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Scientists believe that genetic makeup, or DNA, is responsible for about 80% of a person’s height. This means, for instance, that tall people tend to have children who also grow up to be tall. It has been established that genes have a role in defining size. Instances are documented in which these genes exert their effects by regulating cell size and quantity, as well as, potentially more broadly, by defining a developmental timeline in which these two aspects of growth are coordinated in a certain way at an early stage. Genetics definitely influence strength, muscle size, height, and fiber composition.

References
Sinnot, E, W., & Dunn, L, C. (1935, April). The effect on genes and the development of size and form. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1935.tb00479.x

Barrell, A. (2020, November 9). What factors influence a person's height . Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327514#:~:text=The%20main%20factor%20that%20influences,80%25%20of%20a%20person's%20height.

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The windows of trainability contributes in proficiency levels of players of the same age.

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Optimal window of trainability for both genders occurs between ages 6 and 10

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Window for optimal skill training
- ages 9 and 12 for boys
- ages 8 and 11 for girls

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First speed training window occurs between ages 6 and 8 for girls
Second window occurs between ages 11 and 13 for girls
First speed training window occurs between ages 7 and 9 for boys
Second window occurs between ages 13 and 16 for boys

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Optimal window of trainability happens after PHV for girls (age 12-13)
12 to 18 months after PHV for boys (age 15)

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People of higher-economic status:

- Higher probability of attending external learning resources to improve or further enhance performance [for example going to external training sessions with a coach 1-1 etc.]

- Higher probability of accessing better quality and variety of foods [for example ready-made meals with organic fruits  and vegetables, vitamin intake etc.]

- Higher probability of specialists examination [health check-ups etc.]

- Higher probability to better quality equipment of the sport [for example running shoes, frisbees, clothing etc.]

People of middle to lower-economic status:

- Lower probability of having access to personalised external learning resources

-  Lower probability of having access to better quality foods

-  Lower probability of having access to specialised examinations

-  Lower probability of having access to better quality equipment

Jayanthi, N. A., Holt, D. B., LaBella, C. R., & Dugas, L. R. (2018). Socioeconomic Factors for Sports Specialization and Injury in Youth Athletes. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 10(4), 303–310. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738118778510

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Occurs at onset of adolescent growth spurt.
Aerobic capacity training is recommended before peak rate of growth and peak height velocity (PHV).
Aerobic power is introduced after PHV as growth rate decelerates.

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5 Basic of S's of Training and Performance

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5 Basic of S's of Training and Performance

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Stamina
Strength
Speed
Skill
Suppleness (Flexibility)

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Trainability refers to the faster adaptation to stimuli and genetic endowment of athletes as they respond individually to specific stimuli and adapt accordingly.
Skills are trainable throughout childhood at appropriate window based on genders.

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If someone consistently gets too little sleep (aka sleep deprivation), growth hormone is suppressed. Growth hormone is essential for growth (every body part just grows in general) and cell production. The growth hormone doubles up during puberty and is associated with the increase in growth velocity.

In order to produce more growth hormone, one must get at least 8 hours of quality rest time. Lack of sleep also can affect other hormones. Studies show that sleep deprivation is linked to obesity and diabetes.

References:
Saenger, P. (2003). Dose effects of growth hormone during puberty. PubMed. Retrieved October 29, 2021, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12955018/

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Despite being the same age, variances in physiques might be caused by disparities in dietary quality and quantity.

Malnutrition
It is divided into two parts undernutrition and overnutrition. According to the National Health Service, undernutrition is when one is not getting enough nutrients for the body to achieve adequate growth and development. On the other hand, overnutrition means that one is getting too many nutrients which could cause severe weight gain. One would face severe long term detremental effects when malnourished. For example,

- Slower growth and development rate
- Underweight when undernourished / Overweight when overnourished
- Delayed cognitive and motor development rate

Not consuming enough of a particular vitamin/mineral
It could affect growth and development rates too which ultimately causes variances in physiques despite being the same age.  For example,

- Iron deficiency (lack of consuming foods like red meat, beans, seeds)
- Iodine deficiency (lack of consuming foods like fish, dairy)
- Vitamin D deficiency (lack of consuming foods like fatty fish)
- Vitamin B12 deficiency (lack of consuming foods like meat, eggs, dairy)
- Calcium deficiency (lack of consuming foods like dariy, dark green vegetables)

References:
Walansky, A. (2020, June 16). 5 signs that a child might be lacking the proper nutrition. Insider. Retrieved October 29, 2021, from https://www.insider.com/signs-of-malnutrition-and-malnourishment-in-children-2019-6

Bjarnadottir, M. A. S. (2019, May 21). 7 Nutrient Deficiencies That Are Incredibly Common. Healthline. Retrieved October 29, 2021, from https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/7-common-nutrient-deficiencies#TOC_TITLE_HDR_8

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People at the age of 13 to 18, they are considered teenagers and are going through puberty. They will have many changes in their developing bodies as growth surges and muscle changes shapes. There's a very broad range of time when kids hit puberty-related growth spurts which can be categorized between males and females.

Males: Most boys start developing physically between the ages of 10 and 13, and continue to grow until they're around 16-18. Boys have faster growth rate at their peak rate as they have elevated testosterone levels but start puberty later than girls.

Females: Most girls start their sexual development between the ages of 8 and 13 (the average age is 12), and have a growth spurt between the ages of 10 and 14. Girls have slower growth rate but reach their peak height at 14 or 15 depending on when they start puberty but it starts earlier than the boys.

References:
Gavin, M, L. (n.d.). Growth and your 13-18 year old. https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/growth-13-to-18.html

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Focuses on one's intellectual development e.g. problem-solving, reading etc.

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- Opportunities
- Encouragement
- Foundation of FMS
- Age of sport specific training

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- Encouragement by stakeholders (environmental)
- Nervous system developed at a regular speed (genetics)
- Adequate space to practice FMS (environment)
- Sufficient opportunities to practice FMS (environment)
- Fat mass, weight and muscle tone (genetics)
- Hereditary (genetics)

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1. Finding best player to pass to
2. Looking for open space
3. Predicting disc flight path
4. Strategic positioning
5. Understanding wind's effects on disc
6. Understanding the rules to be able to play

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1. Running/Sprinting
2. Jumping
3. Catching
4. Throwing
5. Rotating
6. Balancing

References
Eisenmann, Joey. (2018). Teaching Foundational Lower Body Movements: You can't shoot a cannon out of a canoe.

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1. Hand to eye coordination,
2. Disc catching skills (to catch the frisbee),
3. Disc throwing skills (forehand, backhand, overhead throws)
4. Pivoting
5. Diving

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It is a team sport in which players seek to score points by passing a Frisbee to a teammate over the opposing team's g

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkMMqOUNyKk

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How to Play Ultimate Frisbee for Beginners

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Why is there a difference in proficiency levels of players of the same age (13) in Ultimate frisbee?

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Why is there a difference in Physique of players of the same age (13) in Ultimate frisbee?