPOTHESIS :
It is "An Educated Guess" or can be call as assumption to predict the result of any investigation or experiment. Hypothesis at the end of the experiment wil be tested either it able to be hold or not. Hypothesis can't be true all the time, that is why it is tentative and can change anytime.

Theory :
Concrete explanation gain from scientific method. It is also repeatedly tested and had been confirmed through observation and experiment. Theory can be use to predict the nature of things and what it will be.

Law :
A law governs a single action or situation, whereas a theory
explains an entire group of related phenomena. (Mendel’s Laws
versus Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection)

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OBSERVATION

Defination :
The information or record secured by such an act (witness by watching). Fundamental aspect of scientific method.

Type of Observation :
1. Qualitative Observation
2. Quantitative Observation

Role of Observation :
1. Scientists observe with their own senses.
2. To test or predict
3. Collect and record data to buil assumption or hypothesis

Advantages of Observation
1. Direct method
2. Accurate and reliable
3. Improve precision etc...

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UNDERDETERMINATION :

Wikipedia : To show that a conclusion is underdetermined, one must show that there is a rival conclusion that is equally well supported by the standards of evidence.

General : The stage in science where we do not have enough or sufficient evidence to make proving.

Definition Scientific : underdetermination of scientific theory by evidence is the simple idea that the evidence available to us at a given time may be insufficient to determine what beliefs we should hold in response to it.

Example based on defination: Aliya have Rm10.00. She would like to buy apples and oranges for her mum. An apple cost her Rm1 while an orange cost her Rm2. Her brother said, “Aliya, definitely you would not buy 6 oranges because it will cost Rm12.00”. But there are other possibilities of combination purchase which her brother cannot determine. Aliya maybe will buy 10 apples, or 4 oranges and 2 apples, or 6 apples and 2 oranges etc.

-    Based on the example, one would say the belief in what combination was purchased is underdetermined

Underdetermination of Theory by Evidence

•A unique theory is never dictated by the evidence, not even if it had all the possible evidence.

•The scientist can’t tell if their theory is true but they can only tell if it is false.

TYPE OF UNDERDETERMINATION:

1.      Holistic Underdetermination

Are the theories falsifiable?

Falsifiable means able to be proved to be false or able to be shown or demonstrated to be false through experiment.

Happen when our inability to test hypotheses in response to a failed prediction or some other piece of disconfirming evidence.

Example: the claim “ God exist” is not falsifiable, therefore no scientific theory or can not be tested by science

2. Contrastive underdetermination:

Are the theories verifiable?

Verifiable mean able to show the theory are true through experiment

Different possibilities for any body of evidence confirming a theory, there might well be other theories that are also well confirmed by that very same body of evidence.

In other words, when predictions succeed, we cannot validly conclude the theory is correct.

3. Transient underdetermination:

Are our theories true?

Transient means the theories are not empirically equivalent.

Theories cannot be shown to make correct predictions. We cannot show that theories will continue to make correct predictions.

Happen when rival theory makes different claims about unobservables.

It will compatible with all the evidence available at a point of time in the development of science (yet the equal well confirmed by the evidence)

For instance, the Copernican theory predicted the phase of Venus but the Ptolemaic theory did not. (transient underdetermination poses no less threat to scientific realism than permanent underdetermination at the point of time when all the available evidence is compatible with rival theories.) **include image if any

SIGNIFICANCES OF UNDERDETERMINATION:

It occurs when inputs and rules fail to provide a unique output.

In science, the paradigmatic case is when evidence and the rules of scientific method fail to provide a unique “best theory” to accept.

There are a few ways of refining this basic idea such as through Holistic Underdetermination  and Contrastive Underdetermination have been the most prominent

A sufficiently strong form of underdetermination implies that non-rational factors always play a role in how scientists accept theories.

But if scientists are (semi-irrational) in how they accept theories, then few beliefs are (fully) rational.

So, a sufficiently strong form of underdetermination implies few beliefs are (fully) rational.

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CONFIRMATION

Definition :
The study of the logic by which scientific hypothesis may be confirmed or disconfirmed by evidence.

Two Concept of Confirmation :

1. Absolute

2. Incremental

Approaches :

Hypothetico-Deduction method.

Confirmation through experiences.

Confirmation through qualitative & quantative.

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EVIDENCE OBJECTIVITY

Definition :
a good reason for valuing scientific knowledge to get an explanation of how things work in the world.

Terms :

Product Objectivity : Theories, laws, experimental results and observations form accurate representations of the external world

Process Objectivity : the processes and methods does not depend on social and ethical values and also perspective of a biased scientist.

Standpoint Theory : Development of certain Marxist ideas that epistemic position is related to social position.

Contextual Empiricism : Assumption of research method as “objective to the degree that it allows transformative criticism.

Criteria To Achieve Transformative Criticism:

1. Avenues for criticism

2. Shared standards

3. Uptake of criticism

4. Equality of intellectual authority

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RELIGION, COMMON SENSE & SCIENCE

SCIENCE is mean to know and it is an accumulated body ofknowledge or material world through observation or experimentation.

Common Sense :
The basic level of practical knowledge and judgment that we all need to help us live in a reasonable and safe way.

The difference between science and common sense are in theory, testing, controls, correlation & causation and metaphysics.

Science Branches :

1. Formal Science

2. Natural Science : Physical & Life

3. Social Science

Religion :
“Religion is an organized collection of beliefs, cultural systems, and world views that relate humanity to an order of existence.”

“The belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods.”

Theistic :
Relating to or characterized by belief in the existence of a god or gods.

Atheist :
Disbelief in the existence of Creator (God) and his divine creations.

Difference in Religion and Science :
RELIGION tends to concern itself with the spiritual world, many aspects of which cannot necessarily be observed and measured in a scientific extent while SCIENCE tends to concern itself with the natural or physical world – that which can be observed and measured. If it cannot be observed or measured empirically, then it is not scientific.

The difference is that religion focuses on faith, worship, revelation, and philosophy
focuses on the intellectual comprehension.

Relationship Between Religion and Science :

1. Contrast

2. Compatible

3. Unrelated

Science and Religion both try to answer the same (or similar) questions.