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Combination of chemicals and trash, most of which comes from land sources and is washed or blown into the ocean. Resulting in damage to the environment, to the health of all organisms, and to economic structures worldwide.

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The rapid global warming caused by climate change has caused the acidification of the oceans, and therefore the pH is changing, this contributes to the bleaching of corals, which are one of the habitats with the greatest diversity of species in the oceans.

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Other way of threat for our marine resources, are invasive species and the ghost gears left by the fishing activity. Invasive species that put in hazard the native species of an area and commercial species, so it also puts the livelihood of these communities at risk.

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What's Panama doing againts those threats...

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What's Panama doing againts those threats...

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Some mitigation measures that are applied by governmental organizations or authorities as the Aquatic Resource Authority of Panama (ARAP), or the Environmental Ministry (MiAmbiente), Universities and NGO’s, is to make programs of submarine cleaning programs and environmental trainings with fishermen communities. Teaching them how to take care of ocean resources, the correct size they could catch, and how to take advantage of the invasive species (such as lion fish).

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Fishing is one of the most significant drivers of declines in ocean wildlife populations.

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Sustainable fishing means leaving enough fish in the ocean, protecting their habitats and threatened species.

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                             Measuring Sustainability:

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                             Measuring Sustainability:

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Aquaculture is the breeding, rearing and harvesting of fish, shellfish, algae, and other organisms in all types of water environments.

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Are enough fish left in the ocean? Fishing must be at a level that ensures it can continue indefinitely and the fish population can remain productive and healthy.

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As the demand for seafood has increased, technology has made it possible to grow food in coastal marine waters and the open ocean.

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What are the impacts? Fishing activity must be managed carefully so that other species and habitats within the ecosystem remain healthy.

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Are operations well managed? MSC certified fisheries must comply with relevant laws and be able to adapt to changing environmental circumstances.

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Fisheries sustainability is an ongoing process. After they are MSC certified, fisheries are regularly reassessed and many are required to make further improvements. Scientific knowledge also improves constantly and fisheries are encouraged to develop new ways of conserving marine resources for future generations.

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Kelp forests are a valuable coastal habitat in temperate areas throughout the world. In Puget Sound, bull kelp has declined extensively.

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The incidental capture of non-target species such as dolphins, marine turtles and seabirds. Thousands of miles of nets and lines are set in the world's oceans each day.

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Farmed seaweed is also an ingredient in cosmetics, animal feed, and fertilizer. Seaweed farms absorb nutrients and carbon dioxide to grow.

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Seaweed aquaculture accounts for 51.3% of global mariculture production and grows at 6.2% yr−1 (2000–2018). It delivers a broad range of ecosystem services, providing a source of food and natural products across a range of industries.

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Overfishing puts more than one-third of all sharks, rays, and chimaeras at risk of extinction

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Overfishing puts more than one-third of all sharks, rays, and chimaeras at risk of extinction

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Important mechanisms against overfishing and other harmful activities inside the fishing industry in Panama, such as fishing and commercialization of endangered species. By protecting the most important areas in our country through governmental regulations and laws.

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Economic activities that replace fishing:

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Economic activities that replace fishing:

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Whale watching is becoming a major interest to fishermen, diminishing fishing depending on which season of the year is better to do these activities. Which increase the conservation efforts and fishermen's income.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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 Tourism as an another important activity

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 Tourism as an another important activity

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Usually, this activity is taught by scientist, sociologist or any institution, by making programs to help fishermen get used to economic alternatives on their areas, to try solve the overfishing problem.

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The ocean is a huge body of saltwater that covers about 71 percent of Earth’s surface. Despite its size and impact on the lives of every organism on Earth, the ocean remains a mystery. More than 80 percent of the ocean has never been mapped, explored, or even seen by humans.

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The continental margin consist of three portions:
1. The continental shelf which has shallow water depths rarely deeper than 650 ft) and extends seaward from the shoreline to distances ranging from 12.3 miles to 249 miles.

2. The continental slope: where the bottom drops off to depths of up to 3.1 miles.

3. The continental rise: which dips very shallowly seaward from the base of the continental slope and is in part composed of down-washed sediments deposited at the base of the slope.