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Different strategies to solve an equation (depending on where a person is from, they might learn a different way to solve the same equation)

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A bad interpretation can be distinguished through a lack of evidence or irrelevant/unrelated information about a topic

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Different ways of counting, e.g. starting with your index finger or with your thumbs

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Lyuba woolly mammoth - a perfectly preserved baby mammoth that was found in Russia - giving it a name allowed scientist to share the discovery with more people and get more people to know about it

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Jenner is considered the innovator who created the first functioning vaccine in 1798. He inoculated a 13-year old boy with cowpox and demonstrated the immunity to smallpox. In order to elucidate how the immune system worked, he needed to inflict diseases on many test subjects which may be seen as unethical. However, the ends could justify the means since this vaccine helped save many more lives.

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A lot of art uses symbols and references that hint or strongly suggest, but can still be interpreted by a viewer in different ways. A bad interpretation would be ignoring either the artist or the viewer’s side, as the interpretation would likely be incomplete

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Historians want to collect and provide information about the past. The nature of historical study differs significantly from that of other fields of knowledge. Despite the fact that historians rely on evidence, the interpretation of that data is crucial to the production of historical knowledge.

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Historians want to collect and provide information about the past. The nature of historical study differs significantly from that of other fields of knowledge. Despite the fact that historians rely on evidence, the interpretation of that data is crucial to the production of historical knowledge.

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People find it easier to consume and interpret knowledge when it is made personal and/or told as a story. This can make it easier to understand and remember

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Yes because the scieneces are considered as more important then arts

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Math AoK:

-Euclid’s axioms - mathematical statements that are self-evidently true

-Math invented or discovered? - if it is invented, is it linked to culture? If it is discovered, is it knowledge independent of culture?

-emotional responses to loss or achievement, etc (what we consider loss or achievement - or whatever else - may be cultural, but the fact we respond to it emotionally may be something beyond culture? A function of humanity?)

-communication, art, music- inherent capabilities (haven’t only occurred in one part of the world/one culture- they all look different because of culture)

-power, domination, etc

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The arts could be the other area of knowledge as it is always very overlooked because there is no definite answer (everyone has a different interpretation) compared to the sciences

- - Natural sciences are easier to prove

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"I deal very little in facts, facts can obscure the truth, you can tell so many facts you never get to the truth, you can tell the places where, the people who, the times when, the reasons why, and never get to the human truth which is love and pain and loss and triumph." Maya Angelou

Fact: (objective?) deals with the non-social, non-emotional ‘descriptive’ elements of the world

Truth: (subjective?) deals with more complex, ‘inner’ parts of humanity- truth of feeling, being, etc.

-Could discuss how ‘alternative facts’ challenge the objective reality we seek

-Could discuss the three ‘theories’ of truth - pragmatic, correspondence, coherence

- ‘truth in Angelou’s sense is closer to narrative than to data

- 24 hour rolling news channels (eg CNN) offer ‘facts’ (breaking news) but lack context;

The question is about the relationship between facts and truth.

If we accept that, in order to be a fact, something needs to be true, and in order for something to be true, there need to be facts that support it - why do we still see such a “world of difference” between the two? Human sciences + History

Could truth be considered to be comprised of many small facts? How might these many facts sometimes compete for supremacy? And to what extent might this make a truth more complex and “muddled” than individual facts?

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What does it mean to be ‘highly regarded’?

-that society values it?

-who, exactly, in society must value something for it to be considered ‘highly’ regarded?

Natural Sciences AoK:

-Falsification Principle (Popper) - science tries to prove itself through experimentation (and trying to falsify a claim first) - the most rigorous and self-critical knowledge

-Quantum physics cannot explain - yet - the fundamental nature of the universe (although it tries to) - in this sense, is quantum physics much like (religious) faith?

-COVID-19 - science needed to prevent mass death, however, an increasing amount of society are rejecting this science- who is regarding this science highly? Who is not? Why not?

-Payscales: scientists < artists (we pay some actors, for example, more than most scientists- does this reveal who we regard more highly?)

-researchers do not make the money. Entrepreneurs - or the “celebrified” faces of the science - the people

who *use* the science are the ones who are more ‘highly regarded’?

The Arts AoK:

-We see art as a sort of ‘accessory’ to life- however, are we overlooking some sort of more fundamental purpose? I.e. social function, political, historical, cultural -- what is life without art?

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: do we require the knowledge gained from the Natural Sciences more acutely for our survival than knowledge in, say the arts of the human sciences?

History: Colonial powers have historically justified colonisation in terms of bringing (scientific) enlightenment/advancement to ‘underdeveloped countries’ - it has been valued by dominant powers over culture, art, traditional practices, etc

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Nb Hum Sci can be subdivided; historians are interpreters of historical data, thus they look for patterns and stories which make sense; cf pedagogical theories of meaning-making, eg proximal learning; Kolb cycle;

Narrative thread - which links/connects data

Telling stories, ie. contextualising knowledge - what motivates this and how might those motivations change over time? What makes these AoKs particularly well-suited to telling stories and how do these stories affect how knowledge is accepted/valued?

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Interpretation =
-Nat Sci - conclusions drawn from biased interpretations of data
-Language - What counts as ‘literature’? Who decides? Are our interpretations always guided by the value judgments of important people?
What compels us to distinguish between good and bad interpretations? Is it a social construct (experts, popular opinion)? Can the decision be driven by how useful an interpretation is? (natural sciences) And if so, is this culturally dependent? (again, a social construct)

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Nat Sci - IB limits on experiments for IAs (unethical experiments would result in a ‘fil’ for the DP)Economics - pursuit of profit over people and planetDiscuss ‘short termism’? At what point do ends justify means? Discuss ethical frameworks/theories eg consequentialism, deontology, utilitarianism,  care ethicsOther frameworks for determining - legal, social codes, religious codes, philosophical, emotional and intuitive.
Nat Sci - stem cell research and other research which ultimately seeks to extend the human lifespan
Tech - ‘deepfake’ media (taking the biometrics of a person and using it to create digital versions of them) - this has already happened as a result of not having any boundaries put in place- because the technology was new. Now we are facing the repercussions of it- contributing to the ‘infocalypse’ or breakdown of reliable info
-Are ethical grounds often considered in hindsight? Once we have already crossed the boundary? - experiments on prisoners/captives
-The Arts- ‘Take the Money and Run’ - Danish artist commissioned $80,000 for artwork left two blank canvases for the museum as a political statement. The artist maintains they have done nothing wrong- they have ‘created’ political art. Meanwhile, the museum is pressing charges for ‘unethical’/misleading/unfair exchange. -- How do we determine the boundaries of ‘ethical art’. If something (like a blank canvas in exchange for $80,000) sparks political discussion, has it served its purpose? Or, is this kind of exchange ‘wrong’?

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The greater our knowledge increases, the more our ignorance unfolds. – John F Kennedy

This quote by JFK implies that as we learn more, our lack of knowledge expresses how ignorant we are. Knowledge and belief are somewhat alike in the sense that most of the time they are both based on perception and on what one is told rather that what one knows for a fact. Knowledge unfolds your beliefs and your beliefs affect what knowledge you seek.

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Author's/artist's intention vs reader's/viewer's interpretation - to what extent is there a "correct" interpretation, bias

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Art is subjective and open to interpretation therefor one persons interpretation of a piece will be different than an others and different than the artist's intention. The difference in interpretations comes from people's different upbringings and culture

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Science - has a definitive answer that can be proven with evidence.
Arts - very diverse. No definitive answer. Interpretation varies from person to person.
Counter argument - wall/cave paintings aided research by giving them a better visual of the past. Therefore it is also a kind of reliable source? (or portraits)

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There is a certain extent to which facts can obscure the truth. In sciences, what is seen as factual, like a study, may be "correct" but not necessarily the truth if the study is poorly conducted (like cherry picking data)

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What can be considered a good or a bad interpretation - perhaps how the interpretation affects the people related to the knowledge. E.g. homophobic interpretations of the Bible affecting the LGBT community
Also just incorrect interpretations - lack of previous knowledge about a claim can lead to false interpretation, e.g. fear of the covid-19 vaccine of people who have no previous knowledge about vaccines

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How a scientific discovery is interpreted by the general public

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Find and experiment that was proven wrong after some time.
https://medium.com/lessons-from-history/6-famous-scientific-theories-that-were-later-proven-wrong-7daf99409b21

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The third one is also known as Einstein's biggest blunder.

Photo Credits: Pinterest

Scientific theories are the cornerstone of success and future development in all fields of life. Be it how the theory of relativity changed how modern physics is seen or the theory of evolution that has tried to explain life's origin. However, all theories are not...

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6 Famous Scientific Theories That Were Later Proven Wrong

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Scientific theories are the cornerstone of success and future development in all fields of life. Be it how the theory of relativity changed how modern physics is seen or the theory of evolution that has tried to explain life's origin. However, all theories are not...