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It aims at describing how the language is actually spoken, without making judgments about its proper use.

"The descriptive grammarian would then try to describe how that sentence is produced through theorizing about the mental processes that lead up to the surface form" (Reynolds, 2021, para.6).

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It stands for establishing rules for how the language should be used in any context.

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From Traditional Grammar:
- PARTS OF SPEECH: they are the grammatical classification of words according to how they work in a sentence, which can be:

1. Nouns

2. Verbs

3. Adjectives

4. Adverbs

5. Pronouns

6. Prepositions

7. Conjuctions

8. Interjections

- AGREEMENT: it is the concordance a word has with the rest of the sentence.

1. Number (sing., pl.)

2.  Person

3. Tense

4. Voice

5. Gender

- GRAMMATICAL GENDER: it is the infletional suffix that expresses the gender of the person referred to in the speech. It does not exist in English.

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It looks for spotting the grammatical categories of a word based on how it works in isolation (form), and how it functions in context (distribution).

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Amirbakzadeh, E. (2013). Prescriptive and Descriptive Approaches in English Language: A Review. https://www.academia.edu/24173372/Prescriptive_and_Descriptive_Approaches_in_English_Language_A_Review_Language_Awareness

Alemán, P. (2021). Constituent analysis: Grammar analysis. [PowerPoint slides]. Edmodo. https://new.edmodo.com/view-office-online/view/1701912621/ppt/Constituent%20analysis%20class

Alemán, P. (2021). Grammar: Descriptive analysis. [PowerPoint slides]. Edmodo.
https://new.edmodo.com/view-office-online/view/1701912622/pptx/Grammar%20class%20II

English Learning Space. (2016, January 19). Why is it so important to learn GRAMMAR? -. [Video file]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aNdYhZbcGWQ

Reynolds, A. (2021). Understanding Prescriptive vs. Descriptive Grammar. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. https://amyrey.web.unc.edu/classes/ling-101-online/tutorials/understanding-prescriptive-vs-descriptive-grammar/

TED-Ed. (2016, April 12). Does grammar matter? - Andreea S. Calude. [Video file]. YouTube.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wn_eBrIDUuc

Yule, G. (2010). The Study of Language (Fourth ed.). Cambridge University Press.

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"Grammar is a set of patterns for how words are put together in phrases or clauses, whether spoken or in writing" (TED-Ed, 2016, 0:33).

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"Grammar is a set of patterns for how words are put together in phrases or clauses, whether spoken or in writing" (TED-Ed, 2016, 0:33).

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Does grammar matter? - Andreea S. Calude

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The procedure for this approach consists on correcting or making suggestions for a proper use of grammar.

¿How do prescriptivists perform this task? Well, they analyze sentences and judge the grammatical resources used and if proper grammar rules were followed. If they consider some discrepancy, the sentence will be wrong regardless if the message was understood or not.

This idea can be better comprehended with the following example:

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"If you want to play in a game, (...) it is important to know the basic rules like everyone has the same starting point"(English Learning Space, 2016, 0:46).

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"If you want to play in a game, (...) it is important to know the basic rules like everyone has the same starting point"(English Learning Space, 2016, 0:46).

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Why is it so important to learn GRAMMAR? -

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- PARTS OF SPEECH

- INFLECTIONAL SUFFIXES: (if any)

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For us, labeling and bracketing is the best method since it is the most complete and organized one for a wider domain of a language by comprehending its grammar. Basically, the purpose of grammar, no matter the approach used, is to recognize and acquire structures in speech for others to fully understand our message by doing so. Therefore, we believe that the labeled and bracketed analysis allows us to easily visualize grammatical structures  in a hierarchical organization by firstly identifying the bigger constituent categories (i. e. sentence, clauses, and phrases), and then, spot their elements (i. e. words). Basically, the analysis is done in the same sentence without using much more space and effort in elaborated diagrams. To sum up, we can not only learn the specific “role(s)” a word can play by itself, but in a whole for those patterns expected (e. g. phrases) in constructing understandable sentences.

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In his class material, Alemán (2021) stated the following steps:

1. Take a group of sentences.

2. Place an empty slot under the word to be analyzed.

3. Determine what surrounds that word (Det., N., V, Adj....)

4. Determine the type of inflections that the word allows. (Alemán, 2021, slide 7)

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Which one is correct?

a) Only I and my daughter are present  vs. b) Only my daughter and I are present

a) She danced tonight vs. b) She dances tonight

FIND THE ANSWER IN THE AUDIO BELOW!

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It is "a type of analysis to show how small constituents go together to form larger constituents¨ (Alemán, 2021).  It permits thinking about new sentences based on the sentence's original structure by showing the distribution of its constituents for spotting their types to make substitutions.

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- CONSTITUENTS: words that stand alone (as elements).

- PHRASES:  group of constituents, which can be:

Noun Phrases (NP) = N + Modifiers

Verb Phrases (VP) = V + Modifiers

Prepositional Phrases (PP) = Prep. + NP

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BOX DIAGRAM:

1. Break the sentence into phrases by enclosing them into squares.

2. Identify the type of phrase.

3. Make smaller boxes inside each phrase for identifying the elements involved in the different sentence levels.

4. Think about the form and distribution of each word (constituents) in the sentence.

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It aims at identifying the levels of a sentence and the constituents going together in each by breaking them all down with brackets to, then, label them according to their grammatical category. It is a hierarchical analysis (i. e. it goes from general to specific).

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1. Sentence

2. Clauses

3. Phrases

4. Words

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1. Delimit the sentence by marking it with brackets at the beginning and the end of it. Then, write down the initial “S" before the first bracketed.

2. Check out if there are any clauses. The initial "C" will be placed before the brackets, and with a number to identify each clause.

3. Point out the phrases  with the brackets and  the initial "P" and the one from the type by thinking about the distribution of chunks of sentence's information.

4. Identify the words that are working together by breaking them down with brackets, and add the initial of the grammatical category they have.