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WomenBoliviaTeamCollage - iGEM team Bolivia.PNG

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Curie completed her PhD in Physics at Sorbonne University.

Marie Curie (1867-1934) received a general education in local schools and some scientific training from her father. She became involved in a students revolutionary organization and left Warsaw her hometown, then in the part of Poland dominated by Russia, for Cracow, which at that time was under Austrian rule. In 1891, she went to Paris to continue her studies at the Sorbonne.
Her achievements include the first studies on the phenomenon of radioactivity (a term she coined) techniques for the isolation of radioactive isotopes and the discovery of two elements - polonium and radium. Under her direction, the first studies on the treatment of neoplasms with radioactive isotopes were carried out. He founded the Curie Institute in Paris and Warsaw, which remain among the leading centers of medical research today. During World War I he created the first radiological centers for military use.
Together with her husband, she was awarded half of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903, for their study into the spontaneous radiation discovered by Becquerel, who was awarded the other half of the Prize. In 1911 she received a second Nobel Prize, this time in Chemistry, in recognition of her work in radioactivity.

Source:
Rockwell, S. (2003). The life and legacy of Marie Curie. The Yale journal of biology and medicine, 76(4-6), 167.
The Noble Prize (n.d) Nobel prize. Retrieved October 2021 from: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1903/marie-curie/biographical/

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Marie Curie_ iGEM Bolivia - iGEM team Bolivia

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Catalina was trained as a Medical Doctor, with a Master and a PhD in Human Genetics/Genomics. She has experience working in the academic and also the private and nonprofit sectors in 7 different countries (Colombia, France, Belgium England, Iceland, USA and Canada).

She has been working in the field of genomics in the last 20 years. The main focus of her work has been medical genomics with particular emphasis in advancing the clinical implementation of genomics in particular precision health. With her role as Chief Scientific Officer at Genome Quebec, then Genome British Columbia and now with Genome Canada, she have been also involved in advancing the use and application of genomics other economic sectors such as : forestry, agriculture, fisheries, environment, mining and animal health.

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Heather is an engineer by training, having completed her PhD in Mechanical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2015. While a graduate student, Heather developed a vision for seeing MIT-style hands-on learning environments manifest around the globe. She became active in the MIT D-Lab, where she co-founded the D-Lab: Education class, mentoring dozens of students in projects spanning four continents. Heather has lived in Ghana since 2016, where she founded and leads Practical Education Network (PEN) in the training of thousands of West African STEM teachers to deploy experiential pedagogies. In that process, she has developed partnerships with several stakeholders in the education ecosystem, infused low-cost, hands-on STEM content into the national curricula, built a budding local team, and developed models for scaling the impact. Starting in 2018, Heather also assumed a position of Lecturer at Ashesi University, where she is helping build a new engineering program to train ethical leaders for Africa’s future.

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Nadine was born and raised in The Netherlands where she did a bachelor in Life Sciences & Technology (Leiden University and Delft University of Technology) and an engineering Master in Industrial Biotechnology at Delft University of Technology. Then she moved to Paris for a PhD in synthetic biology at INSERM and the Center for Research and Interdisciplinarity (CRI). You could say her academic background is in biotechnology with a specialisation in the (metabolic) engineering of microbes for industrial applications. For her current work at GOURMEY she is learning lot about food science and stem cell biology.

She finds anything in synbio very interesting, from protein engineering and directed evolution to biomaterials and artificial cells. Although fundamental research is fascinating and very important, she tends to focus on projects that are applied. During her PhD in Paris Nadine focussed on the development of a drug screening method that allows researchers to screen for novel antibiotics to hundreds of pathogenic drug targets in a simple and inexpensive manner. The project was inspired and build on the work from the iGEM Paris Bettencourt team 2013 that they managed to turn into a useful platform technology.

At GOURMEY, they develop cultivated meat based on stem cells. They isolate the stem cells from poultry eggs and incubate them in conditions that turn them into cells of our interest. They can scale the production of the cells using bioreactors and food scientists turn the cells into the final delicious meat products.

The climate crisis, as well as the current pandemic made her realise even more that new ways to produce meat are critical in the near future. From a technology point of view, developing cultivated meat is very interesting because you need to combine knowledge and expertise from a broad variety of fields such as food science, stem cell biology and genetics. From a societal point of view, the success of these products will highly depend on regulations and the perception of the consumer. She therefore believes that cell based meat can foster valuable dialogues between science and society.

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She finished her Bachelor degree in Biological Sciences at the Simon Bolivar University - USB (Venezuela, 2000), then later she pursued a PhD in Molecular and Functional Biology, with an emphasis in Biochemistry at the Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP (Brazil, 2006).

She is passionate about the potential of the emerging bioeconomy to change the world as we know it. She also wants to help Brazil, her adoptive country to play a leadership role in this development.
She is working in the Industry since 2008 and has led and managed complex metabolic engineering and bioprocess engineering projects, leading large and multidisciplinary teams of scientists and engineers.

She is the author of 7 different patent applications on new renewable routes for petrochemical monomers. In the academic world, she is an author of 19 scientific publications and she participated as a panelist for graduate students' theses and dissertations.

She is also a firm believer in the transformational power of education. Throughout her career, she has advised several graduate and undergraduate students. Currently, she is a supporting volunteer of the iGEM Foundation acting as a judge and as a member of the WiSTEM initiative.

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Enjoy this tribute to hard-working, innovating, smart and overall wonderful women. Let us celebrate their achievements and be grateful for their discoveries.

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Photo de groupe Zoom (ladies moins personnes qui ont quitté officiellement)

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TEC_Costa_Rica-MEM - iGEM 2020 Costa Rica

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IISER-Tirupati_India - MEM - Fathima Aslaha

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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President of the Puerto Rico Agricultural Biotechnology Industry Association (PRABIA) (first woman to hold this position in eleven years); BASF's Research and Development Manager. Carryout educational message that the research and development of seeds on Puerto Rico must be at an integral and optimal level and we must protect our natural resources.Her north has been to educate and support young university students and farmers in the communities and promote the island's socioeconomic development. Committed to science, charitable/community causes. Collaborator of PR Social Action Project, iGEM-RUM, Roots and Shoots organization-Jane Goodwalls Foundation, PR Science Museum-EcoExploratorio, American Red Cross volunteer and  American Cancer Society,  active member of the community and co-founder of REINVENTADASPR movement, etc. Serves as host of the radio magazine, Manos a la Tierra. Part of scientific associations such as: delegate of the UPR in "The Council for Agriculture Research, Extension & Teaching/Association of Public and Land grant Universities - CARET / APLU", College of Agronomists of PR, where she is the 2020-22 director-elect for the Southwest District. Obtained professional coaching, Project Management, SixSigma and LEAN certifications.  Recognized by the Biotechnology Industry, UPRM-College of Agricultural Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica - CEIBA, House of Representatives, Senate of Puerto Rico, Chamber of Commerce of Puerto Rico, American Society Against Cancer, Business Center for Women in Agriculture, College of Agronomists of PR (Agronomist of the Year in 2020 and 2021- Southwest District), among others. With over 30 publications, scientific and social interest collaborations, and all the achievements, She continues to focus on the sciences and uses her exposure to help others achieve their goals and dreams.

Source: N/A

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Earle obtained her bachelor's degree in oceanography and biology in Florida State University, then a Master's degree in botany at Duke University, followed with a PhD in phycology at Duke University.

Sylvia Earle is a marine biologist, oceanographer, and American explorer. She majored in Botanics and made her doctoral research about algae in Mexico´s Gulf.
Sylvia was the first woman to lead the first all-female team of aquanauts as part of the Tektite II experiment, a research project that took place in a marine installation on the Virgin Islands in 1970. As this was a time where women were just being allowed to enter to the research fields, it was a very important event for biologists.
On 1979, she set the world untethered diving record, descending 381 meters beneath the surface of the Pacific Ocean in a JIM diving suit. She also designed the Deep Rover, an underwater vehicle capable of descending up to 914 meters under the sea.
But besides being a great researcher, Sylvia is also an incredible activist, as she collaborated with National Geographic to make books and movies about life in the ocean, and she also founded Mission blue, an organization dedicated to recognizing places in the ocean that are in danger and need to be protected, they are called “hope spots”, nowadays there are 116 of these spots in the world.
Because of all her hard work, she was also the first women to be chief scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the first female explorer in residence in the National Geographic Society.
But most importantly, Silvia´s must important achievement, was being able to share with the world the importance of taking care of our oceans.

Source:
Rafferty, J. (2021, August 26). Sylvia Earle. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sylvia-Earle.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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Her studies : Bachelor of Science degree in computer science at Kazakh National Technical University, Master's degree in Linguistics at the Saint-Petersburg State University, Master's degree in Philosophy of Science at Russian Academy of Sciences.

Alexandra was born in Almaty, Kazakhstan in 1988 and started her interests on programming since she was 12 years old. She is the creator and coder of the free access repository of scientific papers: Sci-Hub, to make research communication faster (Elbakyan, n.d.). Sci-Hub is a website that gives free access to more than 85 million research documents and that is mainly due to Alexandra’s thought about the fact that "science should be ruled by the scientist, not by the corporations” and because when she was doing her graduation project on computer programming and security, the information on papers was very expensive to access them by herself (Elbakyan & Bozkurt, 2021). Her interests revolve around neuro- and cognitive sciences and theories of knowledge and she is fluent in different programming languages, programming and coding tools, including PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Linux configuration, nginx, mysql, Delphi, Assembler and C# (Elbakyan, n.d.).

Sources:
Elbakyan, A. (n.d.). Alexandra Elbakyan Sci-Hub. https://sci-hub.se/alexandra

Elbakyan, A., & Bozkurt, A. (2021). A Critical Conversation with Alexandra Elbakyan: Is she the Pirate Queen, Robin Hood, a Scholarly Activist, or a Butterfly Flapping its Wings?. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 111-118.

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Joelle Pelletier completed her BSc in Biochemistry at Ottawa University from 1985 to 1989. She then pursued her studies with a PhD in Enzymology at McGill University in 1989-1995.

Joelle Pelletier is a professor at Université de Montreal Faculty of Arts and Science in the Department of Chemistry and holds a Canada Research Chair in Engineering of Applied Proteins. She is also co-director at PROTEO, the largest scientific network in Canada centered on the study of proteins. Pelletier is a pioneer and leader of directed enzyme evolution in Canada. Pelletier’s research seeks to accelerate the modification of proteins and enzymes for novel applications and involves the development of synthetic biology tools. These tools merge high-throughput mutagenesis and automated experimental methods with advanced computational calculations. Her transdisciplinary research has produced new enzymes for applications in health, biosensing, materials science and industrial synthesis and has provided remarkable insights into the fundamentals of protein biology, contributing to defining modern enzymology. Evolution of antibiotic resistance, generation of ‘smart’ protein libraries and mapping important motions inside proteins are prominent among her research topics; a recent focus is serological testing for COVID-19. Pelletier also holds several patents, supporting the commercialization of a portable biosensing platform at Affinité Instruments where she is co-founder and VP-Research. In 2021, she was awarded the Clara Benson award of the Canadian Society for Chemistry, recognizing her distinguished contribution to chemistry. Pelletier is passionate about mentoring and promoting young researchers, many of whom now lead the new generation of researchers.

Source:
http://proteo.ca/en/scientific-teams/joelle-pelletier/

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She received her Bachelor's degree in French and Mathematics at West Virginia State University, a Master's degree at West Virginia University, and a PhD at West Virginia State University.

Katherine Johnson made the most of limited educational opportunities for African Americans, graduating from college at age 18. She began working in aeronautics as a "computer" in 1952, and after the formation of NASA, she performed the calculations that sent astronauts into orbit in the early 1960s and to the moon in 1969. Johnson was honored with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2015 and saw her story brought to light through a book and a feature film the following year. She passed away on February 24, 2020, at the age of 101.

Source:
Ott, T. (2021, January 11). Katherine Johnson. https://www.biography.com/scientist/katherine-g-johnson#citation.

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She completed her PhD at Cochin University of Sci & Tech.(CUSAT) Cochin and Post doctoral RA at CSIR, Cochin Univ. Sci. & Tech, Cochin

Prof.G.Ambika is a Professor, Chair of Physics Department and Academic Programs Coordinator at IISER Tirupati and Secondary Principal Investigator of iGEM 2021 team from IISER Tirupati. Moreover, she's editorial board member at The European Physical Journal Special Topics and Proceedings of Royal Society A , London. She's member of various committees including Selection committee- INDO-U.S. Fellowship for Women in STEMM’ (WISTEMM), DST.

Her research interest lies in the emergent states in complex systems and the techniques to understand the emergent behavior, to predict its resilience and fragility.
Every bound system is featured with a recurrence pattern, and the patterns are found to be specific to each system. Prof Ambika along with collaborators have made significant contributions in introducing new measures in recurrence networks(RN). They developed a uniform framework for the construction and analysis of unweighted recurrence networks from time series. These are found to be potential tools in the analysis of binary stars and ECG. Another contribution from her and her collaborators is a complex system model to describe Alzheimer's disease.

Along with these, many more research such as Perturbative scheme for the renormalization group equations, Hamiltonian formulation for quadratically damped systems, Scaling relations for Lyapunov exponents and dimensions near onset of chaos,Lattice stochastic resonance in coupled map lattices,Parametric characterization of multi fractal spectra, New coupling scheme for synchronization using variable delay and reset, New scheme for amplitude death in coupled systems, New mediated attachment method for growing networks that can model real world networks, RAndom Interacting Network (RAIN) model to model interactions between complex networks, Methods to construct networks from time series or observational data and to use network-based measures to detect underlying structures and so on.

Apart from science, she's an art and literature enthusiast as an artist and writer.

Sources:
S. V. George, R. Misra, and G. Ambika, “Classification of close binary stars using recurrence networks,” Chaos 29, 113112 (2019).

Umesh Kumar Verma and G. Ambika. Amplitude chimera and chimera death induced by external agents in two-layer networks, 2020, Chaos 30, 043104; https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0002457.

G. Ambika and K. P. Harikrishnan . Methods of nonlinear time series analysis and applications: A review, 2020 In A. Mukhopadhyay, S. Sen, D. N. Basu & S. Mondal
(Eds.), Dynamics and control of energy systems (pp. 9-27). Springer. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-0536-2_2

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IISER- Tirupati_India SCI - Fathima Aslaha

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Dr. Meyer obtained her BS degree in Biology 1999, Yale University followed by a PhD in Biological Sciences (specialization in biochemistry), 2005 at Stanford University. Finally, she studied for her Post-doc in Biology, 2005-2010 at MIT.

Dr. Anne Meyer is the main faculty advisor for the University of Rochester team Bio-Spire, and she inspires us every day with her strong leadership and the depth of her biology knowledge.
Dr. Meyer is an associate professor in the U of R Department of Biology, and she has many years of experience leading iGEM teams, first at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands and now at the U of R. Last year, our school’s inaugural team won multiple awards for their endometriosis diagnostic device under her leadership, including the gold medal, best diagnostic, and the inclusivity award. In her lab, Dr. Meyer conducts synthetic biology research on microorganisms, fabricating different types of materials using new, engineered patterning approaches. Her lab works to develop innovative bacterial 3D printers that are more accessible and environmentally friendly than traditional chemical approaches. Dr. Meyer’s impressive expertise and friendly, approachable nature has made her an invaluable advisor to our team, and we all admire her as a female scientist who has made a positive impact on our lives and undergraduate careers.

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She completed her Bachelbr of science in pure mathematics at the University of Washington in 2001, and a Ph.D. in geometric analysis under the supervision of Rafe Mazzeo at Stanford University in 2006. Part of her Ph.D. studies were undertaken at the ETH Zürich. After enjoying postdoctoral positions in Montreal, Santa Barbara, and Bonn, Julie completed her Habilitiation at the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen in 2013.

While she has done an extensive amount of research (no joke, it is huge) in her field of geometric analysis (mathematics) and received several grants and awards, to say that is the only thing she has done is not even an understatement. The list of lectures, seminars, workshops, commissions of trust, supervisions and teachings is suuper long. So not only does she contribute by doing complex research, she also makes sure everyone follows along while she also raises new generations within the field. She is (obviously) intelligent, pedagogical, funny, entertaining (even with math), always smiling (except super early mornings) and in general a bliss to be around. Best example: look at the picture - she told me to use it. Oh ps. while we are on a close related subject - she has also been part of a mathematical proof that diversity is actually beneficial to groups. So freaking cool!

Sources :
Julie Rowlett website (http://www.math.chalmers.se/~rowlett/).

Julie Rowlett, 2021, Strength in diversity (https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.04054)

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Her academic career consists of a Bachelor and Master of art, in physiology at the University of Toronto, Doctor of Medicin at the University of Toronto and the University of Chicago, PhD in biochemistry at the University of Chicago.

Maud Leonora Menten (March 20, 1879 -July 17, 1960) was a biomedical and medical researcher who is known for her work on enzyme kinetics and histochemistry. She studied medicine at the University of Toronto and was among the first women in Canada to earn a medical doctorate. Because women were not allowed to do research at the time, she decided to do research in other countries, such as Germany and the United States. In Berlin (1912) she worked together with Leonor Michaelis and co-authored their paper in Biochemische Zeitschrift. They showed that the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is proportional to the amount of the enzyme-substrate complex. This relationship is known as the Michaelis-Menten equation.
She entered graduate school at the University of Chicago and obtained her PhD in 1916. From 1923-1950 she worked at the University of Pittsburgh and became Assistant Professor and then Associate Professor in the school of medicine and head of pathology at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. In 1948 at the Medical School of the University of Pittsburgh she was awarded a professorship.

Source:
Picture: By Smithsonian Institution from United States - Maud Leonora Menten (1879-1960), No restrictions, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30433812  (30.08.2021)

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She is currently a PhD student in Molecular Microbiology at the University of Groningen. After graduating cum laude from her bachelor Life Science & Technology, Rianne proceeded studying at the University of Groningen with the Top master Medical and Pharmaceutical Drug Innovation. Especially courses in the directions of immunology, infectious diseases and microbiology interested her. During her masters Rianne was part of the iGEM Groningen 2018 team ‘StyGreen’,whose goal it was to produce styrene
from used toilet paper by yeast. Rianne performed experiments in the lab as well as in the InterLab Study between iGEM teams to standardize GFP measurements. Besides the wet lab, Rianne also contributed to Human Practices and Outreach, for which the team interviewed experts and educated several school classes about science. During the iGEM season Rianne also presented the
project in a conference from the Royal Dutch Association for Microbiology and was interviewed for a newspaper article about iGEM. After a successful master program, Rianne started as a PhD student in the group of Sonja Billerbeck in
the department of Molecular Microbiology at the University of Groningen, working on yeast killer toxins. Like the iGEM project, she wants to use synthetic biology to make a more biobased, circular economy, and incorporate Human Practices and Outreach. She is still involved in iGEM by supervising the Groningen 2021 team. The love and passion Rianne has for science are contagious for science students.
She recommends everybody to participate in projects like iGEM during their scientific career. Without any hesitance Rianne is eager to answer questions and help with challenging situations in science.

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She completed her BS, MS, PhD at Cornell University. Barbara McClintock was a Cornell alumna who studied botany and genetics. Her research focused on corn and she discovered transposition. Her work is revolutionary and McClintock received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1983.

Source:
“The Nobel Prize: Women Who Changed SCIENCE: Barbara McClintock.” The Nobel Prize, www.nobelprize.org/womenwhochangedscience/stories/barbara-mcclintock.

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She completed her Bachelor´s degree in bacteriology at Cornell University and Master´s degree at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Alice Catherine Evans was born in Pennsylvania in 1881. Since she could not afford college, she began her career as a teacher. In 1909, after receiving a scholarship, she finally received her BS in bacteriology from Cornell University and was the first woman to receive a bacteriology scholarship from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where she earned her M.S. the following year.
She was the first woman scientist to hold a permanent position as a USDA bacteriologist.

During her time there, her research on a particular species of bacteria played a pivotal role in the recognition of brucellosis as a significant public health problem, and she warned that raw milk should be pasteurized to protect people from various diseases.
She never earned her Ph.D., which caused a delay in the acceptance of her research findings —male scientists and milk manufacturers found it hard to believe a woman without a degree.

But during the 1920s, scientists around the world made the same findings, and eventually, Brucella was confirmed as the disease that caused what was then known as undulant fever and Malta fever. Evans´ findings led to the pasteurization of milk in 1930. In 1928, she was elected as the first female president of the Society of American Bacteriologists. She officially retired in 1945 but continued working in the field. Following her retirement, until her death in 1975, she became a popular speaker, especially with women's groups.

Source:
Evans, A.C. (1963). Memoirs. file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/aliceevans.pdf

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She completed her Bachelors in botany in Delhi University, Masters in Biotechnology in Banasthali University and PhD in Enzyme biotechnology from IIT Delhi. Dr. Ritu Raval, associated with Manipal Academy of Higher Education for the last 11 years.  Her journey towards this position started with the undergraduate degree in Botany and Post graduation in Biotechnology . This finally culminated in the PhD award from IIT  Delhi in the field of enzyme modifications for non-aqueous solvents. The journey of creating enzymes for organic atmosphere was dire but this did not deter the high spirits. Her guide helped her get a training  with Prof. Uwe Bornscheuer from the University of Greifswald, Germany which changed the way the problem statement and their solutions were looked. She got her PhD title in 2007 and started working as a post-doc with  Prof. Prof. Lothar Elling, at RWTH Aachen, Germany. She was blessed with a daughter during her post-doc stay and had to discontinue her science passion in the lab though at home the scientific upbringing and nurturing the half walked path continued. It was with the help of her husband that she could restart her journey of science at WWU Muenster with Prof. B. Moerschbacher, a mentor who though strict taught the humane side of life. After finishing her projects at Germany , she returned to the country which was responsible for making the woman she is in 2008. She worked at Alembic pharmaceutical , Vadodara, India but found that the research temperament was a bit tampered so quit the job to finally join MAHE , Manipal where she is experimenting with herself  and science.

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She completed her Bachelor’s degree in chemistry at Pomona College in 1985, PhD in biochemistry at Harvard University in 1989. Born in Washington D.C. Doudna is best known for her contributions to the discovery of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology in 2012. Her research in CRISPR was first started aside from her main research focus on ribozymes. In 2005, she was introduced to CRISPR when assisting a colleague to better understand some repetitive genome sequences, CRISPR, found in bacterial communities. This sparked further interest in CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) as Doudna questioned whether it could be helpful in understanding RNA gene regulation and RNA interference pathways (Marino, 2004).

In 2011, at a microbiology conference, she met Emmanulle Charpentier and they agreed to collaborate to look further into CRISPR. Charpentier identified the importance of the Cas9 enzyme and soon after, the pair discovered that CRISPR RNA and tracRNA were the two RNA molecules that helped guide Cas9 to precisely snip out parts of DNA. They were able to reengineer the same mechanism for gene editing in cells from different organisms.

In 2020, Doudna and Charpentier received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. CRISPR technology allows for precise modifications to DNA while also being a faster, cheaper, and more accurate alternative to previous methods of gene editing. As a single protein that is easily reprogrammable with RNA molecules, CRISPR has become the preferred gene editing tool for modifying DNA in human cells and other organisms (Liu, 2021). This revolutionary development allows for a wide range of applications in gene targeting and genome editing.

Sources:
Cate, J. H., Gooding, A. Podell, E., Zhou, K., Golden, B., Kundrot, C., Cech, T. R., & J.A. Doudna, Science, 273 (1996), 1678–1685.

Cohen, J., 'Any idiot can do it.' Genome editor CRISPR could put mutant mice in everyone's reach', Science Magazine, 3 Nov 2016.

Liu, C. (2021, March 5). Pioneer of CRISPR Genome-editing technology, Jennifer DOUDNA, opens INAUGURAL Lemley Family LEADERSHIP lecture series. Brown Daily Herald. https://www.browndailyherald.com/2021/03/05/pioneer-crisprdoudna-opens-inaugural-lemley-lecture-series/.

Marino, M. (2004). "Biography of Jennifer A. Doudna." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101(49): 16987-16989.

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She attended Medical School at the University of Turin. Rita Levi-Montalcini, born in Turin, Italy, in 1909. She began her scientific career in danger, as a Jew in Fascist Italy. She ended it in triumph, as the neuroembryologist who co-discovered nerve growth factor. She was a prominent figure in Italian politics, and an active researcher and mentor until her death at the age of 103. She was kicked out of school, when Mussolini’s newly published 1938 Race Laws forbade any non-Aryan from having a professional or academic career. Levi-Montalcini took research matters into her own hands. She built a laboratory in her bedroom, she dissected chick embryos and studied their motor neurons. Levi-Montalcini knew that research in neuroembryology would be her path. She discovered the Nerve Growth factor (NGF) , a substance in the tumor. This discovery has given scientist a new way to study neural growth.
Having faced so many obstacles herself, Rita Levi-Montalcini spent much of the latter part of her career ensuring that other scientists have access to funds, equipment, and support.
“If I had not been discriminated against or had not suffered persecution, I would never have received the Nobel Prize.”
RITA LEVI-MONTALCINI

Source: Need to change it to APA
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini

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She did her undergraduate studies in astronomy at Vassar College, master's degree in astronomy at Cornell University
and finally Ph.D. in astronomy at Georgetown University
Her dissertation concluded that galaxies clumped together, rather than being randomly distributed through the universe, a controversial idea not pursued by others for two decades.
Vera Rubin had as a main interest the rotation and movement of galaxies or clusters of galaxies, a field of astronomy she revolutionized. Her focus was on observational astronomy and she worked with many famous scientists such as Richard Feynman, in many renounced observatories and telescopes. She positively affected other fields as well, such as the search for Dark Matter.
She faced many incidents of sexism throughout her whole career, for example her attempt to enroll in a graduate program at Princeton, from which she was barred due to her gender (Princeton would not accept women as astronomy graduate students for 27 more years). Also, many believe she deserved a Nobel Prize, but never won one possibly due to an oversight.
Throughout most of her career she was a mother as well, thus she mainly worked from home. She was described by Sandra Faber and Neta Bahcall as one of the astronomers who paved the way for other women in the field, as a "guiding light" for those who wished to have families and careers in astronomy.
Vera Rubin won multiple awards and honours in her field from important institutions and scientific societies. An area on Mars, Vera Rubin Ridge, is named after her and Asteroid "5726 Rubin" was named in her honour. Also, on 6 November 2020, a satellite named after her was launched into space.

Source: APA style needed
Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Rubin

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She obtained her PhD in ethology at University of Cambridge. Jane Goodall is an anthropologist and biologist from the United Kingdom who specializes in ethology and primatology. She is most known for her sixty-year investigation into chimp social and family life in Tanzania's Gombe Stream National Park. The Jane Goodall Institute and the Roots & Shoots youth program are both named after her.

The discovery that chimps build and utilize tools was Jane Goodall's greatest achievement. It was considered that only humans utilized tools until this discovery.
She also observed that chimps eat meat, hunt in groups, and engage in combat with other monkey species and chimp groups.

Goodall provided names to creatures, in contrast to the conventional practice of assigning numbers to species at the time. This humanization was a departure from the scientific tradition of the time, which was wary of chimp behavior being described in terms of human motivations and emotions. Her method, on the other hand, proved to be quite successful and is now frequently utilized by ethologists.

Jane Goodall is dedicated to the conservation of great apes and their habitat (the so-called Great Ape Project). Since 2002, she has served as Ambassador to the United Nations. In 2004, she was named Lady Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) during a ceremony at Buckingham Palace. Goodall received the UNESCO 60th Anniversary Medal in January 2006 for her contributions.

She also engages with the public. Films and many documentaries have been made about her and her work. There is also an orchid named after her: Dendrobium goodallianum.

Sources:
Our Story. (2020, February 5). The Jane Goodall Institute. https://www.janegoodall.org/our-story/

Wikipedia-contributors. (2021, February 6). Jane Goodall. Wikipedia. https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Goodall#cite_note-3

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She obtained her bachelor's degree in chemistry and PhD in biochemistry at Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Spain).Margarita Salas (1938-2019) was one of the most influential scientists in Spain.

Among her most important science contributions, she determined that the reading of the genetic message takes place in 5' to 3' direction. She also discovered and characterized the Φ29 DNA polymerase from bacteriophage Φ29, widely used in molecular biology for DNA amplification. In fact, this enzyme patent has been the most profitable in the history of CSIC (Spanish National Research Council).

In an interview, Margarita herself said about this enzyme: ‘The special thing about this polymerase is that once it starts working, it continues until it reaches the end of the DNA strand and is able to open the double helix as it advances. It is used for forensic and archaeological studies, sequencing of human genomes and amplifying entire genomes.’

Margarita was an outstanding and hard-working scientist, who always kept her feet on the ground. In the same interview, she was asked: 'You have always rejected the comparison made between you and Marie Curie. It has been named as the 'Madame Curie syndrome' to the thought that women must be extraordinarily bright in order to compete in a world of men'. Margarita replied: 'Yes. I think that you don't have to be a genius in order to be a good scientist. I consider myself an absolutely normal person.'

In addition to her research work, she also enjoyed science communication. In fact, she participated in numerous lectures at the University of Zaragoza, where all the members of iGEM-Unizar team study. For all these reasons, we consider Margarita Salas as one of the most inspiring Spanish woman in science.

Sources:
“My Life with Bacteriophage Ø29.” Journal of Biological Chemistry. http://www.jbc.org/content/early/2012/11/02/jbc.X112.433458.abstract (August 22, 2021). Normal.’”

https://www.agenciasinc.es/Entrevistas/No-hace-falta-ser-un-genio-para-ser-buena-cientifica-yo-soy-una-persona-normal (August 22, 2021).
Salas, Margarita, and Margarita Salas. 2012.

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She obtained her PhD in plant molecular biology at the University of Turku, Finland. "Aro has published over 350 peer reviewed scientific papers, mostly on biophysics, biochemistry and molecular biology of the photosynthetic apparatus, and how the function of the photosynthetic apparatus guides plant acclimation to environmental changes. More recently, her research interests have extended to applied bioenergy research and synthetic biology approaches, in applying photosynthetic principles towards production of sustainable fuels and chemicals in cyanobacteria cell factories. She received the honorary title of Academician of Science in 2017 and was awarded as Commander First Class of the Order of the Lion of Finland in 2019." (Source in text citation)

Source:
Eva-Mari Aro. Turun yliopisto. (n.d.). https://www.utu.fi/en/people/eva-mari-aro.

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San Juan Bautista Tuxtepec, Oaxaca, Mexico

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Eva Ramón Gallegos obtained her Bachelor's degree in Pharmaceutical Biological Chemistry, Master's degree in Sciences in Cytopathology, PhD in Chemobiological Sciences. She is a mexican scientist, professor and researcher at the National School of Biological Sciences of the National Polytechnic Institute. Her field of specialty is in biomedical sciences and nanobiotechnology, she has dedicated herself to the study of an effective method to eradicate the Human Papilloma Virus. With molecular studies, it verified the elimination of 100 percent of the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), focused on the uterine cervix of 29 women from Mexico City, treated with photodynamic therapy, a non-invasive technique which can be an effective method for prevent this neoplasm, which is the second cause of death in Mexican women.

Sources:
Instituto Politécnico Nacional. (2019, february 3). Elimina IPN cien por ciento virus del papiloma humano. https://www.ipn.mx/imageninstitucional/comunicados/ver-comunicado.html?y=2019&n=31

Eva Ramón Gallegos. (2020, march 31). In Wikipedia. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Ram%C3%B3n_Gallegos

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Submission by iGEM Sorbonne University and iGEM UM_Macau

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She's got a PhD degree from Sorbonne University in microbiology. Emmanuelle Charpentier, won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry alongside Jennifer Doudna for their work on CRISPR-Cas9, creating a new tool for genome editing. It was the first time two women won a Nobel together without any men nominated with them.

Emmanuelle Marie Charpentier is a French professor and researcher in microbiology, genetics, and biochemistry. Since 2015, she has been a Director at the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology in Berlin. In 2018, she founded an independent research institute, the Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens. In 2020, Charpentier and American biochemist Jennifer Doudna of the University of California, Berkeley, were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for the development of a method for genome editing" (through CRISPR). This was the first science Nobel ever won by two women alone.

Source:
About Emmanuelle Charpentier. (s. d.). Max Plank Unit for the science of pathogens (https://www.mpusp.mpg.de/16153/about-emmanuelle-charpentier)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier

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Lone Gram obtained her Bachelor's and Master's degree in Food Science at The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University Denmark (cand. brom.), PhD in Microbiology at The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University Denmark. She is particularly interested in microbial secondary metabolites; their natural functions and biotechnological application. She wants to control bacteria that cause disease in man or fish and studies novel principles and compounds that can control pathogenic bacteria. Lone and her group are course responsible for courses at DTU and several project students are affiliated with the group. Also, the group has an extensive international network.

Sources:
DTU (2021). Lone Gram. https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/persons/lone-gram.

Petersen, R. R. (2021, March 31). Lone Gram | Royal Academy. FLERE HUNDREDE ÅR MED FORSKERBLOD I ÅRERNE. https://www.royalacademy.dk/da/Aktuelt/Lone-Gram

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Submission by KCL iGEM - Renervate Therapeutics 

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She obtained a B.S.E. in Electrical Engineering at University of Michigan; MSc and PhD at Massachusetts Institute of Technology on Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences.Katherine led the development of an algorithm for imaging black holes, known as Continuous High-resolution Image Reconstruction using Patch priors (CHIRP), and was a member of the Event Horizon Telescope team that captured the first image of a black hole.

Sources:
Katie Bouman aka Katherine L. Bouman. (2021). Retrieved 20 August 2021, from http://users.cms.caltech.edu/~klbouman/

Katie Bouman: the 29-year-old whose work led to first black hole photo. (2021). Retrieved 20 August 2021, from https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/apr/11/katie-bouman-black-hole-photo

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She obtained her PhD in Biochemistry in József Attila University. Dr. Kati Kariko is well known for her work based on messenger RNA (mRNA). She worked on several experiments such as inserting mRNA into cells so that they could synthesize new proteins. Her work eventually led to the creation of the mRNA vaccines created by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna.

Source:
Kolata, G. (2021, April 8). Kati Kariko Helped shield the world from THE CORONAVIRUS. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/08/health/coronavirus-mrna-kariko.html.

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 Submission by iGEM NAWI Graz and iGEM Brno_Czech_Republic

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Gerty Cori was born in 1896. She studied Medicine at Karl-Ferdinands-Universität in Prague. After some years of working as a doctor, she decided to do research in the field of glucose metabolism together with her husband. Although they have been working as a team, only her husband had a career. In 1947 she got her first professorship and won the Nobel prize in physiology or medicine for discovering and describing the Cori-Cycle.

From team iGEM NAWI Graz:
She never gave up her love for research, although there were some critical voices, that she would slow down the work of her husband. That's what inspires us, the female members of iGEM NAWI Graz.

From team iGEM Brno_Czech_Republic:
Gerty Cori was an Austro-Hungarian-American biochemist who in 1947 was the third woman to win a Nobel Prize in science for the discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen. She was born in Prague in 1896 and became who she was, thanks to her uncle, a professor of paediatrics, who supported her interests in math and science. In 1914, despite the significant disadvantage that Latin, mathematics, physics, and chemistry were not taught in girls' schools, she was admitted to medical school in Prague, which was an unusual achievement for women at that time. She found there her passion for biochemistry and her future husband Carl Cori. They became an inseparable duo in research. Later after finishing school, they moved to the USA due to Gerty’s Jewish ancestry and the rise of anti-Semitism in Europe. Here they published dozens of important papers and discovered what later won them the Nobel Prize. They researched carbohydrate metabolism and uncovered the processes behind cellular energy storage. They found out how glycogen is broken down to glucose-1-phosphate and how livers and muscles cooperate in metabolic pathway later referred to as the Cori cycle. These findings pushed the entire field of biochemistry forward and also laid the necessary foundations for future research into the treatment of diabetes

Sources:
Gerty Cori. (2016, August 16). FemBio. https://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/gerty-cori/

Wikimedia Foundation. (2021, September 9). Gerty Cori. Wikipedia. Retrieved September 16, 2021, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerty_Cori.

The Nobel prize: Women who changed SCIENCE: Gerty Cori. The official website of the Nobel Prize - NobelPrize.org. (n.d.). Retrieved September 16, 2021, from https://www.nobelprize.org/womenwhochangedscience/stories/gerty-cori.

Picture of scientist: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Gerty_Theresa_Cori.jpg