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Hormones:
chemical messengers in the bloodstream produced by glands in the endocrine system. They target specific organs in the body and are vital for normal functioning.
Neurons:
Nerve cells that transmit electrical and chemical signals providing communication .
Neurotransmitters:
Chemical messengers that act between neurons in the brain allowing the brain to process thoughts and memories.

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Classical conditioning:

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Genotype and phenetpe definitions:
Genotype: is the genetic code that is written in the DNA, i.e., the genetic makeup of an individual (genes present in each of your cells).

Phenotype: the physical representation that results from the individual's genotype. For example, the genetic characteristics expressed by an individual (whether they have blue eyes or brown eyes).

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Key assumptions of the biological approach:

There is a direct correlation between brain activity and cognition

Biochemical imbalances can affect behaviour

Brain physiology can affect behaviour

Behaviour can be inherited (as it is determined by genetic information)

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Genotype: a person’s unique genetic make-up that is coded in their chromosomes and fixed at conception.

Phenotype: the expression of a person’s genetic make-up which the environment can influence.

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Biological approach AO1 & AO3

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Strengths of the biological approach:
- Real life applications - therapy
- lot of evidence in support that has rigorous scientific basis
- Clear predictions with direct cause and effect this allows the theory to be tested and proved

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Cognitive approach AO1

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Exam question: Using an example, explain how learning occurs through vicarious reinforcement (3 marks)
Vicarious reinforcement involves learning through observation of the consequences of actions for other people. A child observes a football player that they identify as a role model. They see that the football player recieves lots of achievements and praise so they are now motivated imitate the players behaviour by playing football themselves as if they have been reinforced themeselves.

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Wundt viewed psychology as a scientific study of conscious experience, and he studied this view using introspection.

Wundts 2 goals for psychology:

To identify components of consciousness

To identify how those components combined to result in our conscious experience.

Introspection: a process in which someone examines their own conscious experience.

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Evaluation for Wundt:
Is very subjective of each person - not much continuity
Not much validity
But he did use some scientific methods though - lab experiments in controlled labs

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Approaches- AQA Psychology UNDER 20 MINS! Quick Revision for Paper 2

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Classical conditioning- learning through association and was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov showed that dogs could be conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell if that sound was repeatedly presented at the same time that they were given food.

Firstly the dogs were presented with the food, they responded by salivating. The food was the unconditioned stimulus and salivation was an unconditioned response.

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Vicarious reinforcement- imitating actions when we see they are rewarded. (role models).

Bandura believed we learn by observing others.

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Positive punishment- adding something unpleasant
Negative punishment- taking away something pleasant
Positive reinforcement- giving a reward
Negative reinforcement- taking away something unpleasant as a reward