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Lovely video - He Whenua Rangatira. A Māori Land

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Lovely video - He Whenua Rangatira. A Māori Land

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National Library - resources for schools

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National Library - resources for schools

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Resources for teaching Aotearoa NZ histories topics

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Discover a wide range of quality resources to support teaching and learning about Aotearoa NZ histories topics.

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First Encounters: The arrival of the Pākehā

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First Encounters: The arrival of the Pākehā

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Created by Cathy Kennedy - National Library

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This site provides access to the Ngāi Tahu Archive, which includes manuscripts, photographs, maps, biographies, oral histories, taonga, and audio-visual material.

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Interactive map: How land moved out to Māori control

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Interactive map: How land moved out to Māori control

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Whenua: How land moved out of Māori control – explore our interactive map

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To face what’s ahead as a country, we must first know our past.

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The Wairau Affray: A series of unfortunate events

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The June 17 1843 Wairau Affray was the first major conflict between Māori and Pākehā after the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi. It was also the first of many conflicts in the New Zealand Wars | Ngā Pakanga o Aotearoa.

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Lots of Aotearoa New Zealand history info here

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National Library blog | National Library of New Zealand

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Te Waihora means spreading water.

Otherwise known as Lake Ellesmere, Waihora is the large shallow lake which spreads from the western shores of Horomaka (Banks Peninsula) down to Taumutu in the south. It is separated from the sea by the extensive Kaitōrete spit.

Te Waihora has been a revered mahinga kai for Māori since ancient times and remains central to the lives of many Māori who now live in the area. Preservation of the lake and its resources is a major focus for Te Taumutu Rūnanga.

The traditional name for the lake was Te Kete Ika o Rākaihautū meaning the food basket of Rākaihautū. Rākaihautū was a legendary ancestor who helped form the landscape of the area. The atua (God) which guarded the lake was Tūterakiwhānoa. A protective taniwha, he preserved the lake and its food sources. It was extremely important that Māori avoid angering this atua least he take revenge and so, a deep respect of food gathering protocols was vital.

The food sources of Te Waihora were once abundant and included tuna (eels), pātiki (flounder) and aua (mullet). Te Waihora was a famed mahinga manu wai māori (place for taking waterfowl). Sadly, today the richness of Waihora as a mahinga kai has been largely sacrificed to farmland. While it remains a mahinga kai, its yields have been significantly reduced due to the periodic drainage of the lake in order to maintain reclaimed land and pasture.

In the pre-Pākehā past however, the control of the lake's level was retained at an optimum water level for the birdlife that lived there and provided kai for many people. The lake was only drained when its level exceeded the normal maximum. Kōrari (flax stalks) were dragged across the sand to make the initial opening of the water to the sea. Such carefully monitored drainage of the lake took place for several hundred years, consistently maintaining Waihora's abundant supply of kai.

Under the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement 1998, ownership of the lake bed of Te Waihora was returned to Te Rūnanga O Ngāi Tahu who are now able to reassert their rangatiratanga (ownership) over this significant site through direct control of its management.

Related pages

W.A. Taylor, Waihora: Maori Associations with Lake Ellesmere, 1944. A booklet of articles first published by the Ellesmere Guardian, at Leeston

Sources

Anon, dedicated to Riki Ellison. The Food Basket of Rakaihautu': Taumutu, The Past Today: Historic Places in New Zealand, Ed. John Wilson, Pacific Publishers, 1987

Harry Evison and Mark Adams. Land of Memories: a contemporary view of places of historical significance in the South Island, Tandem Press, Auckland, NZ, 1993

Rewi Koruarua, Waihora me Wairewa, Te Karanga, 4(4):12-13; February 1989

Te Maire Tau, Anake Goodall, David Palmer & Rakiihia Tau.Te Whakatau Kaupapa: Ngāi Tahu Resource Management Strategy for the Canterbury Region, Aoraki Press, 1990

Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998, Wellington, New Zealand Government, 1998

Waihora: Lake Ellesmere Past, Present and Future. Eds. J Davies, L Galloway, A Nutt, Lincoln University Press and Daphne Brasell Associates Ltd, 1994

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Te Waihora means spreading water. Otherwise known as Lake Ellesmere, Waihora is the large shallow lake which spreads from the western...

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Tribal origins

Ngāi Tahu trace their tribal identity back to Paikea, who lived in the Polynesian homeland of Hawaiki. To escape being killed at sea by his brother, he came to New Zealand on the back of a whale. Ngāi Tahu share this ancestor with the Ngāti Porou people. One of Paikea's descendants was Tahupōtiki, from whom Ngāi Tahu take their name. He lived on the East Coast of the North Island.

The move south

From the East Coast, Ngāi Tahu migrated south, first to Wellington, then across Cook Strait to the South Island. This was known as Te Wai Pounamu, the greenstone waters - named after the beautiful and valuable stone found on the West Coast. As Ngāi Tahu moved down the island they fought several battles with two tribes already living there: Ngāti Māmoe and Waitaha. By the end of the 18th century Ngāi Tahu had reached Foveaux Strait at the bottom of the South Island, and occupied the West Coast.

The land

It was not just through warfare that Ngāi Tahu came to occupy much of the South Island. They also mixed with Ngāti Māmoe and Waitaha through marriages with the families of chiefs. They studied and adopted the traditions and history of Waitaha, whose ancestor Rākaihautū is said to have carved out the South Island's lakes and mountains with his digging stick. Waitaha believed the landmarks surrounding them were their ancestors, and that the winds were related to each other like members of a family.

The wars with Ngāti Toa

In the 1820s and 1830s the powerful chief Te Rauparaha led the North Island tribe Ngāti Toarangatira in attacks on Ngāi Tahu. Armed with muskets, they were seeking revenge for tribal insults and killings. They also wanted to take control of the valuable greenstone in the region. Ngāi Tahu suffered greatly. They survived for three months when Te Rauparaha surrounded their pā at Kaiapoi, but when strong winds caused a fire, the enemy rushed in and killed the people. However, Ngāi Tahu did not lose their territory. On one occasion Ngāi Tahu nearly captured Te Rauparaha himself in a surprise attack from behind a hill at Kāpara-te-hau (Lake Grassmere).

The Ngāi Tahu claim

Ngāi Tahu sold most of their land to the British Crown between 1844 and 1863. The Crown had promised to leave some of the land and the food-gathering places in the hands of the tribe, and to provide schools and hospitals. But the government did not keep these promises, and for 150 years, Ngāi Tahu pursued a claim for compensation. Their claim was finally settled in the 1990s. Among other things, it returned the sacred mountain of Aoraki/Mt Cook to the tribe and acknowledged their ownership of pounamu (greenstone).

In the 2013 census, almost 55,000 people said they were of Ngāi Tahu descent.

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Migrating from the North Island's East Coast, Ngāi Tahu thrived in the South Island. They intermarried with local tribes, and adopted their beliefs. Their lands cover much of Te Wai Pounamu - the South Island - and are New Zealand's largest single tribal territory.

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A long history of struggle: the Ngāi Tahu claim

The history of Māori grievance over Crown breaches of the Treaty of Waitangi dates back to the 1840s. As early as 1849 Ngāi Tahu chiefs complained about the methods used in purchasing their lands. This began a process that took almost 150 years to resolve. In 1986 the iwi lodged a claim with the Waitangi Tribunal. This was the first large claim that the tribunal heard under its power to investigate grievances dating back to 1840, and it is one of the most significant claims that has been considered by the tribunal.

Ngāi Tahu history

Ngāi Tahu came originally from Poverty Bay in the North Island. Migrations, wars and marriage alliances established Ngāi Tahu as tangata whenua over much of Te Wai Pounamu (the South Island) by the mid-1700s.

Trade with European whalers and sealers from the early 1800s brought diseases from which the tribe had no immunity, intermarriage and knowledge of European ways. When Major Thomas Bunbury approached leading chiefs to sign the Treaty in 1840, he was surprised to find that many spoke English. By the 1840s when land purchases began, Ngāi Tahu were weakened by population loss and warfare with Te Rauparaha and his allies from the north.

Land purchases

In 1844 the New Zealand Company bought the Otakou block, now estimated at 534,000 acres (2160 sq km). This was done by waiving the Crown's exclusive right of purchase. Ngāi Tahu received £2400 and less than 10,000 acres (40 sq km) for their own occupation. This purchase was dwarfed by the Crown's 1848 purchase of the Canterbury block of about 20 million acres (81,000 sq km). This was nearly one-third of the entire country. By 1864, when Rakiura (Stewart Island) was bought, more than 34 million acres (138,000 sq km) had been acquired from Ngāi Tahu in return for just over £14,750. This amounted to a fraction of one penny an acre. About 37,000 acres (150 sq km) were reserved for the tribe's use. Ngāi Tahu were left with about one-thousandth of their original lands.

Protest begins

Ngāi Tahu's long history of protest over these purchases began in 1849. The rangatira Matiaha Tiramorehu complained that lands or reserves that the tribe wished to keep had been included in the purchased area. This became a central grievance against the Crown. Official purchase agents even reported that they 'got the land [Ngāi Tahu's reserves] reduced as much as possible'.

Over the next 150 years Ngāi Tahu protested about the Crown's broken promises, including the Crown ownership of pounamu (greenstone) and the Crown's failure to provide schools and hospitals. The iwi also protested over the low prices paid for land, unclear boundaries of the purchased lands, the loss of mahinga kai (customary food-gathering places), the leasing to settlers in perpetuity of reserved lands without the tribe's consent, and the forced sale of their interests in some lands because the Crown had already purchased these from other tribes.

Addressing the claims: 1870s-1940s

Various committees and commissions of inquiry investigated and upheld many of the Ngāi Tahu claims from the early 1870s. Getting compensation from the Crown took much longer. The Native Land Court judge and commissioner, Alexander Mackay, reported in 1887, and again in 1891, that what Ngāi Tahu needed most was enough land to support themselves. The South Island Landless Natives Act 1906 eventually provided 50 acres a person to be awarded to landless Ngāi Tahu. This proved unsatisfactory because the lands were often so remote and rugged as to be virtually useless, and Ngāi Tahu could not participate in the farming industry that was now the mainstay of the South Island economy.

In 1921 the Native Land Claims Commission recommended that Ngāi Tahu receive £354,000 compensation. Ngāi Tahu rejected this as inadequate; the Crown considered it too much. The Ngaitahu Claim Settlement Act 1944 provided for annual payments of £10,000 for 30 years to the Ngaitahu Trust Board. The tribe was not consulted on this until the legislation was passed. The 1944 act did not prevent the tribe from further pursuing its claim. The annual payment seemed to be the maximum amount possible for the times. It was later turned into a perpetual payment. Eventually, Ngāi Tahu leaders used much of the money to pursue wider claims under the Treaty of Waitangi.

The Nine Tall Trees of Ngāi Tahu

Rakiihia Tau, on behalf of the Ngai Tahu Maori Trust Board, filed the Ngāi Tahu claim with the Waitangi Tribunal in 1986. It was presented in nine parts - the Nine Tall Trees of Ngai Tahu. Each of the first eight trees represented a different area of land purchased from the tribe. The ninth tree represented Ngāi Tahu's food resources.

The tribunal heard Ngāi Tahu's claim over two years from 1987, and it released a three-volume report in 1991. Finding that 'the Crown acted unconscionably and in repeated breach of the Treaty of Waitangi' in its land dealings with the tribe, it recommended substantial compensation. At the time, and perhaps still, this was the tribunal's most comprehensive inquiry.

Negotiations with the Crown began almost immediately. They were complicated by another Ngāi Tahu claim to commercial fisheries. The tribunal reported on this in 1992. It was eventually settled during the broader negotiations that led to the establishment of the Maori Fisheries Commission.

Settlement, 1998

In 1998, after nearly 150 years, Ngāi Tahu completed their efforts to have the Crown address their grievances. They signed a Deed of Settlement that provided compensation valued at $170 million. This confirmed Ngāi Tahu's ownership of pounamu, granted certain rights to sites of significance and allowed them some role in managing conservation estate resources within their boundaries.

The Crown also expressed its 'profound regret' and apologised 'unreservedly' for the suffering and hardship it had caused by not honouring its Treaty obligations. In addition, Ngāi Tahu's sacred maunga (mountain), Aoraki/Mount Cook, was to be symbolically returned to the tribe and later gifted back to the nation. This gesture of mutual goodwill seemed to confirm that the Treaty relationship was at last on a more hopeful footing.

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The history of Māori grievance over Crown breaches of the Treaty of Waitangi dates back to the 1840s. As early as 1849 Ngāi Tahu chiefs complained about the methods used in purchasing their lands. This began a process that took almost 150 years to resolve.

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As the ecological and cultural backbone of the region, the story of Te Waihora/Lake Ellesmere is long and diverse. Learn more about the lake's history from early 5550BC until today.

First Europeans arrive

William Gilbert, an Englishman from an American whaling ship, is the first recorded European visitor to Taumutu, with more records of Europeans in this area from the 1840s on.

Te Waihora was named Lake Ellesmere by the early European settlers after the Earl of Ellesmere, a member of the Canterbury Association who promoted settlement in Canterbury but never visited New Zealand.

Making a living on the lake

In the early 1860s, William White established a sawmill at Little River. Shallow draft paddle steamers carried the timber across Te Waihora to Taumutu, Waikirikiri/Selwyn River and Waitatari/Hart's Creek, where a large timber yard was established.

In 1864, commercial fishing for pātiki/flounder began. Up to 250 men and 20 boats were fishing from Taumutu.

Hone Wetere Church at Taumutu

Caption: The Māori church with members of the Māori and European congregation 1899

Source: Christchurch City Libraries. CCL-Selwyn-P7030165

The Hone Wetere Church, a Wesleyan church, funded by local Māori and pakeha families was opened on Easter Tuesday, 7 April 1885, after a long association with the Methodist Missionary that conducted its first service at Taumutu in 1844.

The 'Halswell Cut' opened

In 1889, a canal was cut to connect the Huritini/Halswell River to the lake and drain the surrounding low-lying land for pastoral use.

Ngāti Moki Marae hall opens

A 'rūnanga hall' was opened on 7 May 1891, replacing earlier structures on the site. The hall was named after the ancestor Moki. Over the years, the marae has undergone extensive modernisation and additions, including the addition of a carved waharoa (gateway), around 2010.

Selwyn Huts and lake-edge settlements

The area known as Upper Selwyn Huts became very popular in the first decades of the 20th century, with many family baches and people flocking to the area at weekends and for holidays. There are also a number of small lake-edge settlements. Some of the original settlements no longer exist.

Caption: The 'Selwyn Huts', a popular week-end resort of Christchurch anglers near the mouth of the Selwyn River, Canterbury

Source: Christchurch City Libraries. CCL Selwyn P7310319

A popular location for duck shooting

In the second half of the 19th century, duck shooting at Te Waihora was popular but unregulated. From the early 1900s, the Acclimatisation Society regulated duck shooting, with restrictions on ammunition types, bag limits and protection for some native species.

Today Te Waihora is one of New Zealand's most popular recreational duck-shooting areas, with many maimais (duck shooters' hides) visible around the lake margins.

Caption: A duck shooter at Lake Ellesmere and his bag, 5 June 1912

Source: Christchurch City Libraries. CCL-Selwyn-P3261386

Establishment of Lake Settlers' Association and further drainage

The Lake Settlers' Association was established in the 1930s to give a united voice on lake-edge farming issues. The Association is made up of farmers whose properties are rated to fund the lake opening. Various schemes to prevent flooding and improve drainage have been developed by individuals and agencies.

A unique flightless moth

Kupe's Grassmoth is only found on Kaitorete Spit. Kupea electilis was first described by Alfred Philpott in 1930. The moth is endemic to New Zealand. It wasn't until 2021 that a female of the species was found.

National Water Conservation (Te Waihora/Lake Ellesmere) Order

In 1985 the Wildlife Service (now the Department of Conservation) applied for a National Water Conservation Order for Te Waihora, a legal mechanism to provide recognition of the outstanding amenity or intrinsic values of water bodies. The Order came into effect in 1990. In 2011 it was amended to recognise as outstanding features:

habitat for wildlife, indigenous wetland vegetation and fish; and

significance in accordance with tikanga Māori in respect of Ngāi Tahu history, mahinga kai and customary fisheries.

Ngāi Tahu Land Report

The Waitangi Tribunal report (Wai 27) sets out Ngāi Tahu grievances and the tribunal's findings on them. It covers the tribe's relationship with its land and rich and diverse resources, and the impacts and consequences of the Crown purchases. It is the story of Ngāi Tahu's search for redress over the past 150 years and how the Crown has responded, or failed to respond.

Ngāi Tahu settlement

The Ngāi Tahu Settlement agreement was signed in 1996, followed by the signing of the Deed of Settlement at Kaikōura in 1997, and the passage of the Ngāi Tahu Claim Settlement Act in 1998. The settlement returned the ownership of the bed of Te Waihora to Ngāi Tahu.

Community strategy for Te Waihora

A community strategy for the future management of Te Waihora was developed by the community, local organisations and government agencies. The Waihora Ellesmere Trust was formed in 2003 to support implementation of the strategy. The Trust has hosted a series of 'Living Lake' symposia and produced several 'State of the Lake' reports.

Little River Rail Trail

The Christchurch to Little River Rail Trail is a cycleway and walkway between Christchurch and Little River, using much of the Little River Branch railway line, which closed in the 1960s. The trail follows the edge of the Kaituna section of Te Waihora.

The Little River Rail Trail Trust formed in 2004 to promote, plan, fund, develop and establish a functional and high-quality trail. The trail is now maintained by the Te Papa Atawhai/Department of Conservation.

Te Waihora declared 'technically dead' by media

Te Waihora is teeming with life, very productive and renowned for the diversity of its wildlife. However, in 2005, Judge Smith in an Environment Court case voiced his concerns over Te Waihora water quality. The media interpreted what His Honour said as declaring that the lake was 'technically dead', which is far from the truth.

Co-governance for Te Waihora

The Co-Governance Agreement for Te Waihora was signed in 2012 between Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu and the Canterbury Regional Council (Environment Canterbury).

Mahaanui Iwi Management Plan

This Iwi Management Plan is a mana whenua planning document reflecting the collective efforts of six Papatipu Rūnanga representing the hapū holding mana whenua rights over lands and waters within the takiwā from the Hurunui River to the Hakatere River and inland to Kā Tiritiri o Te Moana/the Southern Alps. It provides a values-based, plain-language policy framework for the protection and enhancement of Ngāi Tahu values, and for achieving outcomes that provide for the relationship of Ngāi Tahu with natural resources. It includes a chapter on Te Waihora, a tribal taonga.

Innovative planning rules adopted for Te Waihora

A special feature of the Canterbury Land & Water Regional Plan that applies to the Selwyn Te Waihora sub-region is the Cultural Landscape Values Management Area, an area encompassing the lake, its margins, wetlands, springs and tributaries. Different planning provisions apply to activities that impact water quality to:

Protect mahinga kai, wāhi tapu and wāhi taonga

Restore the health of the lake

Recognise the cultural and ecological sensitivity of the area to discharges of contaminants and the taking and use of fresh water.

Milestone for Whakaora Te Waihora

Phase One of the Whakaora Te Waihora Joint Restoration programme ran from 2012-2017.

Achievements of the programme include:

Over 200,00 plants planted

Re-establishing a wetland (Te Repo Orariki)

Weed and willow control at priority sites.

Achieved real-time monitoring of lake water quality.

Completed scientific investigations, including for a trial establishment of macrophytes planted behind wave barriers, fish recruitment/fisheries management, the lake opening, mahinga kai bio-health, assessment of nutrient attenuation, and nutrient cycling.

Supporting Lincoln University on the development and implementation of an integrated monitoring plan.

Supporting Te Ara Kākāriki to deliver the Kids Discovery Plant-out, reaching 11 schools and 1,000 students.

Re-battered 21.3km of waterways to reduce sediment.

Implemented restoration actions for the Huritini/Halswell River, Waikēkēwai Stream, Harts Creek/Waitatari, and Kaituna River.

Held five Farm Environmental Plan (FEP) workshops, completed 53 FEPs, and held two field-days.

Project Tāwhaki

Project Tāwhaki is a partnership between Kaitorete Limited ( Te Taumutu and Wairewa ) and the Crown . The partnership has purchase d 1,000 hectares on Kaitorete Spit to p rotect and rejuvenate the Kaitorete environment, an area of significant cultural importance to the Rūnanga with internationally-recognised ecological value. The intention is also to d evelop aerospace activities and research and development facilities with potential to generate significant and sustainable economic opportunities .

Whakaora Te Waikēkēwai

Restoring the cultural and ecological values of the lower to mid reaches of the catchment of Te Waikēkēwai/Waikēkēwai Stream is the goal of Te Taumutu Rūnanga and the Whakaora Te Waikēkēwai project.

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For Ngāi Tahu, Te Waihora has outstanding significance as a tribal taonga for its cultural and archaeological sites (including evidence of the oldest Māori cloak found in Aotearoa / New Zealand), and as a source of mana. Learn more about the rich cultural history of Te Waihora.

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Four specific sites important to Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu

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Four specific sites important to Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu

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Arahura Valley Rarotoka Whenua Hou Crown Tītī Islands Arahura Valley The Arahura Valley has traditionally been one of the principle sources of pounamu for Ngāi Tahu and the area is...

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Chapter Four

The Ngāi Tahu Cultural Mapping Project arose out of the need to facilitate better outcomes for Ngāi Tahu in Tenure Review, but it was always intended that it become a valuable resource for Ngāi Tahu whānui. While the researching of Māori place names was occurring at pace with Papatipu Rūnaka, there was still no formalised vision regarding the final outcome.

In 2012 the Ngāi Tahu Fund organised the Ngāi Tahu Cultural Summit at Puketeraki Marae. The Cultural Summit provided an opportunity for Ngāi Tahu whānui to revisit the iwi cultural strategy and to set strategic objectives to guide priorities for the subsequent decade. It also provided a forum for whānau to come together to assess the state of Ngāi Tahu cultural capacity, with a focus on experts and the transmission of knowledge.

Cultural mapping was one of the kaupapa discussed during the summit and positive feedback was received on its progress, in particular the potential unleashed by new technology. The overwhelming desire of whānau was the creation of a Ngāi Tahu geographical and historical atlas of place names for Te Waipounamu. The concept of a Ngāi Tahu Atlas provided the much-needed direction and focus for the vast amount of cultural mapping work that was occurring throughout the Ngāi Tahu rohe.

"Ultimately we will be judged by our peers at the marae. This mahi will empower our people. I have waited a long time to see this happen." Trevor Howse.

Building the Atlas

The emphasis now changed from researching Māori place names to developing a Ngāi Tahu Atlas. This required overcoming some technical and logistical issues. At this stage of the project all of the cultural mapping data was held in two separate datasets - ESRI ArcGIS and Microsoft Excel - and this was proving difficult to maintain.

An "Ingoa Wāhi" database was built in Microsoft Dynamics Customer Relationship Management (CRM). As part of the process a specific data structure for Māori place names was created to provide the capacity to record the level of accuracy, reliability, and research undertaken or required for each place name. The mapping information contained in the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet was then migrated into the new data structure in the CRM database, removing the complications of maintaining two separate datasets.

"It's incredible how certain things came into play; technology, people, experts in the field who all of a sudden helped us to move forward a quantum leap." Matapura Ellison, 2015.

The new CRM database was connected to the ArcGIS programme and the newly built Ngāi Tahu Heritage Viewer. Information gathered at cultural mapping hui held on marae was recorded directly into the new database, allowing whānau to see changes made in real time. The technological advances made the mapping process more accurate and time efficient, and allowed it to occur at a pace never imagined when the project was first established.

"I am grateful to be part of the process. If we are going to remain a people we can't have just a few carrying the information."

Trevor Howse, 2012

"When you look at the work that has been done on the cultural mapping and you have to put that onto an A4 sheet of paper, I would say you would probably run into 100,000 pages. It is huge."

James Mason Russell, 2014

"We are talking about the strength for our children to realise that we have our rights on every part of this whenua."

Kelly Davis, 2004

"It's been a real education and a pleasure at the same time. I've just enjoyed being part of it and I think it is something that we take forward for our whānau."

Jane Davis, 2015

Finishing the Research

Once the necessary infrastructure was developed to build the Ngāi Tahu Atlas, the focus shifted to completing the required research. Cultural mapping hui were being held at Ngāi Tahu marae throughout the rohe. People brought along their knowledge and their personal collections, and combined this with papers and information gathered from external institutions. This was all recorded directly into the new 'Wāhi Ingoa Database'.

Support was received from the Ngāi Tahu environmental entities Kāi Tahu ki Otago (KTKO) Ltd and Te Ao Marama Inc. In 2005 KTKO Ltd undertook a pilot GIS project mapping Māori place names throughout the takiwā of Kāti Huirapa ki Puketeraki. This information was incorporated into Kā Huru Manu, and provided a solid and reliable foundation from which to work.

Although numerous Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu staff and marae representatives have worked on the project, there has been a core forum of kaumātua who have provided invaluable support at both tribal and local level. Not only did they initiate Kā Huru Manu, but they have continually advocated and supported the project. These kaumātua saw Tenure Review as an opportunity to reestablish the kaupapa they always envisaged during the Waitangi Tribunal hearings into the Ngāi Tahu Claim during the 1980s. Therefore it is only fitting that these kaumātua provide the final reflections on the evolution of Kā Huru Manu.

Explore the atlas

Building the Atlas

The emphasis now changed from researching Māori place names to developing a Ngāi Tahu Atlas. This required overcoming some technical and logistical issues. At this stage of the project all of the cultural mapping data was held in two separate datasets - ESRI ArcGIS and Microsoft Excel - and this was proving difficult to maintain.

An "Ingoa Wāhi" database was built in Microsoft Dynamics Customer Relationship Management (CRM). As part of the process a specific data structure for Māori place names was created to provide the capacity to record the level of accuracy, reliability, and research undertaken or required for each place name. The mapping information contained in the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet was then migrated into the new data structure in the CRM database, removing the complications of maintaining two separate datasets.

"It's incredible how certain things came into play; technology, people, experts in the field who all of a sudden helped us to move forward a quantum leap." Matapura Ellison, 2015.

The new CRM database was connected to the ArcGIS programme and the newly built Ngāi Tahu Heritage Viewer. Information gathered at cultural mapping hui held on marae was recorded directly into the new database, allowing whānau to see changes made in real time. The technological advances made the mapping process more accurate and time efficient, and allowed it to occur at a pace never imagined when the project was first established.

Finishing the Research

Once the necessary infrastructure was developed to build the Ngāi Tahu Atlas, the focus shifted to completing the required research. Cultural mapping hui were being held at Ngāi Tahu marae throughout the rohe. People brought along their knowledge and their personal collections, and combined this with papers and information gathered from external institutions. This was all recorded directly into the new 'Wāhi Ingoa Database'.

Support was received from the Ngāi Tahu environmental entities Kāi Tahu ki Otago (KTKO) Ltd and Te Ao Marama Inc. In 2005 KTKO Ltd undertook a pilot GIS project mapping Māori place names throughout the takiwā of Kāti Huirapa ki Puketeraki. This information was incorporated into Kā Huru Manu, and provided a solid and reliable foundation from which to work.

Although numerous Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu staff and marae representatives have worked on the project, there has been a core forum of kaumātua who have provided invaluable support at both tribal and local level. Not only did they initiate Kā Huru Manu, but they have continually advocated and supported the project. These kaumātua saw Tenure Review as an opportunity to reestablish the kaupapa they always envisaged during the Waitangi Tribunal hearings into the Ngāi Tahu Claim during the 1980s. Therefore it is only fitting that these kaumātua provide the final reflections on the evolution of Kā Huru Manu.

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A cultural mapping hui held with Kāti Huirapa ki Puketeraki at Puketeraki Marae in 2015. From left to right: Khyla Russell, Hinerangi Ferrall-Heath, Helen Brown, Kyle Davis...

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Te Rauparaha: Kei Wareware is a five-part podcast about the life of Te Rauparaha – a hero to some, a villain to others.

The podcast follows the narrative of the account of Tamihana of the life of Te Rauparaha, with vivid descriptions of the rivals of Te Rauparaha, battle scenes, loves and faith.

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Interactive Te Tiriti O Waitangi - Horomaka

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Interactive Te Tiriti O Waitangi - Horomaka

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How Te Tiriti O Waitangi was signed at Horomaka

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In this interactive history, discover how Tiriti o Waitangi travelled south in May 1840 to be signed by chiefs across Te Wai Pounamou, including two at Horomaka.

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The story of New Zealand and its people from its geological origins to modern day, hosted by William Ray, Māni Dunlop & Leigh-Marama McLachlan, with animation by Chris Maguren.

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History of Te Reo and English in Aotearoa

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History of Te Reo and English in Aotearoa

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A Brief History of Te Reo Māori and English in New Zealand Aotearoa

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An interactive experience - stories around the challenges to retain Te Reo in different regions of Aotearoa and overseas.

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Te Rangaihi Reo Māori | Māori Language Movement

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Resources, stories and tools to support you on your reo Māori journey.

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Some of these magazines are in our library but all are available online

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Previous Issues - Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu

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Latest Stories View the most current TE KARAKA stories Contact Contact TE KARAKA All previous issues Available at good bookstores, including selected Whitcoulls. 2022 Makariri/Winter Contents Issue...

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Teacher Resources - Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu

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Teacher Resources - Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu

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Ngāi Tahu Mahinga Kai

Ngāi Tahu Mahinga Kai is a lifestyle series featuring 12 ten-minute episodes filmed in the stunning landscape of Te Waipounamu. It captures the stories and essence of traditional food gathering practices passed down through the generations.

Download the Mahinga Kai Education Framework Yr 4-10 | View the web series.

View more Mahinga Kia learning resources on the Science Learning Hub.

Ngā Ringa Toi o Tahu

Te toi whakairo, ka ihiihi, ka wehiwehi, ka aweawe te ao katoa.
Artistic excellence makes the world sit up in wonder. A series of mini art documentaries capturing the talent and achievements of some of our most well-known Ngāi Tahu artists.

View Ngā Ringa Toi a Tahu web series.

Kaitiakitanga - Caring for Tīeke

Kaitiakitanga - Caring for Tutukiwi

Matapopore

Matapopore is the mana whenua voice in recovery and is responsible for ensuring Ngāi Tūāhuriri/Ngāi Tahu values, aspirations and narratives are realised within the recovery of Christchurch.

Ngāi Tahu Publications

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Teacher Resources - Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu

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Ngāi Tahu Mahinga Kai is a lifestyle series featuring 12 ten-minute episodes filmed in the stunning landscape of Te Waipounamu. It captures the stories and essence of traditional food gathering practices passed down through the generations. Download the Mahinga Kai Education Framework Yr 4-10 | View the web series.

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Tuia Mātauranga highlights local people, places, and events that have helped shape our nation. The histories of Aotearoa New Zealand have multiple perspectives, some are presented here for you to explore.

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Tuia Mātauranga highlights local people, places, and events that have helped shape our nation. The histories of Aotearoa New Zealand have multiple perspectives, some are presented here for you to explore.

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Whakaora Te Ahuriri, A Wetland for Te Waihora

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Whakaora Te Ahuriri, A Wetland for Te Waihora

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This documentary celebrates the creation of a constructed wetland in a culturally significant area of Aotearoa - Te Waihora. First part covers the history of this area.

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Whakaora Te Ahuriri, A Wetland for Te Waihora

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A brief history of The Treaty of Waitangi and a brief history of The Breaches of the Treaty of Waitangi

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The unsettling truth about the Treaty

Within 44 years, 18 million acres of New Zealand land passed from the purview of one group of people into the hands of scores of others. Some of the new owners were not in the country yet.

Eighteen million acres represents more than a quarter of the entire land mass of New Zealand. Or about 67 Aucklands. It was all gone between 1865 and 1909.

Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei transferred the future Auckland city to the Crown for the equivalent of about $70,000 in today's currency.

At the top of the South Island, no one asked Ngāti Apa before the Crown bought the entire area. Within roughly two decades, Ngāti Apa was down to five acres (the equivalent of five rugby fields).

New Zealand's current housing crisis demonstrates what can go wrong for people without a place to call home. Unemployment, poverty, drugs, mental and physical health problems.

The land alienation that happened at the beginning of this country's modern existence was much, much worse. In short order, an entire race of people was shunted from their homes or forced to find new ways of sustaining themselves - often in unfamiliar settings. In clashes with the Crown, some were imprisoned and many hundreds were killed.

For instance, Nelson's Ngāti Kuia was pressured to give up its land. In exchange, it was given some money and land that wasn't suitable for the iwi to either maintain customary practices or develop to suit the new economy. They became economically marginalised as a result.

The confronting truth of what happened in our recent past is something New Zealanders have to reckon with. The Treaty of Waitangi settlement process exists because of it.

On this page, you can connect the two. Every completed Treaty settlement, including a brief summary of the historical background, is outlined in the interactive graphic below. The maps for each show where each iwi was at before land began to be alienated. For many, Stuff has been able to establish the total area alienated over time.

Every corner of New Zealand is a part of this story. Look at the maps. Read the stories. Watch the videos. Grasp the numbers. This is the unsettling truth about the way this country was established.

Select a settlement for more information.

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Iwi/settlement

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Where possible we have tried to establish the total area of land alienation for each settlement. This is not necessarily the same as the area of interest shown on the maps. Some of the alienated land may have been confiscated outright, while other land may have been purchased. Some purchases breached the Treaty, others did not. We have included all land alienation regardless of how it came to be alienated.

Iwi population numbers are drawn from the 2013 Census.

Credits

Data editor
Andy Fyers

Project editor
John Hartevelt

Design & development
Suyeon Son

Reporting
Carmen Parahi, Tony Wall, Florence Kerr, Brad Flahive

Animated video
Kathryn George and Brad Flahive

Visuals
Ross Giblin, Simon O'Connor, Chris Skelton, Chris McKeen, Rosa Woods, Christel Yardley

Additional reporting
Deena Coster, Amanda Saxton, Joel Ineson, Thomas Manch, Harrison Christian, Elton Smallman, Paul Mitchell, Ruby Macandrew

Most map outlines on this page courtesy of Click Suite. A 3D animation of Māori land loss, based on these maps, can be viewed at the He Tohu exhibition at the National Library in Wellington.

Approximate land alienation {{popupObj.area | number}} hectares

Iwi population {{popupObj.pop | number}}

Settlement value ${{popupObj.svalue | number}}m

Read more in the official summary.

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Within 44 years, 18 million acres of New Zealand land passed from the purview of one group of people into the hands of scores of others. Some of the new owners were not in the country yet. Eighteen million acres represents more than a quarter of the entire land mass of New Zealand.

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Topic Explorer sets

These sets contain quality, curated resources - websites, images, videos, books, and more - to support and inspire inquiry. Each topic features a carefully selected set of national and international resources from trustworthy and reliable national and international sources (e.g. Alexander Turnbull Library, Te Ara, National Geographic, and the BBC).

The following topic sets relate to Te Tiriti o Waitangi / Treaty of Waitangi:

He Tohu activities and resources

He Tohu is a permanent exhibition of 3 iconic constitutional documents that shape Aotearoa New Zealand:

The following activities and resources will inspire students to understand stories and actions from the past.

Learning activities

Social inquiry resources

Videos

Curiosity cards

Curiosity cards use images and fertile questions to spark student inquiry about Aotearoa New Zealand.

Curiosity cards that relate to Te Tiriti o Waitangi / Treaty of Waitangi include:

Many Answers and AnyQuestions

Many Answers entries are designed to guide students to reliable and trustworthy websites. The following entries will help them find information on Te Tiriti o Waitangi / Treaty of Waitangi and its history:

AnyQuestions

AnyQuestions offers free online help for all New Zealand school students from 1pm to 6pm weekdays during the school year.

Students can log in to the website and chat with librarians who are specially trained to help them find answers to questions related to topics such as New Zealand history. Librarians develop students' ability to source and critically evaluate quality online information sources. Teachers can also book classroom sessions.

Lending service for schools

Borrow books from our lending service - we have an extensive collection of picture books, fiction, and non-fiction to support and expand student inquiry into Te Tiriti o Waitangi / Treaty of Waitangi and its history.

Some popular titles related to this topic include:

'Te Tiriti o Waitangi / The Treaty of Waitangi, 1840' by Archives NZ, 2017.

'Te Tiriti o Waitangi / The Treaty of Waitangi' by Ross Calman, Mark Derby, and translated by Piripi Walker, 2019.

'The Little Kiwi and the Treaty' by Nikki Slade Robinson, 2018.

'The Treaty / Te Tiriti' by Mere Whaanga, nā Liz Hunkin i whakamāori, 2003.

'The Treaty of Waitangi in Tauranga: Te Tiriti o Waitangi ki Tauranga Moana' by Debbie McCauley, 2018.

'The Treaty of Waitangi' by Claudia Orange, 2011.

'The Treaty of Waitangi Companion: Māori and Pākeha From Tasman to Today' edited by Vincent O'Malley, Bruce Stirling, and Wally Penetito, 2010.

'The Tree Hut Treaty' by Wiremu Grace, 2006.

'Waitangi: A Living Treaty' by Matthew Wright, 2019.

'Waitangi Day: The New Zealand Story: What It Is and Why It Matters' by Philippa Werry, 2015.

Other National Library tools and resources

The following tools and resources can also help you find resources to capture student interest and build their understanding of Aotearoa New Zealand history.

EPIC - gives your school free access to thousands of online resources, including magazines, journals, newspapers, biographies, reference works, images, eBooks, and multimedia. Note that you may need a school login. Some EPIC resources invaluable for Aotearoa New Zealand history studies include:

DigitalNZ - find, curate, and share content from New Zealand libraries, museums, galleries, media, and more. Content includes historic and contemporary items such as photographs, paintings, posters, and videos.

Papers Past - search and browse digitised New Zealand historical newspapers (including some in te reo Māori), magazines, journals, letters, diaries, and parliamentary papers.

INNZ - Index New Zealand is a searchable database that contains abstracts and descriptions of articles from New Zealand magazines and newspapers published from the 1950s to the present day.

Primary sources - how to use them - primary sources are original, firsthand, often unedited records of an event. They are a powerful teaching and learning tool. Find out where to find quality, trusted primary sources, and how to use them effectively.

Archives New Zealand

These albums from Archives New Zealand's Flickr account contain digitised records and photos about Te Tiriti o Waitangi / Treaty of Waitangi and its history:

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Te Tiriti o Waitangi / Treaty of Waitangi and its history

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These sets contain quality, curated resources - websites, images, videos, books, and more - to support and inspire inquiry. Each topic features a carefully selected set of national and international resources from trustworthy and reliable national and international sources (e.g. Alexander Turnbull Library, Te Ara, National Geographic, and the BBC).

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Te Tiriti o Waitangi by Ross Calman and Mark Derby - illustrated by Toby Morris

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Te Tiriti o Waitangi by Ross Calman and Mark Derby - illustrated by Toby Morris

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This link will take you to a free downloadable pdf graphic novel about Te Tiriti o Waitangi. You can also download and audio version. It covers a wide time span, from the arrival of Polynesian explorers to the signing of Te Tiriti, to the New Zealand Wars, and through to the modern-day Treaty settlement process. A special emphasis is put on unpacking the two versions of Te Tiriti and exploring their ongoing significance.

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Welcome to the English medium literacy instructional series teaching and learning resources for years 1 to 8.

/content/search?SearchText=te tiriti o waitangi&SubTreeArray[]=22579&CurriculumLevel=all&LearningArea=all&Type=all

Search results

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Te Tiriti o Waitangi

by Ross Calman and Mark Derby

illustrated by Toby Morris

Second edition

This graphic novel provides a fresh approach to the story of Te Tiriti o Waitangi, New Zealand's founding document. It covers a wide time span, from the arrival of Polynesian explorers to the signing of Te Tiriti, to the New Zealand Wars, and through to the modern-day Treaty settlement process. A special emphasis is put on unpacking the two versions of Te Tiriti and exploring their ongoing significance.

Information and tips for using comics in the classroom:

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Welcome to the English medium literacy instructional series teaching and learning resources for years 1 to 8. /content/search?SearchText=te tiriti o waitangi&SubTreeArray[]=22579&CurriculumLevel=all&LearningArea=all&Type=all 1 items - Showing 1 - 1 Your browser does not support the audio element.

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This is a cool video series called Kaupapa on the couch. They're really short, informative and humourous videos presented by Leonie Hayden from The Spinoff. It covers a range of Māori issues including aspects of New Zealand history.

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The declaration of what now? | Kaupapa on the Couch

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Aotearoa Histories - Top of the South timeline

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Aotearoa Histories - Top of the South timeline

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This website has a lot of resources relevant to the history of Malborough and Tasman

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Ngati Apa establish themselves across the top of the south after Tumatakokiri's comprehensive defeat

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You can listen via the audio podcast  or watch the animated version.  It is the story of New Zealand and its people from its geological origins to modern day

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The Aotearoa History Show - Episode 1 | Prehistoric New Zealand

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These are engaging podcasts that bring key characters alive and look at their influence on our history.  A few I checked out are  'Governor, Sir George Grey',  'Colonial Mastermind: Edward Gibbon Wakefield' 'Warrior Chief: The story of Hone Hika; and 'The Story of White Supremacy'

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2021 VOYAGER AWARDS WINNER - BEST EPISODIC PODCAST. The shady, controversial and sometimes downright villainous characters of New Zealand history, presented by William Ray.

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AtoJs Online - Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives - 1858 Session I - C-03 Page 9

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This website contains digitised reports from selected volumes of the Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives and the Votes and Proceedings of the House of Representatives from 1854 to 1950.

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Curiousity Card Resource - about ANZ's rich bicultural History

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Curiousity Card Resource - about ANZ's rich bicultural History

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Use these curiosity cards to spark student inquiry about Aotearoa New Zealand's rich bicultural heritage. We do have one set in our library.

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Use these curiosity cards to spark student inquiry about Aotearoa New Zealand's rich bicultural heritage. Explore themes related to the He Tohu documents and exhibition, and Tuia - Encounters 250 (Tuia 250).

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Use these curiosity cards to spark student inquiry about Aotearoa New Zealand's rich bicultural heritage. Explore themes related to the He Tohu documents and exhibition, and Tuia - Encounters 250 (Tuia 250).

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Ngā Taonga Sound & Vision is an archive of the collections and operations of the RNZ Sound Archives Ngā Taonga Kōrero and Television New Zealand.

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Kaitohutohu Ratonga Kiritaki Ngā Taonga Sound & Vision

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Kaitohutohu Ratonga Kiritaki Ngā Taonga Sound & Vision

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Welcome to the audiovisual archive of Aotearoa New Zealand

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We store and cherish the stories, creativity and history of Aotearoa in sound and moving image.

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Year 12 Student - Race Unity Speech sheds light on new dawn of race relations in Aotearoa/ New Zealand

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Ata Tuhi, Ata Rapa

Maiea te putanga o Tamanuiterā

Ko te Ata Hāpara

Ka ao, ka awatea

Ki te whaiao ki te ao mārama

In te Ao Māori there are multiple phases of dawn. This waiata outlines the phases that lead up to the dawn of a new day. Every dawn provides an opportunity for us to be better than the day before.

Māori were great voyagers and navigators using the stars, moon and sun as their guide for safe passage. Every member on the waka had their job to do, to ensure that everyone on board reached their destination safely.

Often journeys were perilous and lives depended on a high level of trust between all those paddling, steering and guiding the waka. To achieve a successful journey everyone needed to be committed and united.

This waiata, together with the symbolism of the waka, provides insight and learnings using a te Ao Māori lens on how we can achieve race unity in Aotearoa.

READ MORE:
* The dawn, a tie, and Te Ao Māori inspire Race Unity Speech award entrant
* To tie or not to tie?
* Ties dropped from Parliament dress code after Māori Party co-leader Rawiri Waititi's stand
* 'You do you bro': Labour MP Tāmati Coffey takes a crack at tie-strike from Māori Party co-leader Rawiri Waititi

Kia kotahi te hoe, paddle as one.

Te Ata Pō, the fading stars and moon before the light.

I see this, as the current state of race relations here in Aotearoa. Why don't we take a look?

9th of February 2021, It's about cultural identity: Māori Party co-leader kicked out of Parliament for refusing to wear a tie.

9th of February 2021, Tāmati Coffey slams Rawiri Waititi for 'fighting' with speaker Trevor Mallard about Parliament tie rule.

10th of February 2021, Speaker rules tie requirement to be dropped from Parliament.

This is just one example of the many race relations headlines that can be found in New Zealand today. I chose this example because it shows the complexities that we face when addressing race-relation issues.

Already we see a divide.

A divide between Māori and non-Māori, but also a divide between Māori, and Māori.

In this situation, whilst in our waka, during Te Ata Pō, the journey is turbulent. We are not seeing kotahitanga, commitment and the skills of those onboard are not being recognised or utilised to enable us to reach our destination unscathed.

With this in mind we are then able move into Te Ata Māhina - the early morning light, interpreted as 'the realisation'.

A key realisation with this example is the fact that not only do we need to be united as a committed team, we also need to be individually responsible for our actions, and for our words.

Rawiri Waititi is an elected member of Parliament advocating and being the voice of the people. He had the right to be in parliament, the right to participate and the right to speak, but his voice was left unheard and he was excluded. He was staunch in his convictions and eventually was successful in getting the ancient rules of Parliament changed. Mr Waititi was then quoted as saying:

"The cau casity [sic] of caucasians and their 'active assimilation agenda'. Pay them no attention, their archaic species is becoming more extinct". My question is, what did this achieve? He succeeded in his quest of changing an ancient Parliament rule, but his comments reignited cultural disharmony within Aotearoa.

Within our waka, during Te Ata Māhina, we are coming to the realisation that we all have a role to play, to ensure safe passage. We need to hold both ourselves and each other equally to account, to make sure that everyone on board is able to reach the final destination.

From Te Ata Māhina, comes Te Ata Hāpara - the breaking dawn.

This is the movement, the mobilisation.

This is about breaking the current cycle we are in, which up until this point has had very little success. To do this we need a refreshed plan on how we are going to get to our destination. We need leaders and influencers to make good decisions and skilled members of the team to contribute to our goal.

We need to find a way to navigate collectively through the turbulent and often chaotic times and work together to forge a safe and harmonious future for all cultures in Aotearoa.

Our waka during Te Ata Hāpara is back on track. We have a new plan, we have leaders who will guide us and team members who are all working together to get us all to our destination safely.

Te Ata - The dawn - The new beginning.

So what does a new beginning look like for race relations in Aotearoa, what can we do now in our community to demonstrate that the eradication of racism is possible?

There is not just one magical fix for this, we need to address race relations from a number of angles.

Just like our waka, everyone on board has a purpose and a role to play. We need to understand our role and model good behaviour when it comes to our personal attitudes, actions and language.

We need to work collectively as a team in order to achieve great results. This includes identifying and utilising the skills and abilities of team members.

Crew members on our waka need a succession plan. They need to teach and pass on these learnings and skills to our next generation to ensure our traditions continue. We must do the same from a race relations perspective as their attitudes and actions will determine long term success for the future.

Let's be ambitious. All secondary schools in New Zealand are to have a specific race relations policy and strategy. Included is how they will address inequities and discrimination. What actions they are taking to support all ethnic students, their families and community.

Implement a race relations youth council to ensure the voices of our Ethnic minorities are heard. Provide training and education packages concerning race relations to staff and students and promote positive race relations stories within the school community.

We will have national inter-school forums and create a network of Race Relations Youth Ambassadors to advocate and inform Parliament and government agencies on future policies, practice and legislation from a youth perspective.

By following the phases of dawn, 'Te Ata' provides a Te Ao Māori model of critical reflection, resetting and response to enable positive progress towards peace and unity.

So what have I learnt from my own personal efforts to free myself from racial prejudice and build unity?

I have learnt that I can't sit back and wait for the Government to fix race relations in Aotearoa. That I am one of many young people passionate about race relations who has the opportunity to set its future course so that we can truly paddle as one towards our destination.

He manako te kōura i kore ai - wishing for the crayfish doesn't mean you are going to get it.

I, us, we all need to be proactive in our actions with race relations, let's not sit back and accept what is occurring and let's be the change.

We exist today, born of the light. With every dawn, we can celebrate and embrace new beginnings, together as one.

Lucia Bernards (Te Aitanga ā Hauiti ki Ūawa) is a year 12 student at Tawa College. She won Tohu Raukura ā-Motu - NZ Police National Champion's Award at the Race Unity Speech awards, as well as the Tohu Eke Panuku - Human Rights Commission Award for Impact and the Tohu Whetumatarau - Office of Ethnic Communities Award for Vision.

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Race Unity Speech sheds light on new dawn of race relations in Aotearoa/ New Zealand

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Ata Tuhi, Ata Rapa Maiea te putanga o Tamanuiterā Ko te Ata Hāpara Ka ao, ka awatea Ki te whaiao ki te ao mārama In te Ao Māori there are multiple phases of dawn. This waiata outlines the phases that lead up to the dawn of a new day.

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You will need to use a variety of resources to complete this assessment task. This includes both print resources (printed books, journals, articles) and digitalresources (web searches, databases, online encyclopaedias). Print resources have already had their credentials checked when they go through the editing process so the information is all ready to be used. This makes them a useful tool in the search for information as you can use these resources without wondering if the information is actually correct!

CHSLibrary staff have curated (brought together) some ﻿print resources﻿ for you which are held in the Library for you to use. Your teacher may send you over to use them.

A quick way to find out more about a New Zealand event is to do an internet search but remember to think critically about which websites you use. For example, the Te Ara website is probably more reliable than Wikipedia. Using a clustering search engine such as Carrot2 rather than relying on a JGI (Just Google It) approach is a more time effective strategy. You will still need to assess the websites you find in Carrot2 for suitability, but it clusters the results in a meaningful way that can provide additional feedback as well as being a more comprehensive search of the web. Assess your sites using the CRAP test. :)

Remember you need to produce your own work and say (cite) where it came from. A great tool for this (using the APA referencing style) is CiteThisForMe. I have added a YouTube video at the bottom of the page that walks you through this very simple process.

Library Staff are here to help so please ask if you are unsure.

Many of you will have chosen your topic already but, if not, the list of suggested topics on your assignment sheet is as follows:

Some of the most useful sites are listed here, with links from the site or the attached image. For EPIC you will need a username and password to access the databases - teaching staff and library staff have these for you.

Use CiteThisForMe as your referencing tool. It uses a Chrome Extension.
Watch the tutorial below and follow the instructions given to install the extension.

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Level 3 [History]: Canterbury/Waitaha: Our Place

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You will need to use a variety of resources to complete this assessment task. This includes both print resources ( printed books, journals, articles ) and digitalresources (web searches, databases, online encyclopaedias). Print resources have already had their credentials checked when they go through the editing process so the information is all ready to be used.

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"These are the things which divide the Māoris from the Europeans. They feel that the promises made by the Europeans have not been fulfilled, while all that the Māori have promised has been fulfilled."
Hori Kerei Taiaroa, MHR speaking in NZ Parliament 21 October 1878

A long time coming... The History of Te Kerēme

"Now in making purchases from the natives I ever represented to them that though money payment might be small, their chief recompense would lie in the kindness of the Government towards them, the erection and maintenance of schools and hospitals for their benefit... Mantell

Ngāi Tahu, our tribe had its first contact with Pākehā (European) sealers and whalers from around 1795. By the 1830s Ngāi Tahu had built up a thriving industry supplying whaling ships with provisions such as pigs, potatoes and wheat. Shore stations were established from 1835 under the authority of local Ngāi Tahu chiefs.

Many Ngāi Tahu women married whalers, and the tribe was no stranger to European ways. When seven high-ranking southern chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840, it was seen as a convenient arrangement between equals. By 1849 when the Crown began defaulting on the terms of a series of ten major land purchases dating from 1844, earlier suspicions of the Crown's good faith by some of the Ngāi Tahu chiefs were confirmed, and the Ngāi Tahu Claim 'Te Kerēme' was born.

The Crown undertook to set aside adequate reserves to have been approximately 10% of the 34.5 million acres sold - but this was never done. There were also disputes over boundaries, and the Crown's failure to establish schools and hospitals, as promised. In addition, the tribe lost its access to its mahinga kai, or food gathering resources, and other sacred places such as urupa. Ngāi Tahu made its first claim against the Crown for breach of contract in 1849.

Matiaha Tiramōrehu petitioned the Crown to have put aside adequate reserves of land for the iwi, as it had agreed to do under the terms of its land purchases from Ngāi Tahu. In the 20 years from 1844, Ngāi Tahu signed formal land sale contracts with the Crown for some 34.5 million acres, approximately 80% of the South Island, Te Waipounamu. The Crown failed to honour its part of those contracts when it did not allocate one-tenth of the land to the iwi, as agreed. It also refused to pay a fair price for the land.

Robbed of the opportunity to participate in the land-based economy alongside the settlers, Ngāi Tahu became an impoverished and virtually landless tribe. Its full claim involved some 3.4 million acres of lost land, one-tenth of the Ngāi Tahu land total sold to the Crown.

When Ngāi Tahu first took its case to the courts, in 1868, the government passed laws to prevent the Courts from hearing or ruling on the case. A Commission of Inquiry a decade later - the Smith-Nairn Commission, had its funding halted by a new Government and went into recess without delivering any findings despite positive progress reports.

In 1887, Royal Commissioner Judge MacKay said only a"substantial endowment" of land secured to Ngāi Tahu ownership would go some of the way to "right so many years of neglect". A change of Government meant that the Commission's report was never actioned.

By the time of the findings on the Ngāi Tahu land claim by the Waitangi Tribunal in 1991, at least a dozen different commissions, inquiries, courts and tribunals had repeatedly established the veracity and justice of the Ngāi Tahu claim.

The Waitangi Tribunal itself said after extensive hearings:

"The Tribunal cannot avoid the conclusion that in acquiring from Ngāi Tahu 34.5 million acres, more than half the land mass of New Zealand, for £14,750 pounds, and leaving them with only 35,757 acres, the Crown acted unconscionably and in repeated breach of the Treaty of Waitaingi".

"As a consequence, Ngāi Tahu has suffered grave injustices over more than 140 years. The tribe is clearly entitled to very substantial redress from the Crown".

These "grave injustices" based on the "unconscionable theft" by the Crown were the basis of the claim which Ngāi Tahu pursued. As well as stolen land and food sources, fisheries and forests, the claim also relates to hospitals and schools, which Crown agents had promised would be built and provided for iwi in each area when the land purchases were made.

Dozens of breaches of the Treaty of Waitangi provisions are identified in the Tribunal's three separate reports on Ngāi Tahu claims.

These reports detail clear fraud and theft by the Crown, which deliberately used every available process and loophole to alienate Ngāi Tahu from its land and resources, for minimum payment.

Ngāi Tahu did not suffer openly declared raupatu or confiscations, as happened in the north. However, the Crown's action in taking land and refusing to meet it's contract obligation to allocate one-tenth to the iwi, deprived five generations of the tribe of virtually all the land and resources required to survive at anything other than subsistence level. By the early 1900s, fewer than 2,000 Ngāi Tahu remained alive in their own land.

In 1986, Rakihia Tau filed the Ngāi Tahu claims with the Waitangi Tribunal. Negotiations between the Crown and Ngāi Tahu on the claims began in 1991, after the release of the tribunal's Ngāi Tahu Land Claims report.

The assets available for use in any settlement were recognised as Crown-owned assets within the Ngāi Tahu tribal boundaries in the South Island. Ngāi Tahu has consistently said no private land or homes should be included in the negotiations.

The negotiations which began in 1991 were suspended unilaterally by the Crown in 1994. Ngāi Tahu then sought and won court orders against the Crown, securing orders to prevent the sale of Crown-owned land and other Crown assets in the South Island. The Court ruled such assets had to be preserved for potential use in any settlement reached between the parties.

Following the intervention of the then Prime Minister, Mr Jim Bolger, negotiations were resumed in 1996. They led to the signing of the non-binding Heads of Agreement on the 5th of October 1996, then the signing of the Deed of Settlement at Kaikōura on the 21st November 1997, and the passage of the Ngāi Tahu Claim Settlement Act on the 29th September 1998.

Extensive details on the Settlement process can be found under The Settlement.

Ngāi Tahu received cultural redress in the form of confirmation of the ability for Ngāi Tahu to express its traditional kaitiaki relationship with the environment, tribal redress, an apology from the Crown, acknowledgement of the role of our taonga Aoraki and economic redress in the form of a payment of $170 million plus the ability to purchase property from the Crown.

This financial acknowledgement has allowed the tribe to establish itself as an economic powerhouse within the South Island. Today, Ngāi Tahu has interests in fishing, tourism, property as well as a diversified equities portfolio, all of which are managed through Ngāi Tahu Holdings Ltd.

This financial security enables the tribe to deliver social benefits back to iwi members through The Office of Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu.

To enroll as a beneficiary of Ngāi Tahu iwi members must be able to whakapapa - or trace ancestry back to the official census list of all Ngāi Tahu living in 1848 - the so-called ' Blue Book.' This valuable resource has enabled many people to verify their roots, and has provided a model for other tribes. Today Ngāi Tahu can be found living in every corner of the globe although the majority of Ngāi Tahu choose to live in New Zealand.

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"These are the things which divide the Māoris from the Europeans. They feel that the promises made by the Europeans have not been fulfilled, while all that the Māori have promised has been fulfilled." Hori Kerei Taiaroa, MHR speaking in NZ Parliament 21 October 1878 A long time coming...

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With New Zealand history on the school curriculum next year, many teachers will be looking to develop their subject knowledge.
We've curated a set of BWB ebooks that will update, extend and deepen subject knowledge in four core areas of New Zealand history: migration histories, Te Tiriti o Waitangi, New Zealand Wars, and women's history.