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Power generated by hydroelectricity in different areas 

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Power generated by hydroelectricity in different areas 

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Most of the photovoltaic panels are made up of silicon and other toxic metals like mercury, lead and cadmium. Pollution in the environment can also degrade the quality and efficiency of photovoltaic cells. New innovative technologies can overcome the worst of these effects.

At the heart of the blooming solar power industry is the semiconductor material, like silicon or gallium arsenide, which absorbs sunlight and forms the basis of solar panels. It converts electromagnetic energy in the form of sunlight to electrical energy. Now, researchers from London have demonstrated a technique to increase the amount of electrical current produced by a solar panel simply by augmenting its light-facing surface with aluminium nanostructures.

When photons, particles of light, are absorbed by the semiconductor, they knock out electrons, which are passed through a circuit and then to a battery for storage as electricity. However, scientists now want to find ways of increasing the absorption of light in thin layers of semiconductors, so that solar panels can be made using less raw-material and at a lower cost.

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There is a decrease in quality and temperature of water coming from dams producing hydroelectricity. This water is not at all suitable for agriculture and drinking.So,i suggest that water from dams must be purified before using it for agriculture and drinking.

Making mechanical and technological changes to the hydro power fleet can also increase value. For example, the report finds that expanding the operating range of the plant can increase the income from that plant by 61 percent. In layman’s terms, “expanding the operating range” just means altering the technology to serve lower loads and higher peaks, as a percentage of capacity. Upgrading plants to have variable or adjusted speed drives also alters the ability of those units to meet different kinds of demands, including more rapid response and variability management. This change could increase each plants income by around 85 percent. Finally, plants can be constructed to be “closed-loop” (or adjacent to waterways) to cut down on permitting time and minimize environmental impacts.

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These days there is a lot of usage of wind turbines foe generating the electricity in the rural areas which is eventually producing more sound pollution.So i suggest that proper designed wind turbines should be made by the engineers to reduce the sound pollution.

As companies look to make more sophisticated wind turbine technology, more sophisticated tools are required. One of those is 3D modeling technology, which allows companies to use computer simulations to see how products will respond before manufacturing and testing the product in the field.

Computer simulation can be useful to companies as they look to increase the capacity factor of turbines. The software allows companies to help design blades that allows for attached flow across a range of flow velocity without having to continuously make the rotors larger.Companies are able to use software to create a virtual lab and set up the blade in the lab. Designers can then vary the blade geometry, blade twist, yaw angle, angles of wind attack and wind velocities. The simulations will allow designers to see the coefficient of lift and drag across the blade on both the top and bottom surface.

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onshore and off shore winds:

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Based on the topic we can conduct a survey on which renewable energy source can be used in the settlement pertainig to the local conditions.

Target audience: We can conduct the following survey in rural areas,villages and towns which face power shortages and where pollution is major problem in the lives of people linivg there.

Questions-
1.Do you have a regular supply of current in your area?
2.Do you believe investing in renewable energy systems will help to solve the crisis of pollution and power shortage in your locality?

3. How aware are you of hydroelectricity Technologies?

4. What is the pollution level in the area?

5. What factors would prevent you from installing hydroelectricity?
6. Do you believe that enough people have faith and will start using alternate sources of energy permanently in the locality?

Conclusions from survey:
Depending on the answers we can decide which renewable source of energy will be best suited for the settlement.We can also get a rough idea about the mentality of the people living in the locality about the advances in modern sciences.From the answers that will be given we will get to know the rainfall patterns,weather and the pollution levels which are harmful to the people's health.Whether the plant if installed will be continued or not can also be inferred from the positive or negative response that people will give towards renewable energy production.The current energy crisis situation in the area can also be analyzed and how much energy more is needed to fill the gap can be ascertained.

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1. wind turbines for security: All over the world, wind turbines are helping customers reduce costs and protect resources by providing power for remote security and CCTV systems.

2. wind generators for boats and yachts: ever increasing amounts of essential electronic equipment on boats are a real drain on your precious batteries. 3. wind turbines in agriculture: remote power systems are needed more and more in the world of farming. Whether it's for powering electric fencing, powering water pumping, powering lighting in stables and chicken sheds or powering underwater cameras at salmon farms 4. wind turbines for homes: wind turbines for homes are frequently used for Residential Battery Charging and Grid Connection. If you’re living in windy spot and the wind is whistling around you, your home could be the perfect spot for a wind turbine.

5. wind turbines for off-grid lightning: wind turbines are ideal for providing efficient and reliable lighting in off-grid locations.

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1 .Once a dam is constructed, electricity can be produced at a constant rate. 2. If electricity is not needed, the sluice gates can be shut, stopping electricity generation. The water can be saved for use another time when electricity demand is high. 3. Dams are designed to last many decades and so can contribute to the generation of electricity for many years. 4. The lake that forms behind the dam can be used for water sports and leisure. Often large dams become tourist attractions in their own right. 5. The lake's water can be used for irrigation purposes. When in use, electricity produced by dam systems do not produce green house gases. They do not pollute the atmosphere.

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1 .Power plants:  In conventional power plants non-renewable energy sources are used to boil water and form stream so that turbines can rotate and water to produce electricity.
2 .Homes: Use of solar energy is increasing in homes as well. Residential appliances can easily use electricity generated through solar power.
3. Commercial use: on roofs of different buildings we can find glass PV modules or any other kind of solar panel. These panels are used there to supply electricity to different offices or other parts of building in a reliable manner.
4. Ventilation system: at many places solar energy is used for ventilation purposes. It helps in running
bath fans, floor fans, and ceiling fans in buildings.
5. Swimming pools: swimming pools are great joy for kids and adults in all seasons. But during winters it is tough to keep water hot in these pools with minimum power usage. Solar energy can help many in this matter as well.
6. Solar Lighting: these lights are also known as day lighting, and work with help of solar power. These lights store natural energy of sun in day time and then convert this energy into electricity to light up in night time.

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Based on my topic i can conduct a survey on wind energy wether it can be use for local condition people in the rural areas.

TARGET AUDIENCE:

I can conduct my survey in rural areas; villages and towns which face power shortages during their daily life.

QUESTIONS:

1.Do you have a regular supply of current in your area?
2.Which of the following renewable resources would you think will help to eradicate the current situation of electricity problems and pollution levels?
a.Hydroelectricity
b.Solar Energy
c.Wind Energy
3.Does the area have strong winds blowing through it which will be able to sustain wind energy production system?
4.Is there any hills or mountains or plains which may provide the required space needed to lay the wind energy farm?
5.Would you prefer a home, house or apartment, with a wind turbine on the roof supplying a portion of the electricity? a.yes b.no
6. Would it matter to you how tall a wind turbine system was?
a.yes b.no

7.What is your general attitude toward wind turbines?
CONCLUSION FROM SURVEY:
Depending on the answers i; can decide which renewable source of energy will be best suited for the settlement.I can also get a rough idea about the mentality of the people living in the locality about the advances in modern sciences.

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Based on the topic we can conduct a survey on which renewable energy source can be used in the settlement pertainig to the local conditions.

Target audience
We can conduct the following survey in rural areas,villages and towns which face power shortages and where pollution is major problem in the lives of people linivg there.

Questions-
1.Do you have a regular supply of current in your area?
2.Do you believe investing in renewable energy systems will help to solve the crisis of pollution and power shortage in your locality?
3.Which of the following renewable resources would you think will help to eradicate the current situation of electricity problems and pollution levels?
a.Hydroelectricity
b.Solar Energy
c.Wind Energy
4.How aware are you of Solar Energy Technologies?

5. Do you have any Solar Energy technology installed in your home?

6.Is there sufficient sunshine that is recieved in your area during the day and what type of weather is observed in the area?

7.What is the pollution level in the area?

8.What factors would prevent you from installing Solar Energy Technology?
9.Do you believe that enough people have faith and will start using alternate sources of energy permanently in the locality?

Conclusions from survey
Depending on the answers we can decide which renewable source of energy will be best suited for the settlement.We can also get a rough idea about the mentality of the people living in the locality about the advances in modern sciences.From the answers that will be given we will get to know the rainfall patterns,weather and the pollution levels which are harmful to the people's health.Whether the plant if installed will be continued or not can also be inferred from the positive or negative response that people will give towards renewable energy production.The current energy crisis situation in the area can also be analyzed and how much energy more is needed to fill the gap can be ascertained.

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Somjit:Technical Terms associated with solar energy

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Somjit:Technical Terms associated with solar energy

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Activated shelf life — The period of time, at a specified temperature, that a charged battery can be stored before its capacity falls to an unusable level.

Activation voltage(s) — The voltages(s) at which a charge controller will take action to protect the batteries.

Air mass (sometimes called air mass ratio) — Equal to the cosine of the zenith angle-that angle from directly overhead to a line intersecting the sun. The air mass is an indication of the length of the path solar radiation travels through the atmosphere. An air mass of 1.0 means the sun is directly overhead and the radiation travels through one atmosphere (thickness).

Cell Barrier — A very thin region of static electric charge along the interface of the positive and negative layers in a photovoltaic cell.The barrier inhibits the movement of electrons from one layer to the other, so that higher-energy electrons from one side diffuse preferentially through it in one direction, creating a current and thus a voltage across the cell. Also called depletion zone or space charge.

Distributed energy resources (DER) — A variety of small, modular power-generating technologies that can be combined with energy management and storage systems and used to improve the operation of the electricity delivery system, whether or not those technologies are connected to an electricity grid.

Electrochemical Cell — A device containing two conducting electrodes, one positive and the other negative, made of dissimilar materials (usually metals) that are immersed in a chemical solution (electrolyte) that transmits positive ions from the negative to the positive electrode and thus forms an electrical charge. One or more cells constitute a battery.

Electrode— A conductor that is brought in conducting contact with a ground.

Electronic deposition — Electrolytic process in which a metal is deposited at the cathode from a solution of its ions.

I-type Semiconductor— Semiconductor material that is left intrinsic, or doped so that the concentration of charge carriers is characteristic of the material itself rather than of added impurities.

I-V Curve — A graphical presentation of the current versus the voltage from a photovoltaic device as the load is increased from the short circuit (no load) condition to the open circuit (maximum voltage) condition. The shape of the curve characterizes cell performance.

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New terms associated with hydroelectricity (nishant dua)

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New terms associated with hydroelectricity (nishant dua)

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Endowed: provide with a quality, ability, or asset.

Ancillary services : Operations provided by hydroelectric plants that ensure stable electricity delivery and optimize transmission system efficiency.

Cavitation :Noise or vibration causing damage to the turbine blades as a results of bubbles that form in the water as it goes through the turbine which causes a loss in capacity, head loss, efficiency loss, and the cavity or bubble collapses when they pass into higher regions of pressure.

Control gate: A barrier that regulates water released from a reservoir to the power generation unit.

Runner: The rotating part of the turbine that converts the energy of falling water into mechanical energy.

Impoundment: A body of water formed by damming a river or stream, commonly known as a reservoir.

Penstock: A closed conduit or pipe for conducting water to the powerhouse.Spillway: A structure used to provide the release of flows from a dam into adownstream area.

Tailrace: The channel that carries water away from a dam.

Tailwater: The water downstream of the powerhouse or dam.

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These are called TURBINES

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These are the new words which i have encountered

ANEMOMETERS :

It is used to measure the direction of the wind.

WEATHER VANE :

It is used to measure the direction as well as the pressure of the wind.

DRIVE TRAIN :

It is the part of turbine which includes the gear box and generator

OFFSHORE WINDS:

Winds which blow from land to sea.

ONSHORE WINDS :

Winds which blow from sea to land.

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Links which were referred during assignment:

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EnYjlsGXugo

2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JxOTulMExWU

3. http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/29769063.pdf?acceptTC=true

4. http://www.tc.umn.edu/~dama0023/solar.html

5. http://www.technologystudent.com/energy1/solar7.html
6. http://waka-waka.com/solar-energy-facts/
7. http://www.livescience.com/41995-how-do-solar-panels-work.html

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These following links helped me to get information on wind energy

1) http://www.eschooltoday.com/winds/what-are-winds.html

2) http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/notes/keynotes-on-5-different-types-of-wind/12625/

3) http://energy.gov/eere/wind/how-do-wind-turbines-work

4) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x3AfhSHAcqg&spfreload=10

5) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PE69jcleKg

6) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45Xh7FKS9nM

7) http://windeis.anl.gov/guide/basics/

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Wind energy is a really interesting topic.I referred few journals and books.I also checked few videos on youtube to get sufficient information on wind energy.

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the following sources were helpful in gathering the required data for the assignm

1. http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2012/730631.pdf

2. http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/06-0840.1

3. http://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/hydroelectricity.htm

4. http://www.environmental-expert.com/magazines/keyword-hydropower-2016

5. http://www.hydropower-dams.com/

6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lx6UfiEU3Q0

7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rnPEtwQtmGQ

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a view of a dam

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how hydroelectricity works, an animation.

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Kiran:Nishant can you share how does cost of generation from Hydropower Plant compare with other sources of electricity? and Which is the oldest Hydropower Plant in India?

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Kiran:Nishant can you share how does cost of generation from Hydropower Plant compare with other sources of electricity? and Which is the oldest Hydropower Plant in India?

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Nishant:

The hydro power generation is highly capital-intensive mode of electricity generation but being renewable source of energy with no consumables involved; there is very little recurring cost and hence no high long term expenditure. It is cheaper as compared to electricity generated from coal and gas fired plants. It also reduces the financial losses due to frequency fluctuations and it
is more reliable as it is inflation free due to not usage of fossil fuel.

The oldest Hydropower power plant is in Darjeeling District in West Bengal. It’s installed capacity is 130KW and was commissioned in the year 1897.

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Somjit:Nishant,what are the different types of turbines used in Hydroelectric Power Plants? and what are the major components of a Hydroelectric Power Plant?

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Somjit:Nishant,what are the different types of turbines used in Hydroelectric Power Plants? and what are the major components of a Hydroelectric Power Plant?

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Nishant:

There are basically four types of turbines: -
1.Pelton turbines - It is impulse turbine which is normally used for more than 250 m of
water head.
2.Francis - This is a reaction turbine which is used for head varying between 2.5m to 450m
3.Kaplan – It is propeller type with adjustable blades which is used for heads varying between 1.5 m to 70 m
4.Propeller – It is used for head between 1.5 to 30 m
5.Tubular – This is used for low and medium height projects. Normally for head less than 15m.

The major components of a Hydroelectric Power Plant are:-
1.Dam/Barrage-Head works i.e. power intake, head regulator and de-silting chambers
etc.
2.Head race tunnels/channels
3.Surge shaft/surge chambers
4.Pressure shaft/Penstock
5.Underground and surface power house
6.Tailrace channel or tunnel

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Kiran:Hey Somjit..How do solar photovoltaic cells work? 

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Kiran:Hey Somjit..How do solar photovoltaic cells work? 

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Somjit:

In layperson terms, photovoltaic cells arecomprised of a semiconductor material such as silicon. Added to the silicon are the elements phosphorous and boron which create conductivity within the cell and activate the movement of electrons. The electrons move across the cell when activated by the sunlight’s energy into the electrical circuit hooked up to the solar panel.

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Nishant: Ok Somjit so tell me How much maintenance do solar energy panels require? and how much does a solar electric power system cost?

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Nishant: Ok Somjit so tell me How much maintenance do solar energy panels require? and how much does a solar electric power system cost?

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Solar photovoltaic panels require little maintenance – no need to wash or dust. It is, however, important to place panels where they will remain clear of shade and debris. Thus you will have to wipe them off if too much snow or leaves fall on them.

Solar hot water collection arrays don’t need much attention either. It does help to periodically use a window wash brush, biodegradable soap, and water to clean the tubes.

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Somjit:Well Kiran..The wind doesn't blow all the time. How much can it really contribute to a utility's generating capacity?  

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Somjit:Well Kiran..The wind doesn't blow all the time. How much can it really contribute to a utility's generating capacity?  

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Kiran: However, in two separate studies, researchers have found that despite its intermittent nature, wind can provide capacity value for utilities.

The studies, by the Tellus Institute of Boston, Mass., and the Prince Edward Island (Canada) Energy Corp., concluded that when wind turbines are added to a utility system, they increase the overall statistical probability that the system will be able to meet demand requirements. They noted that while wind is an intermittent resource, conventional generating systems also experience periodic outages for maintenance and repair.

The exact amount of capacity value that a given wind project provides depends on a number of factors, including average wind speeds at the site and the match between wind patterns and utility load requirements.

Most manufacturers of utility-scale turbines offer machines in the 700-kW to 1.65-MW range. Ten 700-kW units would make a 7-MW wind plant, while 10 1.65-MW machines would make a 16.5-MW facility. In the future, machines of larger size will be available.

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Nishant:Hey Kiran...What is "capacity factor"? and What is "availability factor"?

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Nishant:Hey Kiran...What is "capacity factor"? and What is "availability factor"?

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KiranA conventional utility power plant uses fuel, so it will normally run much of the time unless it is idled by equipment problems or for maintenance. A capacity factor of 40% to 80% is typical for conventional plants.

A wind plant is "fueled" by the wind, which blows steadily at times and not at all at other times. Most modern utility-scale wind turbines operate with a capacity factor of 25% to 40%, although they may achieve higher capacity factors during windy weeks or months. It is possible to achieve much higher capacity factors by combining wind with a storage technology such as pumped hydro or compressed-air energy storage (CAES).

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1.  Introduction
Other than hydropower, wind power is the most mature and most important of the renewable sources of power. Since the early 1980s, wind power has experienced a dramatic growth and now makes a significant contribution to electricity generation in several European countries. the potential for wind power is substantial. Although the current installed capacity is low, it is the fastest growing energy sector. The prospects for wind power development are dependent on the available wind resource, technical development and most importantly public acceptance. 2. Types of winds
a) Planetary winds

b) Trade winds

c) The westerlies

d) Periodic winds

e) Local winds

3. Power from the wind
A typical modern wind turbine is depicted. The main constituent parts are a rotor with three blades, hub, nacelle and tower. The nacelle houses the drive-train and power converter, i.e. generator and associated power electronics. and the size of wind turbines to be installed. Nevertheless, the general trends hold, with the annual mean wind speed increasing to the north and to the west. Technical development Today the dominant configuration of wind turbine is a three-bladed horizontal axis up-wind machine. There are many aspects of this technical development that impinge on the prospects for wind power development in the UK. These include turbine evolution, turbine availability, wind variability, grid connection and radar and electromagnetic interference. Each will be discussed briefly below. The most obvious manifestation of the recent rapid development is the exponential increase in machine size. In 1980, a large wind turbine had a rotor diameter of 20 m and a rated power, i.e. maximum generated power, of 50 kW. Today, a large wind turbine has a rotor diameter of 120 m and a maximum generated power of 5 MW. 4.  Public acceptance Whenever a wind farm development is proposed, concerns arise over its impact on the local environment. Three issues that are usually raised are the noise, the effect on birds and the visual intrusion in the landscape. These are not entirely amenable to a technical solution as perception of them is to some extent subjective. However, the characteristics of a noise are also important to its perception and wind turbine noise is perceived by some people to be more intrusive than other sources. Indeed, the awareness of wind turbine noise varies greatly and appears to be partly psychological.
5.  Concluding remarks
The price of wind power is almost competitive with conventional means of electricity generation. These concerns have a subjective element and are perhaps overstated but large scale development would need to be treated sensitively. Strengthening of the basic engineering science of wind energy technology is required to meet the offshore challenge. To conclude, wind power could make a major contribution to the world’s energy needs.

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INTRODUCTION

Hydro power is an important renewable energy resource worldwide. However, its development is accompanied with environmental and social drawbacks. Issues of degradation of the environment and climate change can negatively impact hydro power generation. A sustainable hydro power project is possible, but needs proper planning and careful system design to manage the challenges. Well-planned hydro power projects can contribute to supply sustainable energy. Issues of hydro power resource availability, technology, environment and climate change have been also discussed. Hydro power is sensitive to the state of environment, and climate change. With global climate change, though globally the potential is stated to slightly increase, some countries will experience a decrease in potential with increased risks. Adaptation measures are required to sustainably generate hydro power. These are also discussed in the paper.
Hydro power Generation: Technology, Environment, and Climate Change Perspective

2.1. Hydro power Technology.
In engineering, power is the rate with respect to time of doing work. The work may be in form of mechanical, electrical, or hydraulic. In any work process, forces are involved on or by a system whereby a system is defined as a quantity of matter that is bounded. As a working fluid, water in a hydro power system is not consumed, it is thus available for other uses.
2.2. Classification of Hydro power Projects.
Hydro power projects are unique, in the sense that the installations, though having the same installed capacity, may not be identical because the design of hydro power plant is site-specific. This uniqueness of hydro power projects makes their classification important especially in matters concerning technology and application.

2.3. Hydropower as a Renewable Energy and Its Global Resource Potential and Generation. Hydraulic energy in the water is derived from a hydrological cycle. In the hydrological cycle, water constantly flows through a cycle in different phases; evaporating from lakes and oceans, forming clouds, precipitating as rain or snow, then flowing back down to the ocean, seas, dams, rivers, and other water bodies.

2.4 Impacts of Environment and Climate Change in Hydropower Generation. A large share of the level of the environmental degradation is human induced arising from unsustainable economic development practices and increase in population.

Conclusion

The global energy sector overrelies on fossil fuel and is responsible for most of global environmental degradation and climate change. Therefore, fuel substitution to clean energy sources, such as renewable energy, is required. Therefore, hydropower can significantly contribute towards increased national energy access and security, mitigation of climate change and reduction of harmful air pollutants, creation of economic opportunities, and, thus, effectively leading to sustainable development.

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SUMMARY (SOLAR ENERGY) BY SOMJIT BANERJEE

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SUMMARY (SOLAR ENERGY) BY SOMJIT BANERJEE

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INTRODUCTION
Values must be developed, expressed, and commonly accepted before the polity can effectively help plan our energy future. I suggest that solar energy be used as a tool to assist this creative process. This paper contrasts the views of solar energy with the creative process of the community paradigm, as well as the traditional economic paradigm. THE LIMITS OF ECONOMICS IN ENERGY POLICY Sociopolitical decisions at all levels involve both economic and noneconomic factors and often involve philosophical issues. Environmental protection, welfare, and energy development provide obvious examples. Economic rationality has both strengths and weaknesses as applied to such decisions. THE IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL VALUES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR ENERGY
Even if the development of solar energy as a future energy alternative is accepted- as a given (ignoring for the moment the speed at which development occurs), such development can occur-along two different lines. This development depends upon which perception of social reality is chosen. The conventional economic paradigm emphasizes economic growth, the development of new technologies to continue present consumption trends and the use of economic efficiency (least present cost) as the decision-making tool for solar energy decisions.
CENTRALIZED VERSUS DECENTRALIZED ENERGY SOURCES

Over the past century in the United States, there has been a trend toward increasing centralization of most phases of life. Production activity has grown from the household and cottage industry to the mass production of the assembly line and multinational corporations. The overall movement in government has been toward increasing concentration of power at the federal level. Demographically, the trend has been to centralize in large urban centers. However, the public disposition against centralization appears to have strengthened in recent years. For example, one of the more significant possibilities to change the centralization trend appears to be in the economy.

SUMMARY
The economic paradigm, which makes up a large part of our social consciousness, gives a value and its associated meaning exogenous to the individual. The contention is that solar energy can be used as an artifice, implemented into the economicstructure, supported by the institutional framework, and utilized by individuals in an attempt to reinstate creative meaning into the social structure. This type solar energy would utilize the criteria in the present economic paradigm, but would do little to eliminate anomalies to the paradigm that currently exists.