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In the entire history of slavery, 12.5 million Africans were shipped.
Slaves were dehumanized through both psychological and physical torment and were used as "resources" to maximize the profits of European settlers/plantation owners etc.
Slavery, particularly the cotton plantations made the US one of the leading economies in the world.
Day to Day resistance against violence and sexual abuse/assault took place

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Official abolishment of slavery

"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States"

However, the political and economical rights were still not
the same as others.

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A secret society that terrorized black communities
They called their movement including physical assault and murder the "purification" of American society.
In the 1920s, there was a surge in their movement and they are still present today.

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These laws denied the African American people's rights to vote, get education/jobs, and other opportunities.
Black prisoners were often given longer sentences than white prisoners.

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An African American family leaves Florida for the North 

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Oppressive Jim crow laws forced African Americans out of the south - more than 6 million people left the south between 1916 to 1970.

Reasons for the relocation

new job

education opportunities

escape from violence and racism

"I was leaving the South to fling myself into the unknown…respond to the warmth of other suns and, perhaps, to bloom"

- The warmth of the other Suns by Isabela Wilkerson

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Black pride emerged early in Harlem after the first all-black battalion, the Harlem hell fighters returned from the war.
The U.S. became a leading economy power

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Economic growth

Boom in construction

High employment rate

The main reasons for America's economic boom in the 1920s were technological progress which led to the mass production of goods, the electrification of America, new mass marketing techniques, the availability of cheap credit and increased employment which, in turn, created a huge amount of consumers.

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An intellectual and cultural revival of African American music, dance, art, fashion, literature, theater, and politics centered in Harlem, Manhattan

"New Negro"

The term is used to describe the rejection of the idea that African Americans should submit to white power.
The idea/term involved questioning traditional aesthetic standards and celebrating black pride.

Jazz Music

Duke Ellington

Louis Armstrong

Fletcher Henderson

Bessie Smith

Langston Hughes

Zora Neale Hurston

Literature

Jazz poetries - Langston Hughes

Countee Cullen

Zora Neale Hurston

The cotton club

A white-owned and “whites-only” Harlem nightclub

Featured many famous black musicians and performers

It was a way for many black musicians and performers to earn money

Was decorated with racist imagery of plantations and jungles

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started in September and ended late in October, when share prices on the New York Stock Exchange collapsed
Billions of dollars were lost, wiping out thousands of investors. In the aftermath of Black Tuesday, America and the rest of the industrialized world spiraled downward into the Great Depression.

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the deepest and longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the Western industrialized world up to that time

African Americans were particularly hard hit, as they were the

"Last hired, first fired"

Effects

The economy shrank by 50%

Shaking confidence in capitalism

25% unemployment rate

Everyone was affected, but African Americans were affected more

Unemployment rates for African Americans were at 50%, 2x that of white Americans“last hired, first fired”

Already assigned lower-paying professions

Had less financial cushion to fall back on when the economy collapsed

Gave the incentive to rise of African-American activism >> groundwork for the Civil Rights Movement 1950s & 1960s

Low paying jobs were replaced by whites who needed occupation

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Instigated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt between 1933 & 1939

A series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations

Focused on the 3Rs:

Relief for the unemployed and poor

Recovery of the economy back to normal levels

Reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression.

Due to the Jim Crow laws, even the New Deal was discriminatory against African Americans

E.g. Whites got to pick their jobs at a higher wage

Did little to challenge existing racial discrimination

The New Deal provided support for those in financial difficulty

A common job for African Americans was to be a porter on sleeper trains, which was rather stable

Best job in the community, worst on the train

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A movement of a struggle for social justice took place mainly during the 1950s & 1960s for Black Americans to gain equal rights. The Civil War had officially abolished slavery, but it didn’t end discrimination against Black people per se.
This movement aimed to end legalized racial discrimination, disenfranchisement, and racial segregation in the U.S.

Influential activists

Martin Luther King Jr.

Rosa Parks

While the Northern states were able to accept legislation,
Southern states were slower to modify their conservative way of thinking.