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be safe, accessible and well connected for pedestrians and cyclists to optimise active transport

offer high-quality public realm and open spaces

provide services and destinations that support local living

facilitate access to quality public transport that connects people to jobs and higher-order services

deliver housing/population at densities that make local services and transport viable

facilitate thriving local economies.

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Over recent months the '20-minute neighbourhood' concept has spread rapidly across the world. Spurred on by the pandemic, which has dramatically limited individual movement, the 20-minute neighbourhood is an urban planning strategy that focuses on the decentralisation of cities by bringing amenities into neighbourhoods. This strategy centres on the principle that residents would have access to the services they need - workplaces, schools, shops, healthcare and leisure facilities - within a 20-minute radius from their home.

In November 2020 the LGiU published a briefing which took a deep dive into the 20-minute neighbourhood concept and in recent weeks we have developed two further blogs looking at the 20-minute concept. Building on these pieces, this blog looks at two international examples of where the 20-minute neighbourhood is being implemented and reflects on the importance of developing sustainable neighbourhoods as we recover from the Covid-19 pandemic.

Although the pandemic has sparked a renewed interest in this concept, the 20-minute neighbourhood is an idea that has been around for decades. Over the last ten years, the Australian city of Melbourne has pioneered the 20-minute neighbourhood as a way of " creating accessible, safe and attractive local areas where people can access most of their everyday needs within a 20-minute walk, cycle or local public transport trip". As part of its work in this area the city has worked with stakeholders to identify the hallmarks of a 20-minute neighbourhood which must:

be safe, accessible and well connected for pedestrians and cyclists to optimise active transport

offer high-quality public realm and open spaces

provide services and destinations that support local living

facilitate access to quality public transport that connects people to jobs and higher-order services

deliver housing/population at densities that make local services and transport viable

facilitate thriving local economies.

The definition and approach to 20-minute neighbourhoods changes across different geographies. Please see our recent blog on creating a strategy for the 20-minute neighbourhood for more information actions that town and city planners can take to work toward a 20-minute neighbourhood plan. In Melbourne a key element in the development of this approach has been collaboration between stakeholders to align decision making on local assets around key ' activity centres'. These activity centres act as co-location hubs which provide services such as entertainment facilities, retail services and health centres.

While Melbourne has led the way on the 20-minute concept for a number of years many European cities have incorporated this accessible idea into urban planning strategies. Across Europe the idea of a 15 or 20-minute neighbourhood is increasingly popular measure of urban accessibility and liveability. Early in 2021 for example, Arup conducted a survey of 5,000 residents across five major European cities: London, Paris, Madrid, Berlin and Milan. The survey used the 15-minute city concept to roughly assess the liveability of each city and asked respondents how far they had to travel to green space, a shop that sells groceries, a medical facility, a school, a restaurant or café, and a leisure centre or gym (Figure 1).

Thanks to their pre-industrial architecture, a significant proportion of many European cities already fulfil the criteria of the 15 or 20-minute neighbourhood. However, with urban centres expanding with every passing year, in Europe this concept is being used to guide new developments and to improve the quality of existing, less well-connected neighbourhoods which are often on the outskirts of major cities.

The most widely cited example of the 15-minute neighbourhood in Europe is Paris since 2014, the city has seen a radical overhaul of its mobility culture. In the last seven years Paris has banned high-polluting vehicles, closed major arteries to private cars and created hundreds of mini green spaces across the city including more than 40 school playgrounds that have been transformed into "oasis yards". Now, in the wake of Covid-19, Mayor Anne Hidalgo has turned her attention to the 15-minute neighbourhood as a way of creating a 'city of proximities'. This vision takes a holistic approach which focuses on ease of travel, walkability and public services as well as considering changing workplaces, cultural activities and social connections. More than 50km of cycle routes have been created since the start of the pandemic, the has City plans to create new 'urban forests', and over $1.2bn/year has been allocated to the maintenance and beautification of streets, squares and gardens. By putting nature back into urban life Paris aims to become Europe's greenest city by 2030.

From Ottawa and Bogota, to Seoul and Barcelona, the 20-minute concept has captured people's imaginations. Focused on core issues of accessibility and liveability, this concept is tangibly shaping the way that people interact with the places they call home on an international scale. However, although the simplicity of this idea has captured imaginations, it's important to recognise that its development in geographies across the world will not come without challenges, particularly during this uncertain and unstable period. In particular, questions of funding, social mixing, monitoring, infrastructure and data gathering have emerged as key barriers to the practical implementation of this concept.

Despite these challenges, the importance of change cannot be ignored and, from linear parks that create ribbons of green between Seoul's skyscrapers, to Portland's large-scale 20-minute heat maps, and Oulu's world-renowned wintery cycle paths, the need for accessible, sustainable and happy neighbourhoods is being recognised across the planet. As the pandemic continues to influence daily life on a global scale, the 20-minute neighbourhood provides an important framework through which to explore and plan for a more sustainable future. As governments across the world turn their attention to recovering from the pandemic, LGIU staff look forward to supporting our members navigate the 20-minute concept and to continue sharing local, national and international examples of best practice.

Related LGIU Content
Towards creating a strategy for 20-minute neighbourhoods International lessons from Melbourne's 20-Minute Neighbourhoods Doughnut Economics: a lifebelt for the planet? How can we make urban planning work for women? Fairer streets: balancing competing claims to an overlooked public space Post-Covid cities: how might the pandemic change urban areas? Integration of health and wellbeing in urban planning The role of active travel in our recovery from Covid-19

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Perspectives on the 20-minute neighbourhood - progress around the world

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Over recent months the '20-minute neighbourhood' concept has spread rapidly across the world. Spurred on by the pandemic, which has dramatically limited individual movement, the 20-minute neighbourhood is an urban planning strategy that focuses on the decentralisation of cities by bringing amenities into neighbourhoods.

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Actions taken by the Malaysian government during Covid-19 outbreak (Economic impacts)

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Actions taken by the Malaysian government during Covid-19 outbreak (Economic impacts)

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Introduction
The world is currently experiencing a deadly infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The Director General of the World Health Organization (WHO), Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, in his opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 on April 10, 2020, announced that the COVID-19 outbreak had affected 213 countries, with 1,524,162 confirmed positive cases and 92,941 deaths. COVID-19 is caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that infects the respiratory tract. About 80% of patients experience mild infections and recover. The remaining patients have severe infections with dyspnoea and low blood oxygen saturation, or may be in a critical state with respiratory or multiple organ failure (WHO, 2019).

Outbreak situation
A stringent screening process at all airports in Malaysia was enforced after the first case outside China was reported in Thailand. Up to April 14, 2020, Malaysia had reported two waves of COVID-19 cases, with the first wave ending successfully within less than 2 months. In early March 2020, the second wave occurred, with worrying situations.

Actions taken

The Government of Malaysia enforced a Movement Control Order starting on March 18, 2020 to break the chain of COVID-19. The media actively spread the hashtag #stayhome. Non-governmental organizations, as well as prison inmates, started to produce personal protective equipment for frontliners. Various organizations hosted fundraising events to provide essentials mainly to hospitals. A provisional hospital was set up and collaborations with healthcare service providers were granted, while additional laboratories were assigned to enhance the capabilities of the Ministry of Health.

Economic downturn

An initial financial stimulus amounting to RM 20.0 billion was released in February 2020, before the highlighted PRIHATIN Package, amounting to RM 250 billion, was announced. The PRIHATIN Package has provided governmental support to society, covering people of various backgrounds from students and families to business owners.

References:
1. Kesiapsiagaan dan respons KKM dalam menghadapi potensi penularan novel Coronavirus, Wuhan, China.
http://www.moh.gov.my/index.php/database_stores/store_view_page/21/1296, Accessed 30 March 2020

2. Tindakan KKM bagi pengesanan kontak (contact tracing) kepada kes pertama positif novel Coronavirus di negara Singapura
http://www.moh.gov.my/index.php/database_stores/store_view_page/21/1300, Accessed 30 March 2020

3. Situasi terkini jangkitan 2019 novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) di Malaysia
https://kpkesihatan.com/2020/01/30/kenyataan-akhbar-kpk-30-januari-2020-situasi-terkini-jangkitan-2019-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov-di-malaysia/, Accessed 30 March 2020

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COVID-19 outbreak in Malaysia Actions taken by the Malaysiangovernment (Economic impacts)

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Introduction
An outbreak of respiratory illness which is proven to be infected by Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) that was first detected in Wuhan, China. Therefore,  Malaysia Movement Control Order (MCO) in 2020 was implemented with the aim to isolate the source of the COVID-19 outbreak.

As a result, there were fewer number of motor vehicles on the road and the operation of industries was suspended, ergo reducing emissions of hazardous air pollutants in the atmosphere. We had acquired the Air Pollutant Index (API) data from the Department of Environment Malaysia on hourly basis before and during the MCO with the aim to track the changes of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at 68 air quality monitoring stations. It was found that the PM2.5 concentrations showed a high reduction of up to 58.4% during the MCO.

Several red zone areas (>41 confirmed COVID-19 cases) had also reduced of up to 28.3% in the PM2.5 concentrations variation. The reduction did not solely depend on MCO, thus the researchers suggest a further study considering the influencing factors that need to be adhered to in the future.

References:
1. Department of Environment Malaysia
https://www.doe.gov.my/portalv1/en/info-umum/kuality-udara/114 (2020), Accessed 14th Apr 2020.

2. Malaysian National Security Council (NSC)
https://www.mkn.gov.my/web/ms/covid-19/ (2020), Accessed 15th Apr 2020.

3. World Health Organisation (WHO), 2017. Evolution of WHO Air Quality Guidelines: Past, Present and Future.
http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/environment-and-health/air-quality/publications/2017/evolution-of-who-air-quality-guidelines-past-present-and-future-2017, Accessed 14 April 2020.

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Air quality status during 2020 Malaysia Movement Control Order (MCO)

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Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic has influenced the lifestyle and approach of people to their surroundings. Generally, public space is defined as space to which people normally have unrestricted access and right of way. In other words, public places and spaces are public because anyone is entitled to be physically present in them.

The COVID-19 clusters involving the workplace which stood at 735 clusters, recorded the highest number of cases at 60,000 cases from June 1 to July 23 as reported by National Recovery Plan (PPN) Coordinating Minister Tengku Datuk Seri Zafrul Tengku Abdul Aziz on 26th July 2021.

Notwithstanding, the design, materials used and management and maintenance of public space is a key in fighting the spread of the COVID-19 virus. Public space should be designed to allow for adequate air circulation.

How Indoor Air Transmits COVID-19
Transmission of COVID-19 from inhalation of virus in the air can occur at distances greater than six feet. Particles from an infected person can move throughout an entire room or indoor space. The particles can also linger in the air after a person has left the room – they can remain airborne for hours in some cases.

National Recovery Plan (PPN) Phase 4
Recent announcement by Prime Minister Datuk Seri Ismail Sabri Yaakob that Klang Valley and Melaka will enter Phase 4 effectively from 18th October 2021, all economic sectors are allowed to open and with full force operation. Hence, it is critical to mitigate the risk by improving ventilation and air quality in indoor environments. Notwithstanding, there shall be enforcement of ventilation and indoor air quality improvement guidelines in the public places to reduce the risk of airborne transmission.

Guidelines on Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality Improvement
Further to the above, The Human Resources Ministry has released a ventilation and indoor air quality guide (refer to attachment) for the public to reduce the airborne transmission of Covid-19.

The objective of this guide is to inform the public about the methods to improve ventilation and indoor air quality in the workplace, health facilities, as well as housing and public places to reduce the risk of Covid-19 transmission by air.

1. Guidance note on ventilation and indoor air quality (IAQ ... (n.d.). Retrieved October 25, 2021, from https://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/guidance-note-on-indoor-air-quality-iaq-during-covid-19-pandemic/3939-guidance-note-on-ventilation-and-indoor-air-quality-iaq-for-public-area-during-covid-19-pandemic/file.

2. Environmental Protection Agency. (n.d.). EPA. Retrieved October 25, 2021, from https://www.epa.gov/coronavirus/indoor-air-and-coronavirus-covid-19.

3. Saidi. (2021, July 26). Workplace Clusters Record Highest Covid-19 cases – tengku zafrul. Kementerian Kewangan Malaysia. Retrieved October 25, 2021, from https://www.mof.gov.my/en/news/press-citations/workplace-clusters-record-highest-covid-19-cases-tengku-zafrul.

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GUIDANCE NOTE ON IMPROVING VENTILATION AND INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ) FOR PUBLIC AREA-ENG

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One of the most rapid and significant impacts of the ongoing pandemic in urban areas, is the population movement and transportation infrastructure that increase inter-urban connectivity is Urban Mobility.
"United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE)" has created a task force to develop a set of principles for green and healthy Sustainable Mobility measures designed to allow people to safely move in urban spaces, while also considering that physical distancing will be the new norm for the foreseeable future.
Action towards sustainable mobility can produce large public health benefits such as:

· reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, which leads to a cleaner environment.

· increase in walking, cycling and the use of public transit to reduce less use of private vehicles.

· reducing community divisions hence minimize unnecessary journeys.

Many cities have already announced or implemented measures like hundreds of miles of new bike lanes, pedestrian areas, street retro-fittings, mass tree planting and investments in renewable energy.

-Paris is planning to implement Plan Vélo, a plan born
out of the idea of “ville du quart d’heure”, a city where everything a resident need should be reachable
within a 15-minute non-motorized trip. The plan provides all neighbourhoods with every necessary amenity in terms of leisure, retail, schools and public services, all within walking or cycling distance.
-To enhance social distancing in Mexico City, one of the most populous cities in the world, the administration announced the provision of new bike paths to keep people of public transportation.
-The Office of the Mayor of London and Transport for London, announced the London Streetscape Plan, a massive transformation of public roads aimed to create new walking and cycling routes along major corridors, including temporary cycle lanes.

In conclusion, urban cities must now take up the challenge to start proper urban planning to support the recovery of our cities and lay the foundations for efficient post-pandemic cities by implementing sustainable mobility plans, rethinking the way we move through the city and the way we use urban spaces.

Barbarossa, L. The Post Pandemic City: Challenges and Opportunities for a Non-Motorized Urban Environment. An Overview of Italian Cases. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7172. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177172

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The Post Pandemic City Challenges and Opportunities for a Non-Motorized Urban Environment

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There are several factors involved in transmitting the virus. Characteristics of the ambient environment can influence the transmission dynamics by affecting the survival of the virus on contaminated surfaces and/or its airborne diffusion. Due to context specificities, and the number and complexity of parameters involved, results reported regarding the influence of environmental factors on COVID-19 are not uniform across different cities and regions.

Temperature

“Each 1 °C increase in the temperature is associated with −4.8951% decrease in the cumulative daily number of confirmed COVID-19 cases but it cannot be stated that temperature rise can contribute to containing the virus. This is supported by the fact that countries such as Iran have experienced the second wave of the pandemic despite entering the warm season.” Therefore, social distancing and other protection measures should continuously be promoted in urban areas.

Humidity

“There is relatively good consensus in the reviewed literature that drier air favors the transmission of the virus but after controlling for the effect of population density, the effect of humidity was not significant.”

Wind Speed

“Low wind speed was often coupled with high levels of air pollution (PM 10 and O3). These pollutants likely become carriers of the virus, and calm air increases the risk of transmission by allowing them to stay in the air for a more extended period.” This highlights the significance of reducing air pollution in cities.

The global disruption caused by the COVID-19 has brought about several effects on the environment and climate. Due to movement restrictions and a significant slowdown of social and economic activities, air quality has improved in many cities with a reduction in water pollution in different parts of the world. Besides, increased use of PPE (e.g. face mask, hand gloves, etc.), their haphazard disposal, and generation of a huge amount of hospital waste have negative impacts on the environment.

It is assumed that all of these environmental consequences are short-term. So, it is high time to make a proper strategy for long-term benefit, as well as sustainable environmental management. Therefore, some possible strategies are proposed for global environmental sustainability:

i. Sustainable industrialization

ii. Use of green & public transport

iii. Use of renewable energy

iv. Wastewater treatment & reuse

v. Waste recycling & reuse

vi. Ecological Restoration & ecotourism

vii. Behavioural change in daily life

viii. International cooperation

Reference:

1. Shakil, Mohammad Hassan, et al. "COVID-19 and the environment: A critical review and research agenda." Science of the Total Environment (2020): 141022. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720345514

2.Rume, Tanjena, and SM Didar-Ul Islam. "Environmental effects of COVID-19 pandemic and potential strategies of sustainability." Heliyon (2020): e04965.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844020318089#bib69

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Two sectors that will emerge larger and stronger in the post-pandemic world are: digital technology and outsourcing, and healthcare and pharmaceuticals.

People can be offered a high salary to work in sectors that require physical interaction with others. This will help keep supply chains unbroken. Normally, the market would have on its own caused such a salary increase but in this case, the main benefit of marshaling this labor force is on the aggregate economy and GDP and therefore is a classic case of positive externality, which the free market does not adequately reward. It is more a challenge of governance. As with most economic policy, this will need careful research and design before being implemented. We have to be aware that a policy like this will come with its risk of bribery and corruption. There is also the moral hazard challenge of poor people choosing to get COVID-19 in order to qualify for these special jobs. Safeguards will be needed against these risks.

But we believe that any government that succeeds in implementing an intelligently-designed intervention to draw on this huge, underutilized resource can have a big, positive impact on the economy

The complexity of managing COVID-19: How important is good governance "Reimagining the global economy: Building back better in a post-COVID-19 world,"
Alaka M. Basu, Kaushik Basu, and Jose Maria U. Tapia
https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-complexity-of-managing-covid-19-how-important-is-good-governance/

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The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the inadequacy of public health systems worldwide, casting a shadow that we could not have imagined even a year ago. As the fog of confusion lifts and we begin to understand the rudiments of how the virus behaves, the end of the pandemic is nowhere in sight. The number of cases and the deaths continue to rise. The latter breached the 1 million mark a few weeks ago and it looks likely now that, in terms of severity, this pandemic will surpass the Asian Flu of 1957-58 and the Hong Kong Flu of 1968-69.

Moreover, a parallel problem may well exceed the direct death toll from the virus. We are referring to the growing economic crises globally, and the prospect that these may hit emerging economies especially hard.

The economic fall-out is not entirely the direct outcome of the COVID-19 pandemic but a result of how we have responded to it-what measures governments took and how ordinary people, workers, and firms reacted to the crisis. The government activism to contain the virus that we saw this time exceeds that in previous such crises, which may have dampened the spread of the COVID-19 but has extracted a toll from the economy.

This essay takes stock of the policies adopted by governments in emerging economies, and what effect these governance strategies may have had, and then speculates about what the future is likely to look like and what we may do here on.

Nations that build walls to keep out goods, people and talent will get out-competed by other nations in the product market.

The ideas

It is becoming clear that the scramble among several emerging economies to imitate and outdo European and North American countries was a mistake. We get a glimpse of this by considering two nations continents apart, the economies of which have been among the hardest hit in the world, namely, Peru and India. During the second quarter of 2020, Peru saw an annual growth of -30.2 percent and India -23.9 percent. From the global Q2 data that have emerged thus far, Peru and India are among the four slowest growing economies in the world. Along with U.K and Tunisia these are the only nations that lost more than 20 percent of their GDP. ¹

COVID-19-related mortality statistics, and, in particular, the Crude Mortality Rate (CMR), however imperfect, are the most telling indicator of the comparative scale of the pandemic in different countries. At first glance, from the end of October 2020, Peru, with 1039 COVID-19 deaths per million population looks bad by any standard and much worse than India with 88. Peru's CMR is currently among the highest reported globally.

However, both Peru and India need to be placed in regional perspective. For reasons that are likely to do with the history of past diseases, there are striking regional differences in the lethality of the virus (Figure 11.1). South America is worse hit than any other world region, and Asia and Africa seem to have got it relatively lightly, in contrast to Europe and America. The stark regional difference cries out for more epidemiological analysis. But even as we await that, these are differences that cannot be ignored.

To understand the effect of policy interventions, it is therefore important to look at how these countries fare within their own regions, which have had similar histories of illnesses and viruses (Figure 11.2). Both Peru and India do much worse than the neighbors with whom they largely share their social, economic, ecological and demographic features. Peru's COVID-19 mortality rate per million population, or CMR, of 1039 is ahead of the second highest, Brazil at 749, and almost twice that of Argentina at 679.

Similarly, India at 88 compares well with Europe and the U.S., as does virtually all of Asia and Africa, but is doing much worse than its neighbors, with the second worst country in the region, Afghanistan, experiencing less than half the death rate of India.

The official Indian statement that up to 78,000 deaths ² were averted by the lockdown has been criticized ³ for its assumptions. A more reasonable exercise is to estimate the excess deaths experienced by a country that breaks away from the pattern of its regional neighbors. So, for example, if India had experienced Afghanistan's COVID-19 mortality rate, it would by now have had 54,112 deaths. And if it had the rate reported by Bangladesh, it would have had 49,950 deaths from COVID-19 today. In other words, more than half its current toll of some 122,099 COVID-19 deaths would have been avoided if it had experienced the same virus hit as its neighbors.

What might explain this outlier experience of COVID-19 CMRs and economic downslide in India and Peru? If the regional background conditions are broadly similar, one is left to ask if it is in fact the policy response that differed markedly and might account for these relatively poor outcomes.

Peru and India have performed poorly in terms of GDP growth rate in Q2 2020 among the countries displayed in Table 2, and given that both these countries are often treated as case studies of strong governance, this draws attention to the fact that there may be a dissonance between strong governance and good governance.

The turnaround for India has been especially surprising, given that until a few years ago it was among the three fastest growing economies in the world. The slowdown began in 2016, though the sharp downturn, sharper than virtually all other countries, occurred after the lockdown.

On the COVID-19 policy front, both India and Peru have become known for what the Oxford University's COVID Policy Tracker ⁴ calls the "stringency" of the government's response to the epidemic. At 8 pm on March 24, 2020, the Indian government announced, with four hours' notice, a complete nationwide shutdown. Virtually all movement outside the perimeter of one's home was officially sought to be brought to a standstill. Naturally, as described in several papers, such as that of Ray and Subramanian, ⁵ this meant that most economic life also came to a sudden standstill, which in turn meant that hundreds of millions of workers in the informal, as well as more marginally formal sectors, lost their livelihoods.

In addition, tens of millions of these workers, being migrant workers in places far-flung from their original homes, also lost their temporary homes and their savings with these lost livelihoods, so that the only safe space that beckoned them was their place of origin in small towns and villages often hundreds of miles away from their places of work.

After a few weeks of precarious living in their migrant destinations, they set off, on foot since trains and buses had been stopped, for these towns and villages, creating a "lockdown and scatter" that spread the virus from the city to the town and the town to the village. Indeed, "lockdown" is a bit of a misnomer for what happened in India, since over 20 million people did exactly the opposite of what one does in a lockdown. Thus India had a strange combination of lockdown some and scatter the rest, like in no other country. They spilled out and scattered in ways they would otherwise not do. It is not surprising that the infection, which was marginally present in rural areas (23 percent in April), now makes up some 54 percent of all cases in India. ⁶

In Peru too, the lockdown was sudden, nationwide, long drawn out and stringent. ⁷ Jobs were lost, financial aid was difficult to disburse, migrant workers were forced to return home, and the virus has now spread to all parts of the country with death rates from it surpassing almost every other part of the world.

As an aside, to think about ways of implementing lockdowns that are less stringent and geographically as well as functionally less total, an example from yet another continent is instructive. Ethiopia, with a COVID-19 death rate of 13 per million population seems to have bettered the already relatively low African rate of 31 in Table 1. ⁸

We hope that human beings will emerge from this crisis more aware of the problems of sustainability.

The way forward

We next move from the immediate crisis to the medium term. Where is the world headed and how should we deal with the new world? Arguably, that two sectors that will emerge larger and stronger in the post-pandemic world are: digital technology and outsourcing, and healthcare and pharmaceuticals.

The last 9 months of the pandemic have been a huge training ground for people in the use of digital technology-Zoom, WebEx, digital finance, and many others. This learning-by-doing exercise is likely to give a big boost to outsourcing, which has the potential to help countries like India, the Philippines, and South Africa.

Globalization may see a short-run retreat but, we believe, it will come back with a vengeance. Nations that build walls to keep out goods, people and talent will get out-competed by other nations in the product market. This realization will make most countries reverse their knee-jerk anti-globalization; and the ones that do not will cease to be important global players. Either way, globalization will be back on track and with a much greater amount of outsourcing.

To return, more critically this time, to our earlier aside on Ethiopia, its historical and contemporary record on tampering with internet connectivity ⁹ in an attempt to muzzle inter-ethnic tensions and political dissent will not serve it well in such a post-pandemic scenario. This is a useful reminder for all emerging market economies.

We hope that human beings will emerge from this crisis more aware of the problems of sustainability. This could divert some demand from luxury goods to better health, and what is best described as "creative consumption": art, music, and culture. ¹⁰ The former will mean much larger healthcare and pharmaceutical sectors.

But to take advantage of these new opportunities, nations will need to navigate the current predicament so that they have a viable economy once the pandemic passes. Thus it is important to be able to control the pandemic while keeping the economy open. There is some emerging literature ¹¹ on this, but much more is needed. This is a governance challenge of a kind rarely faced, because the pandemic has disrupted normal markets and there is need, at least in the short run, for governments to step in to fill the caveat.

Emerging economies will have to devise novel governance strategies for doing this double duty of tamping down on new infections without strident controls on economic behavior and without blindly imitating Europe and America.

Here is an example. One interesting opportunity amidst this chaos is to tap into the "resource" of those who have already had COVID-19 and are immune, even if only in the short-term-we still have no definitive evidence on the length of acquired immunity. These people can be offered a high salary to work in sectors that require physical interaction with others. This will help keep supply chains unbroken. Normally, the market would have on its own caused such a salary increase but in this case, the main benefit of marshaling this labor force is on the aggregate economy and GDP and therefore is a classic case of positive externality, which the free market does not adequately reward. It is more a challenge of governance. As with most economic policy, this will need careful research and design before being implemented. We have to be aware that a policy like this will come with its risk of bribery and corruption. There is also the moral hazard challenge of poor people choosing to get COVID-19 in order to qualify for these special jobs. Safeguards will be needed against these risks. But we believe that any government that succeeds in implementing an intelligently-designed intervention to draw on this huge, under-utilized resource can have a big, positive impact on the economy ¹².

This is just one idea. We must innovate in different ways to survive the crisis and then have the ability to navigate the new world that will emerge, hopefully in the not too distant future.
Note: We are grateful for financial support from Cornell University's Hatfield Fund for the research associated with this paper. We also wish to express our gratitude to Homi Kharas for many suggestions and David Batcheck for generous editorial help.

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Alaka M. Basu, Kaushik Basu, and Jose Maria U. Tapia

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The complexity of managing COVID-19: How important is good governance?

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The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the inadequacy of public health systems worldwide, casting a shadow that we could not have imagined even a year ago. As the fog of confusion lifts and we begin to understand the rudiments of how the virus behaves, the end of the pandemic is nowhere in sight.

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The outbreak of corona virus is pushing the policy makers, urban planners and architects to re-think for a better urban development.  Cities that lack of planning and preparation, have become epicenter of Covid-19 due to high population density and mobility can increase the spread of virus. Smart city (SC) is known as a important approach to enhance our urban development and improve the quality of life of urban dwellers as well as to prepare all of us for next crisis.

The concept of Smart City was initially introduced based on the idea of integration among the systems related to services that assist living in urban areas, connecting human and technological capital and seeking ways to improve the relations between the city and its population. Today, Smart City notion is still ambiguous due to lack of standardization and global diffusion is not mainstreamed due to technological, economical and governing barriers. (Alberto & Giulio, 2021)

Smart Community, Smart Government, Smart Healthcare, Smart Information are mostly directly related to Covid-19 Pandemic prevention and control. (Inn, 2020; Xu, Ding et al, 2020; Xu, Luo et al., 2020). Smart Community is related to “Zero contact service”, “High efficiency identification” and other smart community technologies. A Smart Community has high efficiency in emergency information collection, floating population management as well as the allowing the citizen to use e-commerce services in community. For example, Wuhan had implemented “micro-neighbourhood” smart community platform which enable citizen to do “self-examination and report of pneumonia”. For Smart Government, the “City Brain” platform in Hangzhou had helped the policymaker to trace the number of confirmed case in real time. (Yang & Chong, 2021)

For Smart Healthcare, in Henan, Covid-19 online consultation service with the help of the online system of interconnected smart health service hospital had facilitated process of diagnosis and treatment, and coordination of regional medical resources. Lastly, for Smart Information, it is to promote information sharing, especially the floating population and geographical location information. The 4 categories are interrelated because government, communities and healthcare system can response efficiently with the help of the smart support tool developed from the idea of smart city. (Yang & Chong, 2021)

Another smart city solution that contributes to the control of pandemic is 5G infrastructure in cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Bangkok. 5G technology improves the efficiency, speed, and flexibility of pandemic related interventions such as telemedicine, supply chain management, self-isolation and so on. (Sharifi & Khavarian-Garmsir & Kummitha, 2021)

In Malaysia, the federal government had launched the MySejahtera application as a monitoring tool to empower the citizens in self-assessing their health risk against COVID-19. Other tracing initiatives implemented by state governments are the Selangkah, PGCare, and Qmunity applications by the Selangor, Penang, and Sarawak state governments, respectively. COVID-19 Pandemic in Malaysia. (Muhamad & Lee & Mokhtar, 2021)

The Smart City solution had facilitated the tracing and tracking, diagnosis, sharing information, etc. which helps significantly in the prevention and control of Covid-19. In conclusion, technology has become a key factor of controlling pandemic outbreak. Hence, it is crucial to implement Smart City solution as it is able to enhance the resilient ability of a city.

References:

1. Alberto,D.M., & Giulio,M.(2021).Evolutionary trends in smart city initiatives. Sustainable Futures.  Retrieved on 21 October 2021 from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666188821000113

2. Yang,S.S., & Chong,Z.(2021).Smart city projects against COVID-19: Quantitative evidence from China. Sustainable Cities and Society. Retrieved on 21 October 2021 from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210670721001852?via%3Dihub

3. Sharifi, A. & Khavarian-Garmsir,A.R., & Kummitha, R.K.R.(2021).Contributions of Smart City Solutions and Technologies to Resilience against the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8018.  Retrieved on 21 October 2021 from: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/14/8018

4. Muhamad Khair, N.K. & Lee, K.E.& Mokhtar, M.(2021).Community-Based Monitoring in the New Normal: A Strategy for Tackling the COVID-19 Pandemic in Malaysia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6712. Retrieved on 21 October 2021 from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34206384/

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Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences & Network for Education and Research on Peace and Sustainability (NERPS), Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan

Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan

Faculty of Geographical Sciences and Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran

Newcastle Business School, Northumbria University, Newcastle Tyne NE1 8ST, UK

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Academic Editor: Martin De Jong

Received: 2 June 2021 / Revised: 9 July 2021 / Accepted: 15 July 2021 / Published: 18 July 2021

Since its emergence in late 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic has swept through many cities around the world, claiming millions of lives and causing major socio-economic impacts. The pandemic occurred at an important historical juncture when smart solutions and technologies have become ubiquitous in many cities. Against this background, in this review, we examine how smart city solutions and technologies have contributed to resilience by enhancing planning, absorption, recovery, and adaptation abilities. For this purpose, we reviewed 147 studies that have discussed issues related to the use of smart solutions and technologies during the pandemic. The results were synthesized under four themes, namely, planning and preparation, absorption, recovery, and adaptation. This review shows that investment in smart city initiatives can enhance the planning and preparation ability. In addition, the adoption of smart solutions and technologies can, among other things, enhance the capacity of cities to predict pandemic patterns, facilitate an integrated and timely response, minimize or postpone transmission of the virus, provide support to overstretched sectors, minimize supply chain disruption, ensure continuity of basic services, and offer solutions for optimizing city operations. These are promising results that demonstrate the utility of smart solutions for enhancing resilience. However, it should be noted that realizing this potential hinges on careful attention to important issues and challenges related to privacy and security, access to open-source data, technological affordance, legal barriers, technological feasibility, and citizen engagement. Despite this, this review shows that further development of smart city initiatives can provide unprecedented opportunities for enhancing resilience to the pandemic and similar future events. View Full-Text

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Sharifi, A.; Khavarian-Garmsir, A.R.; Kummitha, R.K.R. Contributions of Smart City Solutions and Technologies to Resilience against the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8018. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13148018

AMA Style

Sharifi A, Khavarian-Garmsir AR, Kummitha RKR. Contributions of Smart City Solutions and Technologies to Resilience against the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review. Sustainability. 2021; 13(14):8018. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13148018

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sharifi, Ayyoob, Amir R. Khavarian-Garmsir, and Rama K.R. Kummitha 2021. "Contributions of Smart City Solutions and Technologies to Resilience against the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review" Sustainability 13, no. 14: 8018. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13148018

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Contributions of Smart City Solutions and Technologies to Resilience against the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review

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Since its emergence in late 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic has swept through many cities around the world, claiming millions of lives and causing major socio-economic impacts. The pandemic occurred at an important historical juncture when smart solutions and technologies have become ubiquitous in many cities.

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(Department of Statistics Malaysia 2020)

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Cumulative Covid-19 cases

The Malaysian government has been vigilant on Covid-19
since January 2020, starting with issuance of advice against
travelling to China on 25 January after three Chinese citizens were tested positive for Covid-19 (Immigration Department of Malaysia 2020).

The implemention of MCO given a notable decrese of cases and the reduction in active Covid-19 cases is evident since 5th April.

Journal of Public Health: From Theory to Practice Auth: Kuok Ho Daniel Tang
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-020-01316-w

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The quality of river water has a significant impact on human life. Humans use rivers for irrigation in agriculture, daily necessities such as drinking water, transportation, for generating electricity through hydroelectric dams and for leisure activities. Due to urbanization and modernization, river water pollution is a severe problem in Malaysia and has an adverse impact on the sustainability of water resources.

According the journal Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering. The title of the journal The river water quality before and during the Movement Control Order (MCO) in Malaysia by Chai Lee Goi. There have a difference river water quality before the implementation of the Movement Control Order (MCO) due to the COVID-19 pandemic and during the implementation of MCO in Malaysia.

Before the Movement Control Order (MCO) there have a lot of major river management issues are linked to water quality. From the data(DoE) the river were slightly polluted. The major causes of pollution to the rivers are related to anthropogenic activities. Specifically, the sources of contamination are caused by industrial areas, sewages, workshops, residential areas, animal husbandry activities, example pig farms, agricultural activities, landfills, plantation activities, market, food court and hawker stalls.

During the Movement Control Order (MCO) in March 2020, many rivers were reportedly much cleaner and clearer than before. The river recently begun to recover. It is clearer and recovering after it was cleaned by itself. This is happen because the factories and industries around have stopped operations during Movement Control Order (MCO).

The conclusion that we can do to control the water river quality is to stringent law enforcement, public awareness about water resources, encourage people to 3R (recycle, reduce, reuse) and also segregation the waste.

Reference:
Chai Lee Goi, The river water quality before and during the Movement Control Order (MCO) in Malaysia. September 2020.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666016420300256

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Many things can be done to ensure Malaysia’s public transport that not only facilitate social distancing while Covid-19 is still with us, but also to make it greener and more accessible to the public.

One of the things that can be done is that building newer LRT and MRT connecting lines should not be the only focus, but also ensure that frequent maintenance should be carried out to ensure passengers are safe and comfortable.

Next is the bus services, especially those in the Klang Valley. Although 80% of the residents in the Klang Valley own a car or motorcycle, buses still remain relevant, particularly for the elderly, young adults as well as foreign workers. The Rapid buses should be punctual and have a time allocated to them.

In conclusion, a good integrated transport system will be crucial for Malaysia’s recovery. Public transportation may not be as packed as it was pre-pandemic but this is only temporary hence we should not waste time in carrying out much needed improvements and maintenance to our system.

Ling T.K. A public transport agenda for Malaysia. 2021. https://www.malaysianow.com/opinion/2021/09/05/a-public-transport-agenda-for-malaysia/

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With the country's vaccination rate picking up, the reopening of more economic sectors will inevitably result in more people moving about.

Public transportation may not be as packed as it was pre-pandemic but this is only temporary. Because of this, we should not waste time in carrying out much needed improvements and maintenance to our system.

Many things can be done to ensure Malaysia's public transport can not only facilitate social distancing while Covid-19 is still with us, but also to make it greener and more accessible to the public.

This, naturally, should start with the rail system.

As a public transport user, I would argue that the government should not only focus on building newer LRT and MRT connecting lines, but also ensure that frequent and best-in-class maintenance is carried out on crucial infrastructure to ensure passengers are safe and comfortable.

I believe that the top guns in Prasarana or even MRT Corp do not commute daily, unless for PR opportunities. They might not be aware that repair or maintenance is needed for broken lifts, leaking stations, and noise pollution due to friction along the lines, especially in the Petaling Jaya area. I wonder if we ever lubricate our tracks with top-of-the-line rail lubrication systems as used in certain countries to minimise noise pollution. They should also look into the signalling and other technical issues that have been plaguing the MRT and LRT systems of late.

At the same time, our nation is constantly distraught by repeated incidents of collapsed scaffolding, including those at rail system construction sites, that have injured or even killed local and foreign workers over the years. A total of four incidents have been recorded this year alone. How many lives must be sacrificed like this?

Nonetheless, KTMB did a very good job with the ETS service that connects Padang Besar to the southern states of Malaysia. The train service has been very convenient to the public, especially in avoiding the "balik kampung" traffic along the PLUS Highway. Unfortunately, the previous government decided to terminate the proposed Singapore-KL High-Speed rail. Had it been spared, travel to the Lion City would have been made much more convenient.

I also hope the new government will look into bus services, especially those in the Klang Valley. Although 80% of the residents in the Klang Valley own a car or motorcycle, buses still remain relevant, particularly for the elderly, young adults as well as foreign workers. The Rapid buses should be punctual and have a time allocated to them on when they will move as per what the MRT feeder buses have. I do hope the new heads of Prasarana will look into this matter, as both joined the public transport group with sterling track records.

At the same time, it is disappointing that the works ministry and the local authorities did not take up the opportunity to repair potholes on the roads during the MCO lockdown. They had a golden opportunity to do so with fewer cars on the road. The return of traffic will delay the repair work.

Meanwhile, we should not forget our brothers and sisters in Sabah and Sarawak. Better transportation across the board is very much needed over there.

I do hope that this new government, especially the reappointed transport minister, redoubles efforts to ensure our nation's transport systems are functioning well and are competitive regionally.

Thailand launched a new suburban rail line called "the Red Line" in early August. The Thais also plan to build a high-speed rail connecting Bangkok to Pattaya, which could eventually be connected to other provinces, including their south. They were able to carry all of this despite grappling with a severe outbreak of Covid-19!

That is why we need to reconsider our high-speed rail agenda, especially on the domestic front so we will be able to connect to other parts of Asean via rail line, which is a safer, faster, and cleaner option for travel.

The government must be open to this option and act fast on this so that we are not left out of the potential upside of greater Asean connectivity. If government funding is a potential issue given the need for government to focus on the national economic recovery, perhaps funding models which involve a stronger public and private partnership should be considered as shared by Finance Minister Tengku Zafrul Aziz during his recent interview with Singapore's The Straits Times. This infrastructure financing model would be good for projects of this scale which are critical to jump-start the flagging economy due to the pandemic.

In conclusion, a good, integrated transport system will be crucial for Malaysia's recovery. This is our chance to secure the future and we should not squander it.
Ling TK is a public transport advocate. The views expressed in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the position of MalaysiaNow.

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With the country's vaccination rate picking up, the reopening of more economic sectors will inevitably result in more people moving about. Public transportation may not be as packed as it was pre-pandemic but this is only temporary. Because of this, we should not waste time in carrying out much needed improvements and maintenance to our system.

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' The influence of COVID-19 on the societal mobility of urban spaces'

After the call off of the lockdown, people have shown a very strong desire for social interactions in sociable locations.

The  results of  people's behavioral patterns in  urban spaces during both periods revealed that the most common behaviors were walking, talking, sitting and standing, respectively.

Askarizad, Reza et al. The Influence Of COVID-19 On The Societal Mobility Of Urban Spaces. 2021, https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0264275121002870?token=A78B19234D487C5C484FAC08DD440214437158C91EB7156B5FDBFC72072B5E11669814791EE34BD900765CC9EE48C134&originRegion=eu-west-1&originCreation=20211021050316, Accessed 21 Oct 2021.

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The COVID-19 pandemic: Impacts on cities and major lessons for urban planning, design, and management

Since the early days of the COVID-19 crisis the scientific community has constantly been striving to shed light on various issues such as the mechanisms driving the spread of the virus, its environmental and socio-economic impacts, and necessary recovery and adaptation plans and policies. Given the high concentration of population and economic activities in cities, they are often hotspots of COVID-19 infections. Accordingly, many researchers are struggling to explore the dynamics of the pandemic in urban areas to understand impacts of COVID-19 on cities. In this study we seek to provide an overview of COVID-19 research related to cities by reviewing literature published during the first eight months after the first confirmed cases were reported in Wuhan, China. The main aims are to understand impacts of the pandemic on cities and to highlight major lessons that can be learned for post-COVID urban planning and design. Results show that, in terms of thematic focus, early research on the impacts of COVID-19 on cities is mainly related to four major themes, namely, (1) environmental quality, (2) socio-economic impacts, (3) management and governance, and (4) transportation and urban design. While this indicates a diverse research agenda, the first theme that covers issues related to air quality, meteorological parameters, and water quality is dominant, and the others are still relatively underexplored. Improvements in air and water quality in cities during lockdown periods highlight the significant environmental impacts of anthropogenic activities and provide a wake-up call to adopt environmentally friendly development pathways. The paper also provides other recommendations related to the socio-economic factors, urban management and governance, and transportation and urban design that can be used for post-COVID urban planning and design. Overall, existing knowledge shows that the COVID-19 crisis entails an excellent opportunity for planners and policy makers to take transformative actions towards creating cities that are more just, resilient, and sustainable.

Sharifi, A., & Khavarian-Garmsir, A. R. (2020, December 20). The COVID-19 pandemic: Impacts on cities and major lessons for urban planning, design, and management. Science of the Total Environment. Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142391

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Highlights

*

Literature on the impacts of COVID-19 on cities is reviewed.

*

Evidence related to four thematic areas is synthesized.

*

Existing evidence is mainly related to air quality and environmental factors.

*

Significant improvements in air and water quality have been observed.

*

Poor, marginalized, and vulnerable groups are disproportionately affected by the impacts of COVID-19.

Abstract

Since the early days of the COVID-19 crisis the scientific community has constantly been striving to shed light on various issues such as the mechanisms driving the spread of the virus, its environmental and socio-economic impacts, and necessary recovery and adaptation plans and policies. Given the high concentration of population and economic activities in cities, they are often hotspots of COVID-19 infections. Accordingly, many researchers are struggling to explore the dynamics of the pandemic in urban areas to understand impacts of COVID-19 on cities. In this study we seek to provide an overview of COVID-19 research related to cities by reviewing literature published during the first eight months after the first confirmed cases were reported in Wuhan, China. The main aims are to understand impacts of the pandemic on cities and to highlight major lessons that can be learned for post-COVID urban planning and design. Results show that, in terms of thematic focus, early research on the impacts of COVID-19 on cities is mainly related to four major themes, namely, (1) environmental quality, (2) socio-economic impacts, (3) management and governance, and (4) transportation and urban design. While this indicates a diverse research agenda, the first theme that covers issues related to air quality, meteorological parameters, and water quality is dominant, and the others are still relatively underexplored. Improvements in air and water quality in cities during lockdown periods highlight the significant environmental impacts of anthropogenic activities and provide a wake-up call to adopt environmentally friendly development pathways. The paper also provides other recommendations related to the socio-economic factors, urban management and governance, and transportation and urban design that can be used for post-COVID urban planning and design. Overall, existing knowledge shows that the COVID-19 crisis entails an excellent opportunity for planners and policy makers to take transformative actions towards creating cities that are more just, resilient, and sustainable.

View Abstract

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The COVID-19 pandemic: Impacts on cities and major lessons for urban planning, design, and management

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Literature on the impacts of COVID-19 on cities is reviewed. * Evidence related to four thematic areas is synthesized. * Existing evidence is mainly related to air quality and environmental factors. * Significant improvements in air and water quality have been observed. * Poor, marginalized, and vulnerable groups are disproportionately affected by the impacts of COVID-19.

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The world was stunted with an unexpected setback in the end of 2019 when we were hit by the Covid-19 virus.  It was announced as a pandemic in 11th March 2020, after cases were announced to have been detected in 195 countries with further spread risk. This has caused a drastic impact on global trade and stock markets due to a large spike in cases causing isolation within the community and closure of businesses and country borders.

In context of Malaysia, a lot of future planning and improvements designed for the country has been halted due to this pandemic. One of it was the Visit Malaysia 2020 campaign which aimed to attract more than 30 million tourist worldwide. Tourism is considered one of our niches to elevate the country's economy which covered 50 million of the export trade. However, the pandemic has brought over RM 100 billion loss to the country (Shakeel, Mohamad Azmi & Naqvi, 2020)

Bank Negara Malaysia also stated that the economic impact of the pandemic was  much bigger than the 2007 to 2008 financial crisis. This is due to the plummet in economic sectors such as the industrial sectors, retail sectors as well as property. This was then appended by the drop in the world oil prices, in which Malaysia is known to be one of the biggest oil exporter in the world ( SMH Kabir1 , Ahasanul Haque2 , Mohammad Moshiur Rahman3 & Zainatul Shuhaida Abd Rahman, 2020)

As we are all aware of, the retail industry is one of the prominent casualty of Covid-19 ( Roszi Naszariah Nasni Naseri et.al, 2021) To cope with that, many have opted for online shopping and E-commerce method to ease their daily routine in abiding the imposed Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) by the government. There is a rise by 9.3% in E-commerce since April 2020 ( Roszi Naszariah Nasni Naseri et.al, 2021) This has also caused a drastic demand in courier services. Therefore, there is a need for an innovative approach to be introduced especially in the architecture and environment aspect to accommodate the needs of this newly rising economic sector.

In conclusion, the economic sector in Malaysia was badly affected by the Covid-19 pandemic due to lack in governance and coordination by the government, research and development in preparing for a pandemic as well as proper city development to accommodate a pandemic wave. Thus, a pandemic proof city by rejuvenating urban areas are very much called for.

References:

1.  Health and Economic Impact of COVID-19: Mapping the Consequences of a Pandemic in Malaysia Sadia Shakeel1,2, Mohammad Azmi Ahmed Hassali1 , Atta Abbas Naqvi3
Retrieved on 21st October 2021 from :
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7409569/

2.  How to Minimize the Impact Caused by Global Pandemic in Malaysia SMH Kabir1 , Ahasanul Haque2 , Mohammad Moshiur Rahman3 and Zainatul Shuhaida Abd Rahman4
Retrieved on 21st October 2021 from :
http://irep.iium.edu.my/83129/1/83129_How%20to%20minimize%20the%20impact%20caused.pdf

3. Issues And Challenges Of Online Shoppingactivities On The Impact Of Corona Pandemic:A Study On Malaysia Retail Industry Roszi Naszariah Nasni Naseri 1, Nurul Zamratul Asyikin Ahmad 2, Sharina Shariff 3 , Harniyati Hussin 2 ,
Mohd Norazmi bin Nordin 4
Retrieved on 21st October 2021 from :
https://www.turcomat.org/index.php/turkbilmat/article/view/5680