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Kemal Ataturk speaking to soldiers who were defending a hill against the British on April 25th, 1915. ‘Why are you running away?’ ‘Sir, the enemy’, they said. ‘Where?’ ‘Over there’, they said, pointing out hill 261 … I said to the men who were running away, ‘You cannot run from the enemy’. ‘We have got no ammunition’, they said. ‘If you haven’t got any ammunition, you have got your bayonets’, I said, and shouting to them, I made them fix their bayonets and lie down on the ground’. When the men fixed their bayonets and lay down on the ground the enemy also lay down …

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Those heroes that shed their blood and lost their lives ... You are now lying in the soil of a friendly country. Therefore rest in peace. There is no difference between the Johnnies and the Mehmets to us where they lie side by side here in this country of ours ... You, the mothers who sent their sons from faraway countries, wipe away your tears; your sons are now lying in our bosom and are in peace. After having lost their lives on this land they have become our sons as well.

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'The war at Gallipoli, for Turks, is a holy war.'

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1. What do the Turks call the Gallipoli campaign?

2. How many Turks died in the fight for Gallipoli?

3. What were the Turks fighting for?

4. How was their 'sacrifice' similar to or different to the Anzacs' 'sacrifice'? Explain using evidence from the sources.

5. Why is the battle for Gallipoli, or Cannakale, so important for Turkish people?

6. Research online Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Who was he? When did he live? Where was he important? What did he do during the war? What did he do after the war? Why is he important for Turkey? Write your answers up in your workbook.

7. How is Anzac Day commemorated in Turkey? What are some of the concerns we may have about how Anzac Day is commemorated here in Australia and in Turkey?

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G. F. Morrell, 1915. The map shows the Gallipoli peninsula and west coast of Turkey, and the location of front line troops and landings.

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Source 1: A wounded Turkish soldier being carried out of the 1st Australian Field Ambulance dressing station

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Source 1: A wounded Turkish soldier being carried out of the 1st Australian Field Ambulance dressing station

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Ottoman Empire, Turkey, Marmara, Chanak, Gallipoli Peninsula, 1915, A03770 Australian War Memorial.

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Source 5Gallipoli 2015: Through 'enemy eyes'

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Source 5Gallipoli 2015: Through 'enemy eyes'

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Click on the picture and go to the 'Source' to read the aritlcle

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Their duty was to come here and invade, ours was to defend.

Adil Shahin, Turkish veteran of Gallipoli

The British had expected the Gallipoli operation to conclude quickly and that the Turkish army would be no match for their soldiers. Instead they met a determined and resourceful opponent. At critical moments Turkish and German commanders took quick and decisive action and at no time did the British Empire forces manage the breakthrough which they so desperately sought.

On Gallipoli men of both sides showed bravery and endurance. After the Turkish counter-attack of 19 May, in which the Turks suffered so severely, the Australian and New Zealand soldiers began to regard the Turkish soldier with great respect. Something of the spirit of the Turks on Gallipoli can be seen in the response to an Australian note thrown into a Turkish trench urging its occupants to surrender: the response read, "You think there are no true Turks left. But there are Turks, and Turks' sons!" In this defence of the homeland, in the conflict known here as the Battle of Çanakkale, Turkish authorities have put their casualties at between 250,000 and 300,000, of whom at least 87,000 died.

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Source 2: The Turkish Perspective on Anzac Day

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Source 2: The Turkish Perspective on Anzac Day

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From the Guardian.

Please use your headphones.

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Podcast on the Turkish Perspective on Anzac Day

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Podcast on the Turkish Perspective on Anzac Day

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Please use your headphones