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DNA sequencing is a technique used to determine the sequence of bases, A,T,C,G. Important for investigation of gene functions.

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PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is used to quickly make millions to billions of copies of an specific DNA sample.

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The process begins with pouring electrophoresis gel into the space between two glass plates set less than half a millimeter apart.

After the gel sets, DNA is loaded into each of the 96 lanes that run the length of the 30 cm gel.

As the DNA pieces move through the gel, the sequencing machine reads the order of DNA bases and stores this information in its computer memory.

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There are 3 main steps to PCR

1. Denaturation: In this step the two strands of DNA are heated up causing the strands to separate.

2:Annealing: Primer (which is a short sequence of DNA) binds to the DNA strand and causes Polymerisation, in this process free nucleotide form to make a strand of DNA.

3:Extension: The original strands are used as templates for new strands. Firstly DNA polymease joins the free DNA nucleotide together. Order is determined by the original strands sequence of nucleotide. The result of PCR are two double stranded sequences of the DNA, both containing 1 strand of the original strand and 1 new strand.

This process is then repeated many times and in 2-3 hours a billion copies can be made.

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Gel Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments through utilizing its size and its charge. The DNA molecules will travel through the gel from negative to positive in different speeds.

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PCR can be used to quickly and rapidly make millions to billions of copies of a small DNA sample. With these copies PCR can be used in modifying DNA fragments, detecting pathogens, DNA analysis, and cloning.

- Today, during the COVID-19 pandemic PCR is used as a COVID test. It generally is used due to it being decently accurate and reliable at diagnosing COVID-19.

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DNA sequencing could be used to test one gene or several genes to help diagnose medical conditions, a few examples are:
-  Targeted sequencing: sequencing of select variants or areas within a gene’s exons or full exons (coding zone). Targeted drugs work differently than standard chemotherapy and may have fewer side effects.

- Single Gene sequencing: sequencing all exons of a gene, including the non coding zones to check for the mutations of certain genes that has over 1000 mutations such as FBN1 gene

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maintains lab equipment and supplies, collecting and processing biological specimens for analysis, preparing solutions, conducting experiments, and research data collection and entry. Technicians follow safety and protocols during experiments and procedures for safe disposal of contaminants.

Median annual salary: $45,860 per year.
Entry-level education requirement : Bachelor's degree
Projected job growth: 7% from 2020-30

Biological technicians help biological and medical scientist to conduct experiments to find medical cure and explanation to biological problems

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specializes in the study of bacteria, viruses, algae, fungi, protozoa, and other microorganisms that are not visible without the use of microscopes and other advanced tools.

Median Annual Salary: $75,650 per year.
Entry-level education required: Bachelor's degree
Projected job growth: 5% for 2020-30

Microbiologists supervise complex research projects to advance scientific discovery, solve a problem, or develop a product. Perform lab experiments or oversee a team of biological technicians who manage daily lab activities.

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they conduct research and analyze results, calibrate equipment and perform validation tests, evaluate safety protocols, and train personnel on the proper use of medical equipment. They may present research findings to scientists, non-scientist colleagues, and the public.

Median Annual Salary: $91,410 per year.
Entry-level education requirement: Bachelor's degree
Projected job growth: 6% for 2020-30

Biomedical engineers develop equipment and technology that improve quality of life or help with diagnosis of disease, such as artificial transplants, prosthetic devices, and cancer detection tests.

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Gel Electrophoresis begins with loading the gel. The gel is made out of a polysaccharide called agarose. The gel allows the DNA molecules to travel within in. At one end of the electrophoresis tank there are well, where the DNA will be placed.
Once the gel has been loaded into the gel box, the DNA samples are loaded into the wells. Next the power is turned on and the fragments travel through the gel.
By the end, the fragments should now be separated by size. The fragments that traveled the farthest are the small fragments and the large fragments will remain close to the wells.
Once the fragments have been separated, the gel can be examined and compare the size of the bands. Bands is a defined line of DNA on gel. Bands contain several DNA fragments. The gel can be stained with dye and put under a UV light, indicating the DNA present along the gel. The single fragment DNA will not appear on the gel.
By utilizing a DNA ladder, we can compare the bands to determine its approximate size.

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interact with these agencies on behalf of their company, for example, by preparing reports and hosting regulatory reviews. They must stay current with changes to regulations and develop a strategy to minimize disruption to product lifecycle planning.

Median Annual Salary: $110,630 per year.
Entry-level education requirement: Bachelor's degree
Projected job growth: 6% for 2018 to 2028

The regulatory affairs manager oversees a firm’s compliance with legal and regulatory protocols established by individual state departments of health, the FDA, and international agencies.

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Gel Electrophoresis can be used to separate DNA to configure and analyze the results. Some real life scenarios where gel electrophoresis has been used is in:
Today gel electrophoresis is applied in the real world when forensics are searching for DNA fingerprints in crime scenes to narrow down and prosecute the offendor.

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They devise and run experiments, evaluate results, and assess product valuation, feasibility of production, and scalability, and identify intellectual property and patent requirements.

Median Annual Pay: $141,472 per year.
Entry-level education requirement: A master or doctorate degree
Projected job growth: 3% for 2018 to 2028

They explore an idea using methods similar to the research scientist, and second, to identify products that can be successfully brought to market.

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Recombinant DNA is the creation of an artifical DNA Strand by the use of combining separate gene sequences.

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The process of Recombinant DNA begins with the extraction of DNA from certain biological cells - a process known as an enzymatic restriction. "Fragments of interest" are created by the enzymatic restriction, which can be cloned.

DNA is then isolated and purified from RNA, proteins, and structures such as cell membranes. DNA is retrieved from the nucleus and is known as Genomic DNA. Restriction enzymes are then used to cut up specific DNA sequences in order to create a new sequence from DNA fragments.

DNA fragments are then ligated to create a recombinant plasmid DNA molecule. Restriction enzymes also help with the adhesion process within the fragments

Source

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Today, Recombinant DNA is used to create a wide variety of unique DNA that serve a wide spectrum of purposes, such as the production of human insulin, clotting factors for treating haemophilia and the human growth hormone.