# data[].attributes.body
F., T. (1991). PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF NMR. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography .

OECD Indicators. ( 2009). Health at a Glance , 202.Smith-Bindman, R.(1996).

Use of Diagnostic Imaging Studies and Associated Radiation Exposure For Patients Enrolled in Large Integrated Healthcare Systems. Journal of medical health , 10-12.Valentina Hartwig, G.G. (2009).

Biological Effects of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health .

E., M. M. (2005, NOV 18). Early detection of regional cerebral ischemia in cats: Comparison of diffusion- and T2-weighted MRI and spectroscopy. Retrieved from Wiley library:http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.1910140218/abstract;jsessionid=F9F985C418A608239C1D6E91A33DE0B4.f01t01

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Similar to magnetic reception, applying magnetic fields can sometimes activate parts of the brain and can be used in treating a variety of disorders caused due to inactive regions in brain

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As you can see in the image different parts of the brain light up under MRI when stimulated differently.This is used to determine if that area of the brain is normal or is inactive.Criminals have few areas of their brains inactive so that they cannot feel empathy and pity

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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/T1t2PD.

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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/T1t2PD.jpg

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging uses radiation to probe the internal structure of organisms. It’s based on the fact that different structures inside the body have different penetration levels.It spacially constructs tissues and shows different contrast levels for differnt magnetic properties.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging uses static fields for producing scans
Static fields are fields which do not vary with time and they are categorized into many ranges

It uses different kinds of fields such as
Extremely low frequencies that range from 0 to 300 kHz, Intermediate frequency ranging from 300Hz to 100kHz
and radio frequency in the range 100kHz to 300 GHz.
Magnetic resonance imaging presents a few risks as metal objects and shrapnel can act as projectiles when close to the scanner.

Biological effects of the radiation in DNA strand breaks and possible carcinogenic potential in fetuses and physical effects such as nausea, headaches, burns on tattoos and electromagnetic hypersensitivity in adults

When all fields are acting together, decrease in RBC permeability is seen and membrane elasticity is changed

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Its a new area where these principles can be applied to find out the area of the brain which has a significant amount of activity

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MRI plays a major role in health care as it can be used to detect cancer at an early age, find tumors and even scan for abnormalities

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I think microwaves, UV' s and other electromagnetic radiations have very hazardous effects on human health.Especially in today's digital world .

Therefore I agree with Dipika and Smruthi that considering the ionising effects,we should try to develop new technologies to minimize damage and improve life.

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magneto reception is currently studied theoretically and researched but has no practical applications.

1 )However, the receptor genes in migratory birds can be obtained from their DNA and mutated with other organisms to give them also these sensing capabilities using biotechnology.

2) Also , modern natural magneto sensors can be developed by interpreting senses of magneto recepting animals.

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chromophore -an atom or group whose presence is responsible for the colour of a compound.

elasmobranchs - a cartilaginous fish of a group that comprises the sharks, rays, and skates

hemochromatosis,-a hereditary disorderin which iron salts are deposited in thetissues, leading to liver damage, diabetes mellitus, and bronze discoloration of the skin.

magnetometer an instrument used for measuring magnetic forces, especially the earth's magnetism.

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1. What kind of genes in animals do you think help them to sense the magnetic field?

2.Can a attempt be made to transfer these genes into other organisms using biotechnology?

3.What factors do you think affect the sensitivity of animals towards magneto reception?

4.Can modern magneto sensors be made based on the phenomena of magneto reception?

5.Which mechanisms of magneto reception do you think is most accurate?

This survey is meant for scientists and researchers working in the field of magnetic sensing.

Magneto reception currently doesn't have any applications in technology. This survey will help us understand the scope of its future applications.

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Physics Today volume 61 issue 3

Magneto reception in animals feature article

Authors:Sonke Johnsen and
Kenneth J. Lohmann

Published online on 29 March 2008

Citation: Physics Today 61(3), 29 (2008);
doi: 10.1063/1.2897947

http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2897947

Publisher: American Institute of Physics (AIP) publishing

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P3UZJNJVxSg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzgPH0ivMoo

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Rutuja:Links of websites where information has been collected from

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Rutuja:Links of websites where information has been collected from

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http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/7/Suppl_2/S131

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15886990

http://nelson.beckman.illinois.edu/courses/neuroethol/models/magnetoreception/magnetoreception.html

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/7854195_Magnetic_Orientation_and_Magnetoreception_in_Birds_and_Other_Animals

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the different mechanisms are

electomagnetic induction,ferrmagnetic and radical pair hypothesis.

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With the help of magneto reception,animals find the direction and magnitude of magnetic field
which in turn is the function of their latitudes and longitudes.
Hence they find their location

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I think we can come to a common conclusion that magnetic radiation has a lot of uses even though it has its side effects.And as we know how living beings respond to radiation, measures can be taken to find brain scans without physical damage and which provides an insight to how human brain works .
A new application i.e. finding the personality of a person and changing it using electromagnetic radiation can be very useful for treating many conditions.

Also magnetic sensing will enable us understand animal behavior and take science altogether to different levels

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I agree with Dipika. As MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to form images of body it can be used in hospitals for medical diagnosis, staging of disease and follow-up without exposure to ionization radiation.The latest imaging methods emerging from the laboratory promise to complement these advances. They can detect and monitor cancers, for example, locate individual cells for the delivery of drugs, and provide unprecedented accuracy for surgically treating heart disease and other conditions.

A new review of published brain imaging studies spotlights the many ways our learning, our criminality, our health behaviors, and our response to drugs and other treatments can be predicted by MRIs and other technologies.

Also about Rutuja's proposed applications I think
using biotechnology to give magnetic sensing to variety of organisims will take mutation to great levels.

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Considering the fact that Magnetic Resonance Imaging depends on electromagnetic radiation penetrating human body to reveal the folds in the organs, a new application can be found in the area based on the same principle.

Smruthi's article talks about the ionizing effects of electromagnetic radiation.

So knowing the effects, we can find a new method to use radiation without much damage.

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Powerlines carry high-voltage electric current from one place to another. When current flows through a wire, an electric field and a magnetic field are created around it .The magnetic portion is the more dangerous because of its ability to penetrate the human body and in turn produce an electric field. Also metallic pipelines buried under ships get corroded due to this effect.

This article investigates the factors that affect this electromagnetic radiation.

It was found out that factors like the power line configuration, separation distance between transmission line and pipeline, separation distance between conductors, the transmission line tower height, existence of the earth wire, the sequence of the power supply, the length of corridor and the fault conditions affected the induced electric field.Various formulae were devised including the following factors and their dependence on the induced electric field. Finally a computer program was developed to calculate the values of the induced current density and induced voltages.

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The electric and magnetic fields(EMFs) we have dealt with in power transmission lines are ionizing.They are high level radiations which have the potential for cellular and DNA damage. Using the same theory research can be done on the non-ionizing radiations which are perceived to be harmless to humans.Non-ionization radiations are low level radiations, for example cell phone emissions. At present current scientific evidence has not conclusively linked cell phone use with any adverse problems though scientists have admitted that more research is needed in this field. The National Toxicology Program (NTP) headquartered at NIEHS is leading the largest laboratory rodent study to date on cell phone radio frequency. The NTP studies will help clarify any potential health hazards from exposure to cell phone radiation. The studies on rodents are designed to mimic human exposure and are based on the frequencies and modulations currently in use in the United States.The NTP has worked closely with radiofrequency experts from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to design highly specialized study facilities to specify and control sources of radiation and to measure their effects on rodents in all parts of the body. In addition to the NTP studies, the NIEHS is funding researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles  to study whether exposure to cell phones in childhood can affect the nervous system.

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Clinical applications of Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Clinical applications of Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1306489/

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging can be used for various applications in the field of medical science. currently its being used for getting to know the the structure of internal organs. But in the future it could be used to detecting cancer at an early age by increasing the accuracy by which tumours are scanned.

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Smruthi:                                                                                Glossary:

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Smruthi:                                                                                Glossary:

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Impedance: It is the complex-valued generalization of resistance.

Interference: It is a phenomenon in which two waves superpose to form a resultant wave of greater or lower amplitude.

Fault: In an electric power system a fault or fault current is any abnormal electric current.

Ground fault: It occurs when electricity travels outside an intended path and tries to get to the g round by the shortest route.

Coupling: In electronics  and telecommunication  coupling is the desirable or undesirable transfer of energy from one medium to another medium. It is also the transfer of electrical energy from one circuit segment to another.

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1. I think problems like headaches are quite common these days

2. As these problems werent present in the 20th century, radiation could be the possible suspect

3. yes, humans today are consuming more energy than ever before

4. they could have internal effects which are not visible directly

5. creating new materials to stop electromagnetic radiations could solve the problem

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Smruthi:                                              Survey:

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Smruthi:                                              Survey:

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1.How often have people come up with problems like headaches, anxiety and fatigue bothering them?

2.Do you think exposure to electromagnetic radiations is mainly responsible for these health problems?

3.Do you think the advanced technologies to meet the growing electricity demand are to blame?

4.What other possible health effects do you think electromagnetic radiations may have?

5.Do you think we can come up with solutions to tackle this problem?

This survey is mainly for the doctors and scientists who have been studying electromagnetic radiations.Based on its outcome we can get a better idea about the health risks caused by the radiation and possible precautionary steps that can be taken.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JIgVWx9e4qg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZ7gFGhRFD8

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Journal:

International Journal of Electromagnetics and Applications

p-ISSN: 2168-5037 e-ISSN: 2168-5045

2012;  2(6): 151-158

doi: 10.5923/j.ijea.20120206.03

Effect of Electromagnetic Fields from Power Lines on Metallic Objects and Human Bodies

Ahmed Hossam-Eldin,Wael Mokhtar,Ehab Mohamed Ali

Electrical Engineering department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria,21511, Egypt

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Smruthi:                                  Links of websites where the information has been collected from

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Smruthi:                                  Links of websites where the information has been collected from

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http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/radiationexposureandcancer/extremely-low-frequency-radiation

http://www.safespaceprotection.com/electrostress-from-power-lines.aspx

http://emwatch.com/power-line-emf/

http://www.mcw.edu/radiationoncology/ourdepartment/radiationbiology/Power-Lines-and-Cancer-FAQs.htm

http://www.who.int/peh-emf/about/WhatisEMF/en/index1.html

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My article deals with the factors that affect the electromagnetic radiation from transmission lines and how it affects humans and metals under the sea.

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Rutuja: What exactly is your article about

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Rutuja: What exactly is your article about

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If the human bodies are projected to high levels of magnetic fields it produces electric currents within the body that can induce current density which causes a change in protein DNA syntheses and enzyme activity

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Dipika :                                    What are the different mechanisms of magnetoreception?

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Dipika :                                    What are the different mechanisms of magnetoreception?

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Resonance Imaging is a medical diagnostic technique that creates images of the human body using the principle of nuclear magnetic resonance

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Dipika:                                     

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Dipika:                                     

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Short term exposure doesn't cause serious damage to tissues but long term exposure can cause tissue damage

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Smruthi:                                           I didn't exactly understand how magnetoreception helps animals. Could you please explain it properly?

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Smruthi:                                           I didn't exactly understand how magnetoreception helps animals. Could you please explain it properly?

# data[].attributes.headline
SmruthiI didn't exactly understand how magnetoreception helps animals. Could you please explain it properly?

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SmruthiI didn't exactly understand how magnetoreception helps animals. Could you please explain it properly?

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How do these electromagnetic radiations affect human bodies?

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Dipika:                                       

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Dipika:                                       

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MRI or magnetic resonance imaging is a test

that uses a magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy to make pictures of organs and structures inside the body.

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Dipika:                                                                                                                                                                  Glossary:

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Dipika:                                                                                                                                                                  Glossary:

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Genotoxicity: It describes the property of chemical agents that damages the genetic information within a cell causing mutations, which may lead to cancer.

Spectroscopy: It is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation.

Bio-impedance: It is the study of the electrical properties of the body

Proliferation: rapid increase in the number or amount of something.

Apoptosis: It is the process of programmed cell death that may occur in multicellular organisms.

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Methods of collection of information on 

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Methods of collection of information on 

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the information presented here is collected through various websites based on medical health, physics and working of MRI and videos on its dangers working and types of MRI.

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Dipika:                                                                                                                         JOURNAL

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Dipika:                                                                                                                         JOURNAL

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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

June 2009,vol 6(6)

Published online 2009 Jun 10. doi: 10.3390/ijerph6061778

PMCID:

PMC2705217

Valentina Hartwig, Giulio Giovannetti, Nicola Vanello, Massimo Lombardi, Luigi Landini, Silvana Simi

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SwH2OEB0DKU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6BBx8BwLhqg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gW0TaD_YEWU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tD97Vhna-ic

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Links of websites where the information is collected from:

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Links of websites where the information is collected from:

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3859870/

http://www.magnetic-resonance.org/ch/21-01.html

http://www.biomedical-engineering-online.com/content/3/1/11

http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/MRI-scan/Pages/How-does-it-work.aspx

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.1910140218/abstract;jsessionid=F9F985C418A608239C1D6E91A33DE0B4.f01t01

http://www.eradimaging.com/site/article.cfm?ID=426#.VhYGpckiTIU

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https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1BpaZ9Sz1nQR6QJTi0JwRZN2mbEZIwwAEE65D6shZ9AY/viewform

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Rutuja:                                 Which principle does MRI use?

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Rutuja:                                 Which principle does MRI use?

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Smruthi:                                     How does MRI affect humans?

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Smruthi:                                     How does MRI affect humans?

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Smruthi:                                    Your article is about MRI. What is MRI?

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Smruthi:                                    Your article is about MRI. What is MRI?

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Smruthi:                                Effects of Electromagnetic fields on humans and metals

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Smruthi:                                Effects of Electromagnetic fields on humans and metals

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http://article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.ijea.20120206.03.html

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Magnetoception (or

magnetoreception)  is a sense which allows an organism to detect a magnetic field to perceive direction, altitude or location. This sensory modality is used by a range of animals for orientation and  navigation ,and as a method for animals to develop regional maps. For the purpose of navigation, magnetoception deals with the detection of the Earth's magnetic field.

Magnetoception is present in bacteria,arthropods  and members of all major taxonomic groups of vertebrates.Magnetoception in humans is controversial.

The above article explains the proposed mechanisms of magnetoreception such as

eletromagnetic induction,ferrimagnetism and radical pair hypothesis.

Electromagnetic induction is based on straightforward principles and appears to be within the capabilities of sharks and rays, but its use has not been directly demonstrated. The hypotheses based on ferrimagnetic minerals have the best morphological evidence and a solid theoretical background. The radical-pair mechanism is fascinating but enigmatic since the conditions for its success are extremely strict.

Also, the group of photoreceptive proteins called as cryptochromes function in magnetic reception.

The hypothesis related to them states that magnetic sensing in animals is disrupted when they are exposed to lights of wavelenghts greater than

565 nm.

The most common example of magnetoreception can be seen in migratory birds who track their own location by checking the strength and direction of earths field at that point.

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Rutuja:           Magnetoreception in animals

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Rutuja:           Magnetoreception in animals

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Dipika:                                                                                        Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Dipika:                                                                                        Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2705217/