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After Ali was killed, a family named Umayyads took Power. The Umayyads set a system to succession. The title of Caliph passed around the clan. (usually from father to son)

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Many Muslims were unhappy when the Umayyads moved the capital too far from Islam's heartland near Medina . Muslims then split into two groups, Sunni and Shi'ite. The Sunni's accepted the Umayyads, While The Shi'ite believed that only people from Muhammad's family can rule as Caliph.

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Even though the Muslims split in two, The Umayyads spread Islam into new areas. Some Muslims thought that the Umayyads put too much emphasis on gaining wealth and power

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The Rivals of Umayyads overthrew them in 750. Their names were The Abbasids. They took control of the empire. Non-Arab converts and Shi'ites supported the Abbasids.

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The Abbasids moved the capitals to Baghdad Iraq. In 1258 an invading group called the Mongols invaded Baghdad and killed the last Abbasid Caliph.

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The last surviving Umayyad prince fled to the region in 755. He founded the Umayyad dynasty in 756. He set up a powerful state called Al-Andalus. He refused Abbasid rule in Baghdad. Al-Andalus flourished under the Umayyad dynasty.

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Abd Al-Rahman made Cordoba into one of the greatest cities in the world. He built palaces and mad a Great Mosque. Cordoba became the center of leaning with a library said to have 400,000 boos. In Cordoba, Christians, Jews, and Muslims lived together.

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A new Muslim power was gaining power in the east. Around 1290s a dynasty of Turkish Muslims known as the Ottomans came against the Byzantine in Anatolia. Their leader, Osman, captured many Byzantine cities. This expanded the Ottomans.

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In 1453 the ottomans ended the byzantine empire by capturing Constantinople and renaming it Istanbul, It then became the capital of the Ottomans

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The Safavid's were rivals to the Ottomans due to the split between Sunni's and Shi'ites.

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The Safavids arose after the leader named Ismail united the Persian kingdoms into an independent state in 1501

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Safavids developed a strong economy, then using their wealth to build palaces, mosques, and schools.

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The Mughals were nomads from Central Asia who invaded India. In 1556 A Mughal leader named "Akbar the Great" took the throne at the age of 13 and led Muslim India to a brilliant golden age.

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The Mughal Empire reached its peak under Akbar’s grandson, Shah Jahan who ruled from 1628 to 1658

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In 1857, the British, who by then had gained control, sent the last Mughal ruler into exile.