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www.jstor.org/stable/40173205
English education for students is about communication and our thought process.

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The Lord of the Rings is one novel made up of three volumes. It is about a hobbit who had to get rid of a possessed ring that is attractive to a lot of people, often called, "precious."

(J.R.R. Tolkien, 2012, books.google.com)
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=yl4dILkcqm4C&oi=fnd&pg=PT5&dq=The+lord+of+the+Rings&ots=cnbjlpGVtG&sig=HKew8_xR5nqeOBCX-SjqWmHyeDs

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One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them, One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them

In ancient times the Rings of Power were crafted by the Elven-smiths, and Sauron, the Dark Lord, forged the One Ring, filling it with his own power so that he could rule all others. But the One Ring was taken from him, and though he sought it throughout Middle-earth, it remained lost to him. After many ages it fell by chance into the hands of the hobbit Bilbo Baggins.

From Sauron's fastness in the Dark Tower of Mordor, his power spread far and wide. Sauron gathered all the Great Rings to him, but always he searched for the One Ring that would complete his dominion.

When Bilbo reached his eleventy-first birthday he disappeared, bequeathing to his young cousin Frodo the Ruling Ring and a perilous quest: to journey across Middle-earth, deep into the shadow of the Dark Lord, and destroy the Ring by casting it into the Cracks of Doom.

The Lord of the Rings tells of the great quest undertaken by Frodo and the Fellowship of the Ring: Gandalf the Wizard; the hobbits Merry, Pippin, and Sam; Gimli the Dwarf; Legolas the Elf; Boromir of Gondor; and a tall, mysterious stranger called Strider.

This new edition includes the fiftieth-anniversary fully corrected text setting and, for the first time, an extensive new index.

J.R.R. Tolkien (1892-1973), beloved throughout the world as the creator of The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and The Silmarillion, was a professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford, a fellow of Pembroke College, and a fellow of Merton College until his retirement in 1959. His chief interest was the linguistic aspects of the early English written tradition, but while he studied classic works of the past, he was creating a set of his own.

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A PBS Great American Read Top 100 Pick One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them, One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them In ancient times the Rings of Power were crafted by the Elven-smiths, and Sauron, the Dark Lord, forged the One Ring, filling it with his own power so that he could rule all others.

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https://go.gale.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=T003&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=SingleTab&hitCount=38&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=2&docId=GALE%7CCX3611000548&docType=Topic+overview&sort=Relevance&contentSegment=&prodId=GVRL&pageNum=1&contentSet=GALE%7CCX3611000548&searchId=R1&userGroupName=brid0484&inPS=true

Migrant working, overlooked by the economic and labor system.

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This is a summary of The Raven by Edger Allen Poe. Obviously for english.

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NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER * Maya Angelou's classic memoirs have had an enduring impact on American literature and culture. Her life story is told in the documentary film And Still I Rise, as seen on PBS's American Masters.

This Modern Library edition contains I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Gather Together in My Name, Singin' and Swingin' and Gettin' Merry Like Christmas, The Heart of a Woman, All God's Children Need Traveling Shoes, and A Song Flung Up to Heaven.

When I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings was published to widespread acclaim in 1969, Maya Angelou garnered the attention of an international audience with the triumphs and tragedies of her childhood in the American South. This soul-baring memoir launched a six-book epic spanning the sweep of the author's incredible life. Now, for the first time, all six celebrated and bestselling autobiographies are available in this handsome one-volume edition.

Dedicated fans and newcomers alike can follow the continually absorbing chronicle of Angelou's life: her formative childhood in Stamps, Arkansas; the birth of her son, Guy, at the end of World War II; her adventures traveling abroad with the famed cast of Porgy and Bess; her experience living in a black expatriate "colony" in Ghana; her intense involvement with the civil rights movement, including her association with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm X; and, finally, the beginning of her writing career.

The Collected Autobiographies of Maya Angelou traces the best and worst of the American experience in an achingly personal way. Angelou has chronicled her remarkable journey and inspired people of every generation and nationality to embrace life with commitment and passion.

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The Collected Autobiographies of Maya Angelou

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NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER * Maya Angelou's classic memoirs have had an enduring impact on American literature and culture. Her life story is told in the documentary film And Still I Rise, as seen on PBS's American Masters.This Modern Library edition contains I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Gather Together in My Name, Singin' and Swingin' and Gettin' Merry Like Christmas, The Heart of a Woman, All God's Children Need Traveling Shoes, and A Song Flung Up to Heaven.

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The potatos is a starchy tuber of the plant and is a root vegetable native to the Americas

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https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/deakinreview/index.php/deakinreview/article/view/25880

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Abstract

Telgemeier, Raina. Sisters. New York: Scholastic, 2014. Print.

In this graphic novel, Telgemeier tells the story of two sisters - namely herself, Raina, and her sister, Amara. Raina dreams of the day she will become a big sister but, when that day arrives, it is nothing like she imagined. Her younger sister likes to play by herself, is always cranky and does not want much interaction with anybody, including the long-lost cousins they visit. We watch as the family grows bigger in an apartment that seems to shrink. Tight quarters do not help the relationship between Raina and Amara especially when each girl wants her own privacy. In a story told over a long family road trip mixed in with memories from the past, Raina comes to see maybe having a sister, even one who is different than she expected, is maybe not so bad after all.

Telgemeier's drawing will delight readers with her characteristic colourful pictures that are easy to absorb and understand. Young readers will know when the author is in the present tense and when she is relating a story in the past as the colours of the pages turn a time-worn yellow. This makes the jumping back and forth in time a smooth transition for readers. In a story that is relatable about siblings, family life and growing up, young readers will find her humour funny and timely. This book is a must-have for every school and public library.

Highly recommended: 4 out of 4 stars
Reviewer: Shawna Manchakowsky

Shawna Manchakowsky recently completed her MLIS at the University of Alberta. When she is not working at Rutherford Library as a Public Service Assistant, she can be found with her husband parenting her two young girls; avoiding any kind of cooking; and reading for her two book clubs. In between book club titles, she tries to read as much teen fiction as she can get away with.

Author Biography

Shawna Manchakowsky

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Telgemeier, Raina. Sisters. New York: Scholastic, 2014. Print. In this graphic novel, Telgemeier tells the story of two sisters - namely herself, Raina, and her sister, Amara. Raina dreams of the day she will become a big sister but, when that day arrives, it is nothing like she imagined.

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This is about makeup, and the techniques that make it easier.

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For decades, Milady has been known as the premier source for beauty and wellness education. Now we have taken that reputation one step further with the brand-new Milady Standard Makeup. This cutting-edge addition to the Milady Standard offerings is aimed at anyone and everyone with a passion and desire for becoming a makeup artist or working in the world of makeup. Milady Standard Makeup is a full-color text, packed with more than 800 photos and illustrations, covering everything from anatomy and physiology to color theory, product types and tools. Step-by-step procedures lead the reader through various looks including bridal, prom, and high-fashion applications. Readers will also learn how to create natural looks and deal with particular skin types such as mature and acne-prone skin. Milady Standard Makeup is destined to establish itself as the foundational textbook in its field, essential for every makeup artist with an eye towards success in this rapidly expanding and dynamic industry.
Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version.

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For decades, Milady has been known as the premier source for beauty and wellness education. Now we have taken that reputation one step further with the brand-new Milady Standard Makeup. This cutting-edge addition to the Milady Standard offerings is aimed at anyone and everyone with a passion and desire for becoming a makeup artist or working in the world of makeup.

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https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1746847713519386

This has some details from dragon ball.

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The aim of this article is to show the relationship between Japanese folktales and Japanese anime as a genre, especially how the intertextuality with traditional tales and myth subvert its conventional use. To meet this goal, the author examines Toriyama's successful Dragon Ball series, which has enjoyed continued popularity right from its first publication in the 1980s. The article analyses the parallelism between Dragon Ball and a classic Chinese novel, Journey to the West, its main source. However, there are many other references present in Dragon Ball that are connected to religion and folktales. The author illustrates this relationship with examples taken from the anime that correspond to traditional Japanese folklore but that are used with a subversive goal, which makes a rich source for analysis and for literary education.

References

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Ellis, B (2009) Folklore and gender inversion in Cardcaptor Sakura. In: West, M (ed.) The Japanification of Children's Popular Culture: From Godzilla to Miyazaki. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.
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Kawasaki, Y (2006) Metamorphosis or metaphor? Cultural representations of animals and human transformations in Western fairytales and Japanese folktales. MA dissertation. Roehampton: Roehampton University.
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Miller, A (1987) Of weavers and birds: Structure and symbol in Japanese myth and folktale. History of Religions 26(3): 309-327.
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Mínguez-López, X (2012) Subversión e intertextualidad en la saga Shrek (Subversion and intertextuality in the Shrek saga). Didáctica: Lengua y Literatura 24: 249-262.
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Moist, KM, Bartholow, M (2007) When pigs fly: Anime, auteurism, and Miyazaki's Porco Rosso. animation: an interdisciplinary journal 2(1): 27-42.
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Montosi, A (2009) Dragon Ball: Evoluzione di un anime. Available at http://www.fantascienza.com/magazine/rubriche/12272/2/ ().
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Okuhara, R (2000) 'Deja lu or deja entendu'? Comparing a Japanese fairy tale with European tales. The Lion and the Unicorn 24: 188-200.
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Okuhara, R (2009) The censorship of Japanese animé in America: Do American children need to be protected from Dragon Ball? In: West, M (ed.) The Japanification of Children's Popular Culture: From Godzilla to Miyazaki. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.
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Yasumaro, O (1981) The Kojiki: Records of Ancient Matters, trans. Chamberlain, BH . Boston, MA: Tuttle.
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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Folktales and Other References in Toriyama's Dragon Ball - Xavier Mínguez-López, 2014

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The aim of this article is to show the relationship between Japanese folktales and Japanese anime as a genre, especially how the intertextuality with traditional tales and myth subvert its conventional use. To meet this goal, the author examines Toriyama's successful Dragon Ball series, which has enjoyed continued popularity right from its first publication in the 1980s.

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this is an article about how they drew expression in the manga dragon ball z

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A line study on movement expression in Dragonball of Toriyama Akira

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20세기 초 미래주의 화가 중 일부는 2차원 그림에 '속도감'과 '역동성'을 표현하고자 시도하였다. 그림 속 이미지가 움직이는 것처럼 보이도록 하기 위한 속도감과 역동성의 표현은 다양한 시각적 기호로 발전하였다. 이러한 움직임을 나타내는 시각적 기호는 만화에서 중요한 운동표현의 선으로 정착하였다. 세계적으로 인기를 얻은 토리야마 아키라의 은 속도감과 역동성이 강조되어 있는 액션장르의 만화로써, 운동표현에 관한 선을 연구하기에 좋은 작품이다.

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He make scary/ weird books.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=jcVEAAAAYAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=edgar+allan+poe&ots=r9TOkkPXM6&sig=QP92_bc7otzuJI4tUS5BmXyfJjE#v=onepage&q=edgar%20allan%20poe&f=false

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https://journals.lww.com/jonmd/Citation/1935/08000/Edgar_Allan_Poe__A_Critical_Biography.65.aspx

A website that shows pages from a book about Edgar Allan Poe's life.

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https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1471-5740.2003.00083.x
this is about the steps culinary arts students have to follow.

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This is about grammer.

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English Grammar for Today: A New Introduction - Geoffrey Leech, Robert Hoogenraad, David Birch, David Birch, 1984

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If you have access to a journal via a society or association membership, please browse to your society journal, select an article to view, and follow the instructions in this box.

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Something about the engineering of micro products. Obviously for my program.

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Abstract

The paper addresses the questions of how micro products are designed and how they are manufactured. Definitions of micro products and micro engineering are discussed and the presentation is aimed at describing typical issues, possibilities and tools regarding design of micro products. The implications of the decisions in the design phase on the subsequent manufacturing processes are considered vital. Finally, manufacturing and assembly of micro products as well as the philosophy of micro factories are presented and discussed.

View full text

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The paper addresses the questions of how micro products are designed and how they are manufactured. Definitions of micro products and micro engineering are discussed and the presentation is aimed at describing typical issues, possibilities and tools regarding design of micro products.

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https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0305-4624/15/2/I05/pdf

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Costumer Services and Preferred Tips for Cosmetology

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Costumer Services and Preferred Tips for Cosmetology

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https://academicjournals.org/journal/AJBM/article-abstract/54DD03322927

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Abstract

Many literatures studied the effects of attractiveness of advertising stars or models to consumers. However, few studied attractiveness of hair stylists. Attractiveness is common in marketing researches, along with genders and ages. Businesses can provide customized service to particular customers according to the information. This study aims to discover effects of stylist attractiveness to perceived service quality of customers with varying genders and ages under proper or improper service circumstances. This study uses questionnaires to test subjects with different demographic variables. Totally 470 effective samples are recovered. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to analyze the data. Results showed that attractive stylists lead to higher perceived service quality whether a proper or improper service was provided. Meanwhile, genders and ages of customers receive different impacts from stylist attractiveness to perceived service quality. The results have reference value to service industry, cosmetology industry or businesses with similar service circumstances.

Key words: Stylist, physical attractiveness, perceived service quality, cosmetology industry.

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Academic Journals - African Journal of Business Management - effect of physical attractiveness and customer perceived service quality in the cosmetology industry

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Many literatures studied the effects of attractiveness of advertising stars or models to consumers. However, few studied attractiveness of hair stylists. Attractiveness is common in marketing researches, along with genders and ages. Businesses can provide customized service to particular customers according to the information.

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Construction Managers https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX4020600053/GVRL?u=brid0484&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=d6c686a7
Its about construction managers and what they do

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Document controls

Main content

NATURE OF THE WORK

A construction manager coordinates a construction project, whether it is a small home or a building in a hospital complex. The manager may plan the overall project schedule, set and maintain its budget, and hire and supervise subcontractors. On large projects, the manager may perform these tasks for a specific stage, such as site preparation. Depending on the tasks undertaken, the project's size, and how involved a construction manager is in the hands-on work, this person may be referred to as a construction superintendent or supervisor, a project engineer or manager, or a general contractor; alternatively, a construction manager may oversee other workers with these titles.

Regardless of the title, in the construction industry the concern of job seekers is not so much what the job entails as where to find the work. A construction manager needs a project to manage, and many have found it difficult to maintain positions in recent years. But as construction companies scale back their workforce, those with varied skills and specialized training, particularly in green construction practices, are finding and keeping jobs.

"Some skeptics are saying that economically things are challenged so nobody wants to do green building. But I haven't seen that to be the case," said Yancy Wright, director of Sellen Sustainability in Seattle, a wholly owned subsidiary of one of Washington State's largest general contractors, Sellen Construction. Numbers released at the Greenbuild conference in Toronto in October 2011 back up that statement: 35 percent of design and construction jobs are reportedly green, and McGraw-Hill Construction expects that share to increase 10 percent by 2014.

As its name indicates, the Sellen consulting firm focuses on sustainable building, not only for the construction company's clients but throughout the industry, providing training to various tradespeople and contractors. Sellen Sustainability teaches best management practices to workers at all levels. The courses enhance classroom discussions on climate change and global warming with green jobsite tours led by site managers so that the students can apply what they have learned to their own jobsites. Wright said the goals are to make the unemployed more marketable and to help the employed advance in the field. "It's not creating a new workforce; it's integrating sustainable thinking into our existing workforce," he said.

AT A GLANCE FACT BOX

Preferred Education: Work experience or a bachelor's degree

Average Salary: US$50,240 to US$150,250

Other Information: Construction managers trained in green building practices are in demand. McGraw-Hill Construction reports 35 percent of design and construction jobs in 2011 are reportedly green, which should increase to 45 percent by 2014.

Although more readily accepted in some urban environments, such thoughts are not the sole purview of large firms in large cities. Everyone on a jobsite must be aware of environmentally sensitive areas of the site, practices that ensure an energy-efficient structure, and waste reduction

efforts. Throughout the country, construction managers are training themselves and/or employees in green practices.

"I keep sending my guys to training so they understand the why of what we're doing, and that really helps them figure out the hows," said Len Ford, president and owner of Ford Construction in Kalispell, Montana, for nearly 25 years.

"The first quarter of this business is really conserving energy with a better envelope," he said, adding that collecting and generating energy does not have nearly the return of energy conservation. "I think probably 80 percent of our home building improvement effort ought to focus on energy. Maybe 15 percent goes into improving water consumption. And maybe 5 percent of what we talk about is where the lumber's coming from."

Early involvement in a project by the construction manager is crucial in green construction. Green projects often must be approached holistically, integrating changes in various trades, and these changes need to be made in the design stage and then overseen by the construction manager throughout the project. For example, heating and cooling are primary ongoing costs of a dwelling, second only to property taxes. Therefore, using more energy-efficient siding and windows requires changes in ventilation to ensure little moisture and high air quality. These changes in turn affect the work of roofers, insulators, plumbers, and many other subcontractors on the project, and a construction manager must keep this in mind and guide the subcontractors to effectively accomplish the construction's goals.

WORKING CONDITIONS

Most construction managers are either based out of a permanent company office or a field office for a particular project but spend much of their time on the jobsite. Some projects, typically residential, may involve a 40-hour workweek with occasional overtime. Large commercial projects with multiple managers may require workers around the clock. Regardless, most construction managers are, at least unofficially, on call at all times and may need to alter their schedule if materials are delayed or weather prevents progress.

Managers must take care while on jobsites because they often move among groups of workers and may not be fully aware of their surroundings. The construction industry has a high rate of fatalities, more than any other industry in 2010, and supervisors of construction and extraction workers average a higher number of injuries than all trade workers except construction laborers.

EMPLOYMENT

As of May 2010, there were more than 191,400 construction managers in the United States according to the U.S. Department of Labor. Texas and California hold the most jobs, followed by Florida and New York.

Most construction managers are self-employed, hired by contractors on a project-by-project basis. They mainly work in nonresidential construction, often employed by large construction companies or trade subcontractors such as electrical contractors. Some of the others manage primarily residential projects. Those who run their own construction business may use on-site superintendents to oversee individual projects. These superintendents may also be full-time managers or may split their time between managing and building.

TRAINING, OTHER QUALIFICATIONS, AND ADVANCEMENT

Construction managers often have years of experience in the industry. They may have worked in a range of positions on jobsites, learning about subcontractor jobs firsthand. Although some earn the job strictly through work experience, many prospective managers now attain a degree. Although business management and engineering were once the closest degrees to the construction management job, many universities now offer specialized programs in construction management, science, or technology.

These degrees are mainly beyond the undergraduate level. As master's degrees become more common among today's job applicants in all fields, some universities offer construction-focused coursework at this higher level. One such school is the University of Texas at El Paso. Its civil engineering department began offering a master of science in construction management in 2011, adding to a certificate program in construction management they had been offering for three years. Open to students who hold an undergraduate degree in a field such as engineering, architecture, or business, the program focuses on management skills, estimating costs and schedules, and law and safety issues. Electives relate to finance or engineering, such as environmental or wastewater engineering. The program has an internship requirement, and like most master's programs tends to place students with large construction or construction management companies that are likely to offer permanent positions upon graduation. The program is already popular; the university estimated enrollment of 30 students in the program's first semester and 80 students are anticipated by 2014.

Another increasingly important form of education for construction managers, particularly those working on green projects, is certification. As the green construction industry has grown, organizations have created standards that certify buildings according to their level of sustainability. They also offer accreditation to the professionals who construct them. The U.S.

Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program offers green associate and accredited professional certifications to construction managers and other professionals in the industry. The National Center for Construction Education and Research also offers continuing education in sustainable construction management. Although such certifications are not necessary, they attest to a construction manager's knowledge of and commitment to sustainable building practices. They can also aid advancement to larger, greener projects and companies.

Construction managers are multitaskers, particularly those who manage and produce. Schedules for many projects are fast, particularly when delays make deadlines tight. Decisions often must be quick and clear, and managers need to prioritize problems and come up with solutions on demand. They must work and communicate well with a range of clients, employers, suppliers, and subcontractors to ensure a smooth flow of materials and work. Spanish speakers are increasingly in demand in many parts of the country.

JOB OUTLOOK

The downturn in the U.S. economy and particularly the real estate industry in recent years has drained the construction industry. States such as Nevada, Arizona, Florida, and California saw large construction job losses from May 2004 to May 2010 according to the Department of Labor. Wyoming and North Dakota, however, saw construction employment boosts and wage increases beginning in May 2006, primarily caused by an oil boom. First-line supervisors had the largest absolute increase in jobs in these states.

However, such job growth brings environmental concerns. Much of the speedy construction on housing for workers in oil and natural gas fields runs counter to green building practices, and some people are worried about the larger environmental impacts of developing such fields and their effects on air and water quality. If the industry recovers as predicted and the need for construction managers nationwide rises, those focused on green development may find more opportunity in green construction hubs such as the Pacific Northwest.

In all regions, renovation rather than new construction is a likely area for potential job growth. Construction managers experienced in remodels and upgrades will likely be in increasing demand if they also bring knowledge of ways to improve the energy efficiency of older structures for today's world.

"The existing stock of housing and commercial buildings that are out there all need help and are in the built environment now," said Ford Construction's owner. "Considering the economy we have now and for the near-term future, there's a lot more gains to be made by renovating for energy efficiency than building new."

Construction managers who act as first-line supervisors are among the highest-paid employees in the industry, earning US$94,240 on average with a range of less than US$50,240 to more than US$150,250 annually, according to the U.S. Department of Labor. The 2011 entry-level salary for construction science and management majors was US$50,670 per year, reported the National Association of Colleges and Employers. Specialists in non-residential construction, such as hotels and lodges, computer facilities, landfills, and oil and gas extraction, tend to be among the highest-paid. Those working on either coast in any specialization also tend to make more than construction managers in the interior United States.

RELATED OCCUPATIONS

Many construction managers come from a background in a construction trade, such as carpenter or electrician. Other jobs offer relevant skills:

Architects

Construction and building inspectors

Engineering managers

Engineers

Landscape architects

Natural sciences managers

SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

FURTHER READING

Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. "11-9021 Construction Managers." In Occupational Employment Statistics: Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2010, last modified May 17, 2011. Accessed February 16, 2012. http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes119021.htm .

College of Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso. New Master's Program in Construction Management.

Ford, Len (president and owner, Ford Construction) in discussion with the author, February 2012.

PR Newswire. "Greenbuild: Growing Green Building Market Supports 661,000 Green Jobs in the U.S." October 4, 2011. Accessed February 16, 2012. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/greenbuild-growing-green-building-market-supports-661000-green-jobs-in-the-us--a-third-of-the-design-and-construction-workforce--according-to-new-mcgraw-hill-construction-study-e131093378.html.

Wright, Yancy (director, Sellen Sustainability) in discussion with the author, February 2012.

Source Citation

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A construction manager coordinates a construction project, whether it is a small home or a building in a hospital complex. The manager may plan the overall project schedule, set and maintain its budget, and hire and supervise subcontractors. On large projects, the manager may perform these tasks for a specific stage, such as site preparation.

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https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15256480.2016.1226153
this is about the creativity about culinary and about the industry.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Meaning of Applied Creativity in the Culinary Industry

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ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to present a study which explores the origin of applied creativity in the culinary industry, in Taiwan. A total of 36 Chinese and Western cuisine chefs from five-star hotels and top restaurants were interviewed to provide the data from this study.

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What´s cooking in English culinary texts? Insights from genre corpora for cookbook and menu writers and translators

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What´s cooking in English culinary texts? Insights from genre corpora for cookbook and menu writers and translators

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History of Culinary arts in America

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https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0198030

A website that gives information about flavoring food.

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N. K. Rakhi,

Rudraksh Tuwani,

Jagriti Mukherjee,

Ganesh Bagler

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Abstract

Spices and herbs are key dietary ingredients used across cultures worldwide. Beyond their use as flavoring and coloring agents, the popularity of these aromatic plant products in culinary preparations has been attributed to their antimicrobial properties. Last few decades have witnessed an exponential growth of biomedical literature investigating the impact of spices and herbs on health, presenting an opportunity to mine for patterns from empirical evidence. Systematic investigation of empirical evidence to enumerate the health consequences of culinary herbs and spices can provide valuable insights into their therapeutic utility. We implemented a text mining protocol to assess the health impact of spices by assimilating, both, their positive and negative effects. We conclude that spices show broad-spectrum benevolence across a range of disease categories in contrast to negative effects that are comparatively narrow-spectrum. We also implement a strategy for disease-specific culinary recommendations of spices based on their therapeutic tradeoff against adverse effects. Further by integrating spice-phytochemical-disease associations, we identify bioactive spice phytochemicals potentially involved in their therapeutic effects. Our study provides a systems perspective on health effects of culinary spices and herbs with applications for dietary recommendations as well as identification of phytochemicals potentially involved in underlying molecular mechanisms.

Citation: Rakhi NK, Tuwani R, Mukherjee J, Bagler G (2018) Data-driven analysis of biomedical literature suggests broad-spectrum benefits of culinary herbs and spices. PLoS ONE 13(5): e0198030. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198030

Editor: Mahesh Narayan, The University of Texas at El Paso, UNITED STATES

Received: January 22, 2018; Accepted: May 11, 2018; Published: May 29, 2018

Copyright: © 2018 Rakhi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

Funding: This work was supported by a senior research fellowship from the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India and Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur to NKR. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Introduction

Culinary practices across cultures around the world have evolved to incorporate spices and herbs in them. The potential utility of these aromatic plant products in recipes has received a lot of attention leading to multiple rationales for their wide-spread use in food preparations [ 1, 2]. Apart from their use as flavoring agents, spices have been suggested to be of value for their ability to inhibit or kill food-spoilage microorganisms [ 2]. Beyond their antimicrobial properties, the diverse therapeutic values of spices have been highlighted through in vivo and in vitro studies. Spices have been reported to possess therapeutic potential for their hypolipidemic [ 3], anti-diabetic [ 4], anti-lithogenic [ 5], antioxidant [ 6], anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic [ 7] activity.

Scientific investigations into the health effects of spices have resulted in a large body of biomedical literature mentioning their direct or indirect connections to health and diseases. With focus on a specific spice/herb, such studies have discussed their health consequences to report heterogeneous results. While some of the surveys have attempted to collate and summarize this knowledge [ 3, 6, 8], a comprehensive picture of health impacts of culinary herbs and spices based on empirical evidence still evades us. Data from MEDLINE suggests an exponential increase in scientific reports associating culinary spices and herbs with diseases since 1990's. Given their importance in food preparations, it is imperative to systematically investigate these empirical data to investigate health consequences of culinary herbs and spices.

Beyond their culinary use, traditional medicinal systems have also advocated the role of spices as therapeutic agents [ 8, 9]. Apart from obtaining a coherent picture of the impact of these exceptional culinary ingredients on health, it would also be of value to probe the molecular mechanisms behind their action which remain largely unknown. A framework that integrates data on spice-disease associations and their phytochemicals to explore their underlying connections will help unravel molecular mechanisms behind the health impact of culinary spices and herbs ( Fig 1). Towards this end, we set out to find associations between spices and diseases from biomedical abstracts available from MEDLINE using a text mining approach.

Starting with compilation of an exhaustive dictionary of culinary spices and herbs, towards identification of spice-disease associations, one thread of investigation involved implementation of a computational protocol for text mining of biomedical literature including named entity recognition of herbs/spices as well as diseases, pre-processing, extraction of candidate sentences, manual annotations followed by predictions of associations with a machine learning based model. The other thread involved identification of bioactive spice phytochemicals and linking them to diseases. By integrating tripartite information of spices-phytochemicals-diseases, this study establishes the broad-spectrum benevolence of spices, suggests ways for their disease-specific culinary recommendations and probes potential molecular mechanisms underlying their therapeutic properties. Thus it provides a systems perspective to health effects of spices with potential culinary and medicinal applications.

One of the earliest attempts in linking diet and diseases from literature was by Swanson who suggested the utility of dietary fish oil for the treatment of Reynaud's syndrome from indirect associations manually inferred from literature survey [ 10]. Biomedical literature has expanded by many folds since this pilot study making it impossible to manually concatenate the information available from research articles to infer relationships between different entities or to formulate a hypothesis. Computational approaches to text mining and natural language processing are potent tools in this pursuit [ 11] and many studies in recent years have contributed to efforts in this direction [ 12- 15]. NutriChem [ 15, 16] database relates plant-based foods, their phytochemicals, and diseases by using a text mining approach. HerDing [ 17] is another resource which links herbs to diseases by indirectly connecting constituent chemicals of the former to genes associated with the latter.

We investigated the impact of culinary spices and herbs for their role as regulators of health by text mining biomedical literature to assimilate, both, positive and negative associations. We observed that in general, the benevolent effects of spices span a broader spectrum of disorders than their adverse effects. Thus by exhaustively integrating evidence for beneficial and harmful effects of spices, we provide a framework for identification of spices whose benefits far outweigh their harms. We also suggest ways for their informed culinary use as well as for identification of phytochemicals with potential therapeutic value. In summary, our study offers a systems perspective of health effects of spices and herbs to provide informed culinary recommendations and insights into underlying molecular mechanisms behind their therapeutic utility.

Results

Protocol for integration of spice-phytochemical-disease data

We text mined spice-disease associations from abstracts available in MEDLINE, the largest database of biomedical literature containing more than 28 million references to research articles in biomedicine. First, a comprehensive dictionary of 188 species of culinary spices and herbs was manually compiled from various sources such as FooDB ( http://foodb.ca), Wikipedia ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_culinary_herbs_and_spices), PFAF (Plants For A Future, http://www.pfaf.org/user/Default.aspx), FPI (Food Plants International, http://foodplantsinternational.com) and FlavorDB [ 18] ( http://cosylab.iiitd.edu.in/flavordb). This dictionary was then used to retrieve relevant abstracts from MEDLINE database. We then carried out Named Entity Recognition (NER) and normalization of spice and disease entities using a dictionary matching approach for the former and NCBI's TaggerOne [ 19] tool the latter. For extracting relations, we only considered sentences that mention at least one spice/herb and disease and manually labeled a subset of these for positive, negative and neutral associations between the spice-disease pairs. The labeled sentences were then used to train a machine learning classifier to categorize the associations between the spice-disease pairs in the unlabeled sentences. To further probe putative molecular mechanisms for benevolent effects of spices, we identified spice phytochemicals from PhenolExplorer [ 20] and KNApSAcK [ 21] and found their therapeutic associations with diseases using Comparative Toxicogenomic Database [ 22] (CTD). Fig 1 depicts the computational framework implemented for integrating and extracting tripartite spice-phytochemical-disease associations. These information are made available through an interactive resource, SpiceRx [ 23].

Spices disease associations

By combining manually annotated and predicted associations, we obtained a total of 8957 spice-disease associations from 5769 abstracts. Among these 8172 were positive spice-disease associations and 783 were negative. Out of 188 spices present in the dictionary, we obtained associations for 152 spices linking them to 848 unique disease-specific MeSH [ 24] (Medical Subject Headings) IDs ( S1 Dataset). We used a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) classifier with word, position, part of speech and chunk embedding [ 25- 27] to predict positive, negative or neutral association in a spice-disease pair. It was evaluated on an external test set and found to have an accuracy of 86.7% and macro-averaged precision, recall and F1 score of 90.7%, 80% and 84.2% respectively. The class-wise performance metrics for the model are provided in Table 1.

Disease entities were recognized and normalized to their corresponding MeSH IDs using TaggerOne [ 19]. MeSH [ 24] is a controlled vocabulary of biomedical terms curated and developed by National Library of Medicine. It organizes terms hierarchically from general to more specific ( S1 Fig). In this hierarchical structure, a spice may have associations with a disease at multiple levels of specificity. For example, Endocrine System Diseases (C19) present at the first level of MeSH hierarchy constitutes disease sub-categories such as Adrenal Gland Diseases (C19.053), Diabetes Mellitus (C19.246) at the second level. Further, specific types of Diabetes Mellitus such as 'Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 (C19.246.267)', 'Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 (C19.246.300)' appear at the third level. To conduct a multi-level analysis, we associated spices with disease terms at three levels of MeSH hierarchy labeled as 'category', 'sub-category' and a 'disease'.

We observed an exponential increase in articles reporting therapeutic properties of spices after 1995 ( Fig 2), with the number of abstracts reporting positive associations of spices with diseases far out-numbering those reporting negative associations ( Fig 3). A large number of spices such as ginger ( Zingiber officinale) and turmeric ( Curcuma longa) have very few negative associations reported in MEDLINE whereas a few others like liquorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra) and celery ( Apium graveolens), have almost an equal number of abstracts reporting positive and negative associations. The complete list of associations for spices is provided in S2 Dataset. These data suggest that, in general, beneficial effects of spices have been reported more widely than their adverse effects in biomedical literature.

On analyzing individual diseases (third level of MeSH hierarchy) associated with spices, we found that diabetes mellitus, inflammation, and carcinogenesis have the highest number of positive associations ( Fig 4) ( S3 Dataset). Spices were also shown to have a preventive role in various cancers including breast, colorectal, prostatic and liver neoplasms. Among the diseases adversely affected by spices were hypersensitivity, dermatitis, rhinitis, hypertension and allergic rhinitis, ( Fig 5) ( S3 Dataset). It is worth noting that majority of these diseases are autoimmune in nature and are subjective to certain individuals sensitive to that spice. In such cases, spices may act as triggering factors rather than causal agents.

Broad-spectrum benevolence of herbs/spices

To probe for the effects of spice/herb across a spectrum of disorders, we analyzed its associations with disease 'sub-categories' at the second level of MeSH hierarchy ( S1 Fig). Analyzing associations at this level provides a balance between specificity and generality of disease terms. Among the disease sub-categories positively associated with spices, pathologic processes, signs and symptoms, metabolic diseases, diabetes mellitus, vascular diseases as well as central nervous system diseases were found to be dominant ( Fig 6), S4 Dataset). Top disease categories which were negatively associated with spices included vascular diseases, skin diseases, hypersensitivity and respiratory hypersensitivity ( Fig 7), S4 Dataset).

To quantify the broad impact a spice may have across diverse disease categories as well as sub-categories, we devised a 'spectrum score ( Ω s)'. This metric computes the sum of proportion of disease terms associated with a spice at the second level of MeSH hierarchy (sub-categories), multiplied by the number of disease terms associated at the first level (categories). (See Materials and Methods). With 27 disease categories, the lower and upper bound for the spectrum score is 0 and 729 respectively. To elucidate further, let us consider a spice that is associated with all diseases in exactly half of the MeSH disease categories versus another spice that has associations with half of the diseases in every disease category. In such a case, the latter would have a higher spectrum score than the former. We computed the spectrum score for both positive (benevolence spectrum score, ) as well as negative associations (adverse spectrum score, ).

The spices with highest 'benevolence spectrum score' according to our analysis were garlic ( Allium sativum), ginger ( Zingiber officinale), turmeric ( Curcuma longa), liquorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra), ginkgo ( Ginkgo biloba), black cumin ( Nigella sativa), cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum) and saffron ( Crocus sativus) whereas the top adverse spectrum spices were liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), ginger (Zingiber officinale), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and Celery (Apium graveolens). Spices such as garlic, liquorice and ginkgo have a high benevolence as well as adverse spectrum scores.

We found that for 150 out of 152 spices, the 'benevolence spectrum score' exceeded the 'adverse spectrum score', with almost 50 spices having 'relative benevolence' ( ΔΩ s) greater than 50 ( Fig 8). Hence, it may be concluded that in general spices have positive effects with a broad spectrum of diseases in contrast to their negative effects which are comparatively narrow-spectrum. In line with our analysis, spices have been reported to be effective against a range of disorders [ 3- 5, 7]. Details of benevolent, adverse as well as relative benevolence scores for all spices are provided in the S5 Dataset.

Culinary recommendations

Each of the MeSH disease categories refers to a class of disorders such as nutritional and metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, nervous systems diseases, digestive system diseases, immune system diseases, neoplasms, bacterial infections and mycoses, virus diseases and such. The spectrum score forms the basis to prioritize spices for culinary intervention against a MeSH disease category. We computed the category-specific 'benevolence spectrum' and 'adverse spectrum' scores to enumerate the 'trade-off score' that represents the therapeutic value of a spice against a class of disorders. S6 Dataset provides a list of culinary recommendations intended as a dietary intervention against various disease categories.

There is ample amount of empirical evidence for the recommendations provided by our study. Our data suggest that spices show therapeutic effects against most of the viral diseases. Among them, turmeric ( Curcuma longa) is the most broad-spectrum antiviral spice and is reported with inhibitory properties against various viruses including HIV, influenza, and coxsackievirus [ 28]. Studies in human and animal models have shown that dietary spices significantly stimulate the activities of digestive enzymes of the pancreas and small intestines such as pancreatic lipase, amylase and proteases thereby acting as digestive stimulants. Spices like ginger and garlic stimulate TRPV1, a sensor in the digestive system which has implications for gastrointestinal tract pathology and physiology [ 29, 30]. Prominent spices recommended for cardiovascular diseases, such as tulsi ( Ocimum tenuiflorum), mint ( Mentha X piperita), ginkgo ( Ginkgo biloba) and ginger ( Zingiber officinale), have been reported with beneficial effects against cardiovascular disorders. Epidemiological studies suggest that these spices lower cholesterol level, decrease platelet aggregation, reduce blood pressure, and increases antioxidant status which in turn decreases the progression of cardiovascular diseases [ 31]. Black cumin ( Nigella sativa), turmeric ( Curcuma longa) and garlic ( Allium sativum) are prominent spices recommended for diabetes, a major metabolic disorder. Evidence from animal studies and human trials have indicated that these spices modulate hyperglycemia and lipid profile function. Their antioxidant characteristics and effects on insulin secretion, glucose absorption, and gluconeogenesis make them potent candidates towards treating diabetes [ 32, 33]. Similarly, the anti-diabetic property of ginkgo ( Ginkgo Biloba) may be linked to the ability of its extract to reduce insulin resistance.

Incidentally, the spices that frequent in the culinary recommendations are among those used for culinary and medicinal preparations across cultures. Curcumin ( Curcuma longa) and tulsi ( Ocimum tenufloreum), widely used in Indian culinary and medicinal preparations, were present across recommendations made throughout the spectrum of MeSH disease categories. Similarly garlic, used in Southern European especially Italian cuisine, also appeared in culinary recommendations across all categories of diseases. Some of the other most potent spices include ginger ( Zingiber officinale), black cumin ( Nigella sativa) and ginkgo ( Ginkgo biloba) (see S1 Table).

Linking spices to diseases through phytochemicals

Our analysis suggests that beyond their utility as flavoring, coloring, and food preserving (antimicrobial [ 2]) agents, spices may have been incorporated in traditional culinary practices due to their beneficial health effects across a spectrum of disorders. Given that the therapeutic properties of plants are mediated by their phytochemicals [ 34- 36] we hypothesize that the broad spectrum benevolence of spices can be attributed to the presence of bioactive phytochemicals such as polyphenols [ 36]. For example, curcumin, a polyphenol from turmeric is known to have a wide range of health benefits including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects [ 37]. Ajoene, a polyphenol compound derived from garlic, has been shown to induce apoptosis in leukemic cells [ 38]. Similarly, eugenol present in clove is reported to have antifungal property [ 39]. The antioxidant activity of black pepper has been attributed to the presence of β-caryophyllene, limonene, β-pinene, piperine and piperolein in its essential oil and oleoresins [ 39]. The anticancer properties of ginger are attributed to the presence of certain pungent vallinoids, gingerol, and paradol, as well as some other constituents like shogaols, zingerone, amongst others [ 39]. Going beyond the investigation of spice-disease associations, we linked spices to their constituent bioactive molecules and further connected them to diseases to obtain potential evidence of therapeutic associations ( Fig 1).

We obtained 866 chemical compounds corresponding to 142 culinary spices in our dictionary from PhenolExplorer [ 20] and KNApSAcK [ 21], and consisted of 2042 spice-phytochemical associations. These data were filtered using PubChem [ 40] to keep only 570 bioactive phytochemicals, as they are known to react with tissues or cells. Further, we associated spice phytochemicals to diseases with the help of CTD [ 22], a public database of curated and inferred chemical-disease associations from the literature. CTD [ 22] classifies chemical-disease associations into therapeutic, inferred or marker associations. Therapeutic and marker associations are directly curated from the literature, whereas inferred relations are obtained from indirect associations. Therapeutic associations between a phytochemical and disease imply the presence of direct evidence of that phytochemical in alleviating the disease. For our further analysis, we focused only on 211 bioactive chemicals from the spices which were reported to have therapeutic associations.

We integrated the data of spice-disease associations with spice-phytochemical and phytochemical-disease mappings. This tripartite data of spice-phytochemical-disease associations can form the basis for finding putative molecular mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of spices against diseases. Using data of curated phytochemical-disease associations from CTD, we found that out of 4380 positive spice-disease associations (where disease terms were mapped to third level of MeSH), 37% (1619) could be explained through evidence of phytochemical-disease associations. To elucidate, we found empirical evidences supporting anti-carcinogenic effects of garlic ( Allium sativum) against liver neoplasms. With the help of CTD [ 22], we found allyl sulfide, a compound in garlic, to be therapeutically associated with liver neoplasms. It can therefore be hypothesized that the anti-carcinogenic effects of garlic can be attributed to the presence of allyl sulfide. Incidentally, this hypothesis is independently supported by the literature [ 41]. The 63% spice-disease associations which could not be explained through evidence of phytochemical-disease relations may serve as hypotheses for unearthing the putative molecular mechanisms by utilizing the data of spice-phytochemical associations.

S7 Dataset provides an exhaustive list of spice-disease associations and phytochemicals identified from the integration of tripartite data of diseases, spices and their phytochemicals ( Fig 1) and S8 Dataset provides the list of positive spice-disease associations for which no specific therapeutic phytochemical from a spice could be obtained.

Discussion

Humans are unique in having developed the ability to cook, which has been argued to be critical for the emergence of their large brains [ 42, 43]. While cooked food must have provided with much-needed energy supply, it is intriguing that they flavor the food with nutritionally insignificant quantities of herbs and spices. Going beyond the ability of spices to act as flavoring and antimicrobial agents [ 2], our analysis of spice-disease associations text-mined from biomedical literature shows the broad-spectrum benefits of spices. Recent studies have shown the potential benefits of consumption of spices such as chillies through cohort studies [ 44] as well as the role of specific spice phytochemicals in their health effects [ 45]. Interestingly, the broad-spectrum benevolence score of a spice was not positively correlated with its phytochemical repertoire ( S2 Fig) suggesting that richness in the phytochemical content itself does not explain its therapeutic value.

We also point out negative health effects of spices, largely reflected in allergies, immune system, and skin-related disorders. Few of the negative effects of spices have been linked with their excessive use. For example, licorice, a beneficial herb for hypertension can cause weight loss, hypokalemia and other related adverse effects if consumed in large doses. Beyond probing the molecular basis of positive associations, it would also be of interest to identify toxic phytochemicals present in spices and assess their effect on specific diseases so as to provide an advisory against their consumption. Negative associations for spices projected by our study can serve as a basis for such investigations.

As opposed to a previous attempt in this direction [ 15, 16] that linked all plant-based foods with diseases and phytochemicals from literature, our study focused on culinary spices and herbs. We investigated an exhaustive dictionary of 188 culinary herbs and spices with far better coverage (99 additional) than that of NutriChem [ 15, 16]. Overall, in terms of the number of disease associations, the depth of our analysis was better than that of NutriChem [ 15, 16] ( S3 Fig) and our data comprised a larger set of associations for most spices ( S4 Fig). NutriChem [ 15, 16] used dictionary based string matching approach for named entity recognition and normalization of diseases as well as plants. In case of diseases, it is empirically shown that depending on the disease dictionary used, the string matching approach typically leads to a low precision and recall [ 46]. We used TaggerOne [ 19], a machine learning based named entity recognition tool which yields state of the art performance. Even though the performance of our relationship extraction model was evaluated on a dataset consisting of positive, negative and neutral associations in contrast to previous studies which evaluated on only positive and negative associations, our model achieves a comparative F1 score. In addition to this, we provide an accurate information of adverse effect of spices by manually correcting all predicted negative associations. Despite our best efforts to ensure accurate extraction of spice-disease associations, our method is constrained by shortcomings inherent to text mining approaches and use of limited information pertaining to biomedical literature, namely, title and abstract. Overall, our analysis serves as a precursor to systematic reviews including meta-analysis as well as hypothesis-driven investigations into the health effects of spices and herbs. The data compiled as part of our study are made available through an interactive resource, SpiceRx [ 23].

Similar to languages where words are synthesized from the same phonetic repertoire, cuisines around the world have concocted their own unique ingredient combinations, especially those made from spices [ 47, 48]. Interestingly, many cuisines around the world such as those from the Indian subcontinent ( paanch phoron, garam masala, sambar masala among a host of others referred to as masala), Ethiopia ( berbere) and Middle East ( baharat) to mention a few, have ended up developing unique spice combinations of their own. It remains to be critically examined whether these have been deliberately composed with an appreciation of therapeutic properties of spices and herbs, or are accidentally emerged constructs. Spices are frequently used as part of functional foods, for example, the Indian dish rasam is a concoction of different spices and has been reported to be hypoglycemic, anti-anemic and antipyretic [ 49]. Sambar, another predominantly spice-based recipe has been shown to work against prostrate cancer [ 50]. Traditional medicinal systems are also known to recommend spices as part of their prescriptions. Trikatu [ 51], a spice concoction made with black pepper, long pepper, and dried ginger has been advised to be of value against rheumatoid arthritis by Ayurveda, a classical traditional medicinal system from India. In Chinese traditional medicine, Xiaoyao-san, a combination of various spices, has been recommended for management of stress and depression-related disorders [ 52].

Cooking typically involves high-temperature processing via heating, boiling, frying and such. It could be argued [ 53] that heating is a simpler and more effective means of killing microbes, thereby refuting the antimicrobial hypothesis [ 2]. Other beneficial effects of spices (such as anti-diabetic, anti-carcinogenic and antioxidant and inflammatory), unearthed in this study, could not be argued against with this logic. Ironically, this argument raises another critical question: Whether the therapeutic properties and bioactivity of spice phytochemicals can sustain the intense heating processes typically involved in cooking [ 54]? Besides that, one of the ambiguous factors in appreciating the benevolence of spices is the distinction between the effectiveness of individual compounds vis-à-vis their synergistic actions. Apart from these aspects, there is ample scope for improvising the strategy for culinary recommendations as well as for identifications of molecular mechanisms involved in health impact of spices by including the data of quantity and disease-specific potency of their constituent phytochemicals. While raising a host of such critical questions related to dietary intake of herbs and spices, by investigating evidence from biomedical literature reporting health effects of culinary herbs and spices our data-driven analysis suggests their broad-spectrum benevolence.

Materials and methods

Compilation of spices and herbs dictionary

We compiled a dictionary of 188 species of culinary spices and herbs. Scientific names and common names were obtained from Foodb ( http://foodb.ca/) and Wikipedia ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_culinary_herbs_and_spices). Varieties in scientific names, wherever available, were standardized to their respective species name. For example, Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum, the scientific name of Peruvian pepper, was standardized to Capsicum baccatum. All scientific names were then mapped to their respective NCBI Taxonomy IDs. This dictionary was further enriched by adding common names from FPI (Food Plants International, http://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/), NCBI Taxonomy ( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy) and PFAF (Plants for a Future, http://www.pfaf.org). Singular and plural forms of common names of the spices and herbs were also included. Common names that did not exclusively map to an NCBI Taxonomy ID were removed.

Named entity recognition

We adopted a dictionary matching approach for Named Entity Recognition (NER) of spices and herbs. With a large dictionary, the process of dictionary matching becomes a computational bottleneck. Therefore, we used a modified implementation of Aho-Corasick algorithm (NoAho, https://github.com/JDonner/NoAho) to efficiently obtain non-overlapping and longest matches at the token level. For disease NER (DNER) and normalization, we used TaggerOne [ 19] which utilizes semi-Markov models with a rich feature set. It was reported to have a precision of 85% and a recall of 80% on the Biocreative V Chemical Disease Relation test set [ 46]. We used the pre-trained disease-only model available with TaggerOne [ 19] on our data.

Preprocessing

Sentence segmentation was carried out on the retrieved abstracts using Stanford CoreNLP package [ 55]. Only sentences with mention of at least one herb/spice and one disease were considered for extracting relations. Those with mentions of multiple herbs/spices and/or diseases were simplified by duplicating the sentence while iteratively masking all except a specific spice-disease pair. In all sentences, numbers were replaced by a standard identifier token and, barring some punctuation characters (!,.:;), all special characters were removed. The preprocessed sentences were then tokenized using GENIA [ 56] and the part-of-speech (PoS) tag, as well as the chunk tag of each token were obtained. Further, we also computed the distance of each token from the candidate spice-disease pair and used them as position features.

Labelling associations

Hitherto, to the best of our knowledge, no labeled corpus for associations between plant-based foods and diseases is publicly available. We thus manually annotated a total of 6712 spice-disease pairs to tag positive, negative and neutral associations. Out of all the annotated pairs, 2669 had positive associations, 301 had negative associations, and 3742 had neutral or no associations. This data was used for training as well as evaluating our relationship extraction models.

Relation extraction model

We developed a Machine Learning Classifier to categorize tagged spice-disease pair(s) in a sentence as having positive, negative or neutral associations. The following models were tested: (i) Linear Support Vector Machine (SVM) with unigram and bigram word features; (ii) Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with word embedding [ 27] features; and (iii) CNN with word, position, PoS and chunk embedding features.

For the Linear SVM model, we obtained the unigram and bigram word features and scaled their respective weights using Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) approach. This model was trained using one-versus-all strategy. Following are the equations describing the method for computing TF-IDF weights of features: ( i) tf( t, s) = f t,s; ; and ( iii) tfidf( t, s) = tf( t, s) * idf( t), where f t,s denotes the number of times feature t appears in sentence s, n t is the number of sentences in which the feature t appears and N is the total number of sentences.

The architecture for our CNN models is based on state-of-the-art models for sentence classification and relation extraction [ 25- 27]. As input, we fed mini-batches of sentence sequences to the models. The two CNNs differ in the representation of the tokens or words present in input sequences. For the first model, we only used the word embedding as the token representation, whereas for the second model we used the PoS, chunk and position embedding in addition to word embedding. The word embedding was initialized using pre-trained weights from Chiu et. al [ 57], with the embedding for unknown words initialized from a uniform (− α, α) distribution. The parameter α was determined on the basis of the variance of the known words [ 58]. Further, CNN requires all input sequences to have consistent size, thus sentences were zero-padded to equalize their lengths to that of the longest sentence. The input to the CNNs was a b × d × n × 1 tensor, where b is the size of the mini-batch, d is the length of the 'token' vector of the sentence and n is the length of the longest sentence in the corpus. The architecture of the second CNN is depicted in Fig 9. The first layer is a Convolutional layer with n f filters of different filter sizes f and rectified linear unit (ReLU) activation. The respective maximum activations of all the filters are then concatenated into a single vector of size n f and fed to a Dropout layer [ 59], which randomly sets an activation to zero with probability p. This is followed by a dense layer of h hidden units with ReLU activation and a softmax layer with 3 units. For both the networks, we used categorical cross entropy as our objective function and applied l ₂ regularization of 3 on the dense layers only. The networks were trained using mini-batch gradient descent with shuffled batches of size 50 and Adam [ 60] optimizer. We adopted an early stopping criterion for the training process and stopped model training if the validation loss did not decrease for 5 epochs. To address the class imbalance problem, we over-sampled the negative class and the positive class by a factor of 12 and 1.35 respectively. The hyper-parameters of both the neural networks were determined using 5-fold cross validation and are available in S2 Table. The code as well as the data used for the CNNs is available at the Complex System Laboratory, IIIT-Delhi's GitHub page: https://github.com/cosylabiiit/spice-disease-associations.

Evaluation metrics

We evaluated the performance of our model based on its precision, recall, F1 score and accuracy: Precision = TP/( TP + FP); Recall = TP/( TP + FN); F1 − score = 2 ∙ Precision ∙ Recall/( Precision + Recall); Accuracy = TP + TN/( TP + TN + FP + FN), where TP, FP, TN, FN are True Positives, False Positives, True Negatives and False Negatives respectively.

MeSH hierarchy

MeSH is a controlled vocabulary of biomedical terms curated and developed by National Library of Medicine. The terms are hierarchically organized from generic to more specific. The DNER tool used in this study (TaggerOne [ 19]) normalizes the tagged entities to MeSH IDs. The hierarchical structure of MeSH results in situations where a spice is typically associated with a disease at multiple levels of specificity. For example, in the first level of MeSH hierarchy a spice may be linked with the disease category Endocrine System Diseases (C19) and at the second level C19 may be associated with sub-categories such as Adrenal Gland Diseases (C19.053) or Diabetes Mellitus (C19.246). Further, it may be linked to the specific type of Diabetes Mellitus, say, 'Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 (C19.246.267)' or 'Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 (C19.246.300)' appearing at the third level. We conducted a multi-level analysis by associating spices with disease terms at top three levels of MeSH hierarchy which were referred to as category, sub-category, and a disease ( S1 Fig).

Linking phytochemicals from spices/herbs to diseases

We obtained the phytochemical information for spices/herbs using KNApSAcK [ 21] and CTD [ 22]. The different compound identifiers were standardized to PubChem IDs and further PubChem BioAssay [ 40] was used for ascertaining their bioactive status. Therapeutic associations of a compound were obtained from CTD [ 22] after mapping its PubChem ID to corresponding MeSH ID.

Supporting information

S2 Fig. Correlation between the number of phytochemicals in spices and their broad-spectrum benevolence.

The data indicate that the broad-spectrum benevolence score of spices and their phytochemical repertoire are not correlated.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198030.s002
(TIFF)

Acknowledgments

We thank the Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology (IIIT-Delhi) for providing computational facilities to GB and RT. This work was supported by a senior research fellowship from the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India and Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur to NKR. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

References

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2. 42. Wrangham R. Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human. Basic Books; 2009.

3. 48. Jain A, Rakhi NK, Bagler G. Spices form the basis of food pairing in Indian cuisine. arXiv:150203815. 2015; 30.

4. 58. Kim Y. Convolutional Neural Networks for Sentence Classification. arXiv:14085882. 2014;

5. 60. Kingma DP, Ba J. Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization. arXiv:14126980. 2014;

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Data-driven analysis of biomedical literature suggests broad-spectrum benefits of culinary herbs and spices

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Spices and herbs are key dietary ingredients used across cultures worldwide. Beyond their use as flavoring and coloring agents, the popularity of these aromatic plant products in culinary preparations has been attributed to their antimicrobial properties.

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People use food to explore and learn about other cultures.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ift27DhC1BAC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=culinary+food&ots=Iy-bLbkGLZ&sig=rq7Rp4ONXf-zp4aUJ87H8A5PKO0#v=onepage&q=culinary%20food&f=false

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""From Kosher Oreos to the gentrification of Mexican cusine, from the charismatic cook of Basque communities in Spain and the United States to the mainstreaming of southwestern foodways, Culinary Tourism maps a lively cultural and intellectual terrain."" -- from the foreword by Barbara Kirshenblatt-GimblettCulinary Tourism is the first book to consider food as both a destination and a means for tourism.

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This is the only book written in English to cover the entire European fauna, comprising 124 species of resident damselfly (Zygoptera) and dragonfly (Anisoptera), illustrated on the 30 plates of 219 colour figures.

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This is the only book written in English to cover the entire European fauna, comprising 124 species of resident damselfly (Zygoptera) and dragonfly (Anisoptera), illustrated on the 30 plates of 219 colour figures. In most cases, both sexes as well as important variants are depicted, all enlarged.
In his Foreword to this revised edition, Professor Philip Corbet, Past-President of the Worldwide Dragonfly Association and doyen of British odonatists, states that, as a standard reference work, "it will continue to contribute importantly to the progress of odonatology."
The author has made a few corrections to his original text, which covered 114 species of Odonata breeding in Europe, and has added a new Preface and an updating Supplement.
The Introduction, which is largely unchanged, includes chapters on History; Life History; the Adult Dragonfly; Distribution; Morphology of the Adult Dragonfly; a complete, updated Check List; and Keys to the suborders and families.
The Systematic section gives keys to the genera and species, with clear descriptions and details of the biology, flight periods, and distribution of all species found in Europe, with distribution maps showing national boundaries.
This is now followed by the Supplement, in which Dr Askew has added a further ten resident species, including one new to science, and several adventives. It also provides new information under the following headings: Nomenclature; Orthography; Thermoregulation; American species observed in Europe; Accidental Introductions into Europe; Other species newly recognized in Europe; Species new to the British Isles; Expansion of recorded ranges within Europe; Other new distribution records; and Contraction of recorded ranges. The author goes on to list major European and national literature on the Odonata published since 1988.
There are numerous line-drawings throughout the text and over 100 new references to the European literature have been added to the supplement bringing the total to over 650. The book concludes with a new Index to English and scientific names, incorporating all species, subspecies and synonyms cited in the revised text. There are two plates of colour photographs showing biology and habitats and the author has added a further colour plate to his original 29 plates of adult insects, depicting five of the new European species and one from North America.
In its new, slightly-reduced, softback format, this classic work, which has already sold 3000 copies, will be more practical in the field and should prove extremely popular with British and Continental odonatists.

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This is the only book written in English to cover the entire European fauna, comprising 124 species of resident damselfly (Zygoptera) and dragonfly (Anisoptera), illustrated on the 30 plates of 219 colour figures. In most cases, both sexes as well as important variants are depicted, all enlarged.

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This is how to correctly optimize your diet

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https://go.gale.com/ps/eToc.do?searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=GALE%7C6NHL&userGroupName=brid0484&inPS=true&action=DO_BROWSE_ETOC&contentSegment=9780737770766&prodId=GVRL

Examines a broad range of perceived or actual legal rights and freedoms that impact the lives of young American teens. This volume describes the evolution of the privilege against self-incrimination guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment to the US Constitution.

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Explore this database of encyclopedias and reference sources within the Gale eBooks platform. For multidisciplinary research.

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This will tell you a little bit about culinary arts.

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https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0305-4624/15/2/I05/meta

the different types of welding in detail.

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This book explains Al Capone Does My Shirts in detail.

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Book Features:
* 48 pages, about 7 inches x 9 inches
* Ages 10-15, Grades 5-9 leveled readers
* Easy-to-read pages with vibrant photos
* Features before, during, and after reading activities
* Discussion questions, writing prompts, and projects included

Al Capone Does My Shirts: This nonfiction companion to Al Capone Does My Shirts explores what life was like for the children and families who lived on Alcatraz in the mid-1930s.

Hands-On Reading: Children learn about the history of Alcatraz and the criminals housed there, and examine the views of autism in the 1930s and today.

Nonfiction Companion: More than just an engaging story full of interesting facts, this kids book also features reading activities, writing prompts, discussion questions, and writing projects for added reading engagement.

Leveled Books: Vibrant photos and leveled text work together to engage children and promote reading comprehension skills. This nonfiction book engages 5th-9th grade readers with real-life facts surrounding the original book they know and love!

Why Rourke Educational Media: Since 1980, Rourke Publishing Company has specialized in publishing engaging and diverse non-fiction and fiction books for children in a wide range of subjects that support reading success on a level that has no limits.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Book Features:* 48 pages, about 7 inches x 9 inches* Ages 10-15, Grades 5-9 leveled readers* Easy-to-read pages with vibrant photos* Features before, during, and after reading activities* Discussion questions, writing prompts, and projects includedAl Capone Does My Shirts: This nonfiction companion to Al Capone Does My Shirts explores what

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This website gives detail about the Spartans and the Athenians War.

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The Peloponnesian War, the epic struggle between Athens and Sparta, occupies a vital part in military history because of the enormous military and political changes it inspired. In this brilliant book, Sir Nigel Bagnall sets out to analyze and clarify the war, describing in compelling detail the events that led up to it. His meticulous attention to historical context offers a refreshing contrast to traditional accounts.
The conflict lasted from 431 to 404 B.C., until the confederation led by Sparta finally conquered Athens and her allies. Bagnall dissects the complex relationship between the two states and closely studies their political conduct in the run-up to war, offering a riveting account of the strategy and tactics involved.
He also outlines its innovations and lessons, which would have enormous military repercussions for future generations. These include the importance of having clear politico-strategic objectives, the interplay of maritime and land operations, and the problems of achieving cohesion in an alliance in which all the participants see themselves as fellow citizens.
The Peloponnesian War is an important book that shines new light on an always relevant subject.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Peloponnesian War, the epic struggle between Athens and Sparta, occupies a vital part in military history because of the enormous military and political changes it inspired. In this brilliant book, Sir Nigel Bagnall sets out to analyze and clarify the war, describing in compelling detail the events that led up to it.

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http://precisionmi.org/Materials/PMISolutionsMat/BPITPreface2008.pdf

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Edgar Allan Poe and the role mental illness played in his life 

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Edgar Allan Poe and the role mental illness played in his life 

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This article describes the death of Edgar Allan Poe and how mental illness affected his work and his life

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Highlights

*

Automated text analysis can help develop robust and accurate psychological profiles.

*

Analyses of Poe's works indicate depressive episodes that coincide with tragic life events.

*

LIWC2015 shows relevance for identifying affective pathology in clinical settings.

Abstract

Background

To help shed light on the peculiar circumstances surrounding the death of the famed macabre and mystery writer, poet, editor, and literary critic, we explored the potential role of depression in the life and death of Edgar Allan Poe via his written language.

Method

Using computerized language analysis, we analyzed works from Poe's corpora of personal letters ( N = 309), poems ( N = 49), and short stories ( N = 63), and investigated whether a pattern of linguistic cues consistent with depression and suicidal cognition were discernible throughout the writer's life, particularly in his final years. Building on past work, language scores were collapsed into a composite depression metric for each text. Data from each work type was subsequently compiled and graphed into a single plot by year, with scores exceeding the 95th percentile ( p < 0.05) considered statistically significant and treated as potential depressive episodes.

Results

Significant, consistent patterns of depression were not found and do not support suicide as a cause of death. However, linguistic evidence was found suggesting the presence of several potential depressive episodes over the course of Poe's life - these episodes were the most pronounced during years of Poe's greatest success, as well as those following the death of his late wife.

Limitations

Given the sampling method, it is not possible to establish direct causality; results should be considered informed but tentative.

Conclusion

This investigation demonstrates the utility of language analysis for capturing disruptive/maladaptive emotional responses to life events.

View full text

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Deep into that darkness peering: A computational analysis of the role of depression in Edgar Allan Poe's life and death

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Automated text analysis can help develop robust and accurate psychological profiles. * Analyses of Poe's works indicate depressive episodes that coincide with tragic life events. * LIWC2015 shows relevance for identifying affective pathology in clinical settings.

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https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=CHmSzuwyXtkC&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=law+enforcement&ots=ZCdooVdc1d&sig=pAmCpPpvJKIn5uc2vh2pbkL8oO4#v=onepage&q=law%20enforcement&f=false This book discusses Law Enforcement in the U.S.

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James (Jim) Conser is Professor Emeritus at Youngstown State University, Youngstown, Ohio. He earned an A.B. degree in Law Enforcement Administration from Youngstown State University, an M.S. degree in Criminal Justice from Michigan State University, and a PhD in Higher Education Administration from Kent State University. He began his career as a police officer in Arlington County, Virginia in 1972. He has held academic and university administrative positions (instructor, professor, department chair, and assistant dean) since 1975. He was an Assistant Executive Director of the Ohio Peace Officer Training Commission (OPOTC) from 1999 through 2002. Jim is a Certified Protection Professional through ASIS International. He is coauthor of two textbooks: Law Enforcement in the United States, Second Edition and The Police Personnel System; and has contributed several chapters to other texts. He is a lifetime member, and former National Secretary, of Police Futurists International. He also is a lifetime member of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences and a member of the American Society for Industrial Security, the World Futures Society, the Ohio Crime Prevention Association, and the Ohio Council of Criminal Educators. Jim serves his local community as a volunteer firefighter. He and his wife have three married daughters, and four grandchildren.

Rebecca Paynich earned a Master of Arts in Criminal Justice (2000) and Ph.D. in Political Science (2003) from Washington State University, and currently teaches at Curry College, in Milton, MA. Dr. Paynich's teaching skills take a generalist approach toward the Criminal Justice field. She holds classes in statistics, crime mapping, corrections, police, criminal justice ethics, criminology, criminal justice policy, and many others. Dr. Paynich has been involved in several research projects throughout her academic career including work as a researcher on the Project Safe Neighborhood grant for the state of North Dakota. While her primary research interests revolve around law enforcement, she also does work in the areas of criminal justice theory and policy, and crime mapping. She has coauthored two books, Law Enforcement in the United States, Second Edition, and The Fundamentals of Crime Mapping: Principles and Practice. She has also published in Police Practice and Research: An International Journal and Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. She is married and has two children.

Western Oregon University

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By examining the influence of social, political, economic and cultural forces on the evolution of modern law enforcement, this updated Third Edition discusses the struggle between existing conventions in law enforcement and today's push for reform.

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This book from the CCTEC website explains the the different studies on IT and how far it goes back to how it was used and how it is used.

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Explore this database of encyclopedias and reference sources within the Gale eBooks platform. For multidisciplinary research.

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This book gives you background information about the Information Technology Industry.

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Study about the Types of Information Technology
Service for Supply Chain Management

This article describes IT affecting supply chain managament in a negative way.

https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/50619778/WCECS2016_pp1007-1012.pdf?1480452720=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DStudy_about_the_Types_of_Information_Tec.pdf&Expires=1632158478&Signature=AGwtTXEqa2kGbgT3QbK9pMbeQCM7JtBCMxo2T1XrexdH25kHjTyOIlaVHS4HqlKrRPKqz3N11us6FyeFamicp6wjZ-9CphrHcAJzVbdbGJ9N0zrrvdJxIMjNDtSZcnjABUHy4ftQl3D8JZ35QfVHN7G5ZD732OAX-WgrHMzLTRDvPGxzlYYhf~uNQCd1VtkBPY8OcRhNdAWq-wOgNQiKSbzcRxe9gzuujiszOWfjJYtykzLXzWEZYCGSiqnFb-NeKZJ6tZ0RxZ3YWA9d8gVpqcLv2mkNGzq6AjhZtiHwvY3I12oVKYU7xQ-gdOOY-x-58STLUwHjN2JuUZKYZTPb8Q__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA

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https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=CHmSzuwyXtkC&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=law+enforcement&ots=ZCdooVdd-c&sig=uy-yqRkXqQ6OddJjj49LkenY7MQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
This book is about Law Enforcement...

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James (Jim) Conser is Professor Emeritus at Youngstown State University, Youngstown, Ohio. He earned an A.B. degree in Law Enforcement Administration from Youngstown State University, an M.S. degree in Criminal Justice from Michigan State University, and a PhD in Higher Education Administration from Kent State University. He began his career as a police officer in Arlington County, Virginia in 1972. He has held academic and university administrative positions (instructor, professor, department chair, and assistant dean) since 1975. He was an Assistant Executive Director of the Ohio Peace Officer Training Commission (OPOTC) from 1999 through 2002. Jim is a Certified Protection Professional through ASIS International. He is coauthor of two textbooks: Law Enforcement in the United States, Second Edition and The Police Personnel System; and has contributed several chapters to other texts. He is a lifetime member, and former National Secretary, of Police Futurists International. He also is a lifetime member of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences and a member of the American Society for Industrial Security, the World Futures Society, the Ohio Crime Prevention Association, and the Ohio Council of Criminal Educators. Jim serves his local community as a volunteer firefighter. He and his wife have three married daughters, and four grandchildren.

Rebecca Paynich earned a Master of Arts in Criminal Justice (2000) and Ph.D. in Political Science (2003) from Washington State University, and currently teaches at Curry College, in Milton, MA. Dr. Paynich's teaching skills take a generalist approach toward the Criminal Justice field. She holds classes in statistics, crime mapping, corrections, police, criminal justice ethics, criminology, criminal justice policy, and many others. Dr. Paynich has been involved in several research projects throughout her academic career including work as a researcher on the Project Safe Neighborhood grant for the state of North Dakota. While her primary research interests revolve around law enforcement, she also does work in the areas of criminal justice theory and policy, and crime mapping. She has coauthored two books, Law Enforcement in the United States, Second Edition, and The Fundamentals of Crime Mapping: Principles and Practice. She has also published in Police Practice and Research: An International Journal and Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. She is married and has two children.

Western Oregon University

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By examining the influence of social, political, economic and cultural forces on the evolution of modern law enforcement, this updated Third Edition discusses the struggle between existing conventions in law enforcement and today's push for reform.

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This website shows how the dynamic of everyone in a filming crew can affect the production of it and broadcasting is.

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Mathias Broth is currently a research associate at Linköping University, Sweden. After finishing a doctoral thesis in French linguistics on the interactive construction of theater performances (Uppsala University, 2001), he participated in a project on spoken media French at Stockholm University, and in 2003 he was a post-doc researcher at University of Lyon 2 in France. Since 2004, he has led a project on TV-production as an interactional accomplishment, funded by The Swedish Research Council. Mathias Broth has published more than a dozen papers, mainly treating different aspects of interaction in a television context. He has also co-edited the proceedings following the First International Conference on Spoken French in the Media ( Le Français parlé des médias, 2007), held in Stockholm in 2005. Mathias Broth is a Swedish coordinator for the Nordic Research network PlaceME (Place, Mediated Discourse, and Embodied Interaction).

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The studio interaction as a contextual resource for TV-production

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Mathias Broth is currently a research associate at Linköping University, Sweden. After finishing a doctoral thesis in French linguistics on the interactive construction of theater performances (Uppsala University, 2001), he participated in a project on spoken media French at Stockholm University, and in 2003 he was a post-doc researcher at University of Lyon 2 in France.

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IT is the language of computers. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=lAE3uWq6x5kC&oi=fnd&pg=PA191&dq=IT&ots=ogh190vFAb&sig=-mN2N4a6G0J2TtcYrfOm7H4I5y4#v=onepage&q=IT&f=false

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Like the first edition, Competing in the Information Age: Align in the Sand, Second Edition, synthesizes for practicing managers the compelling, recent work in this area, with themes that focus on the continuous transformation in business, the adoption of information intensive management practices, the improvement of information processing, and the alignment of business strategy and information technology strategy. Information technology management is now considered a core competency among managers. Rapid advancements in technology, dynamic markets, and the changing business environment have created increased demand for professionals who can manage and deliver information systems. Information systems professionals, Chief Information Officers, Chief Knowledge Officers, as well as CFOs and CEOs, are required to lead and evolve information resources while partnering with corporate management. This book shows IT professionals how to help their organizations achieve success through alignment and deployment of business and IT strategies.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Like the first edition, Competing in the Information Age: Align in the Sand, Second Edition, synthesizes for practicing managers the compelling, recent work in this area, with themes that focus on the continuous transformation in business, the adoption of information intensive management practices, the improvement of information processing, and the alignment of business strategy and information technology strategy.

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this article describes the ethical demand of lawyers in society.

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If you are asking yourself, how will technology develop in the future? Or what impact will it have? This is the article for you.

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Your welcome.

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Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.

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This book explains different Laws about Information Technology.

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Information technology affects all aspects of modern life. From the information shared on social media such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram to online shopping and mobile devices, it is rare that a person is not touched by some form of IT every day.Information Technology Law examines the legal dimensions of these everyday interactions with technology and the impact on privacy and data protection, as well as their relationship to other areas of substantive law, including intellectual property and criminal proceedings. Focusing primarily ondevelopments within the UK and EU, this book provides a broad-ranging introduction and analysis of the increasingly complex relationship between the law and IT.Information Technology Law is essential reading for students of IT law and also appropriate for business and management students, as well as IT and legal professionals.Online resourcesThe accompanying online resources include a catalogue of web links to key readings and updates to the law since publication.

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Information technology affects all aspects of modern life. From the information shared on social media such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram to online shopping and mobile devices, it is rare that a person is not touched by some form of IT every day.Information Technology Law examines the legal dimensions of these everyday interactions with technology and the impact on privacy and data protection, as well as their relationship to other areas of substantive law, including intellectual property and criminal proceedings.

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This website gives information on how Information Technology was created.

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and Kiviniemi, AO 2012, 'The IFC standard: A review of History, development, and standardization, Information Technology' , ITcon, 17 (9) , pp. 134-161.

Abstract

IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) is an open and standardized data model intended to enable interoperability between building information modeling software applications in the AEC/FM industry. IFC has been in development by an industry consortium since 1994, and since the start of the effort, the evolving industry context, standardization organization, resource availability, and technology development have exposed the standardization process to a dynamic environment. While the overarching mission of IFC standardization has always been to enable interoperability between AEC/FM software applications, the approach for how best to operationalize that mission has changed over the years. Through a literature review supported by the general theory on IT standardization, this study follows the development process of the IFC standard from its origins in the early 1990s to its latest activities in 2012. The end result is both a descriptive review of the history of IFC standardization and the establishment of an initial connection to IT standardization research for the IFC standard by profiling the effort in accordance with existing IT standardization theories and typologies. The review highlights the evolution of IFC standardization through several distinct phases, and its gradual movement from emphasizing technical architecture development towards growing involvement in specifying the processes facilitating its use. The organization behind the standard has also seen changes in its modus operandi, from initially being a closed and loosely coupled alliance to evolving into a consortium incorporating open hybrid standardization, where a formal standards body publishes the standards prepared by the consortium. The consortium has faced many challenges compiling an ambitious interoperability standard with few resources, and were it not for the growing demand for the standard provided by public actors, momentum and enthusiasm for the effort might have petered out due to slow market uptake and low use of the data standard in actual construction projects thus far. While this paper does not investigate the adoption phenomenon in-depth, the moderate uptake of the standard can perhaps be explained to be a symptom of the slow adoption of collaborative model-based construction processes and industry reluctance to switch over to new IT tools, which in turn are prerequisites for the existence of demand for an open interoperability standard.

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The IFC standard: A review of History, development, and standardization, Information Technology

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and Kiviniemi, AO 2012, 'The IFC standard: A review of History, development, and standardization, Information Technology' , ITcon, 17 (9) , pp. 134-161. IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) is an open and standardized data model intended to enable interoperability between building information modeling software applications in the AEC/FM industry.

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Help with broadcasting, also hi.

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In this special section, we investigate the opportunities offered by interactive TV (ITV) systems, with a particular focus on applications and methods in interactive broadcasting. Interactive broadcasting is defined as the production process that prepares the audiovisual assets and the computer programs for an interactive TV end-user experience. Contemporary ITV research is focused on application development for ITV systems and it has treated the audiovisual assets separately, but the articles in this special section are a showcase of alternative applications and approaches for the widely deployed ITV systems. ITV systems is a class of applications that run on video and multimedia servers, advanced set-top boxes (STBs), home media computers, and mobile terminals. Still, the term ITV has been a buzzword with as many supporters as opponents. One explanation is that interactivity has been used to describe a technological feature of the media as much as it has been used to characterize a way of using the media [].

Before we start the presentation of interactive broadcasting methods and applications, we should define explicitly what interactive TV is. The answer depends on who is asked: 1) An engineer would assume digital broadcast and return channel, 2) a content producer would refer to interactive graphics and dynamic editing, 3) a media professional would describe new content formats such as betting, interactive storytelling and play-along quiz games, and 4) a sociologist′s definition would focus on the interaction between people about TV shows. While, none of the above definitions seems to agree with each other, all of them are right. However, in this article, we focus on the technical and content production aspects, which are represented by the first two definitions. Moreover, we assume that ITV applications are not limited to the traditional linear video capturing, editing, and broadcast delivery. In this context, we examine alternative and complementary production and distribution methods, such as virtual TV studios, augmented reality, cross media distribution, and user contributed content. In the rest of this article, we explore methods and applications in interactive broadcasting. First, we present a background on interactive broadcasting, then we analyze the state of the art and, finally, we conclude with directions for further research in this important area.

2. Interactive Broadcasting

ITV research has been focused on application development for ITV systems and treated the audiovisual content separately. However, the articles in the special section are a showcase of alternative applications and emerging approaches over widely deployed ITV systems. In the past, ITV technology has been employed for broadcasting, but the focus was on the low level, such as Asyncronous Transfer Modulation (ATM), bi-directional cable [], internet multicasting [], and video compression []. At a higher level, emerging interactive broadcasting research proposes an integrated approach for the development of audiovisual assets and the computer programs. For example, augmented reality studio and advanced STB technology provide real-time rendering of interactive computer graphics with video feeds. Moreover, the availability of multiple TV distribution networks and user terminals emphasize the role of cross media publishing, where ITV productions are deployed over TV sets, mobile phones, and personal computers. Finally, the consideration of the end-user as an active role of the production is based on the technological convergence of the web and TV.

One significant advance of ITV technology is Augmented Reality (AR) that blends real scenes with interactive computer graphics that are controlled either at the TV studio or at end-user terminals. In contrast to traditional virtual reality (VR), the real environment is not completely suppressed, but plays a dominant role. Rather than immersing a person into a completely synthetic world, AR attempts to embed and seamlessly integrate dynamic computer graphics into the captured video feed of the real environment []. Thus, the user interfaces of both the television production team and of the viewer are changed dramatically with AR technology. This research direction complements previous work on user interface programming toolkits that smooth-out the learning curve of the development process and that encapsulate the details of the implementation []. An additional application of AR ITV is in studio technology. For example, how to provide information to moderators, actors and participants during a live broadcast or a recording, such as step-sequences that are marked on the TV studio floor ground.

The concept of a more immersive television experience has been a theme of previous research. Inhabited TV [] involves the development of collaborative virtual environments within which viewers can interact. This extends the TV experience by enabling social interaction among participants and by offering them new forms of control over narrative structure and greater interaction with content. In an inhabited TV application, the television becomes part of a group interaction within the virtual online world as well as in the living room. In this situation, the television becomes not only a social actor, but also a place to be [].

Here, we examine the contribution of each article in the special section. The contributions are categorized along the following dimensions: 1) an application domain that frames the practical implications of the respective contribution, 2) research issues that have not been addressed by previous research and 3) methodology that the respective authors employed to approach the research issue. Given the broad range of interactive broadcasting research, it is appropriate to consider a broad range of research themes, issues and methodologies. Accordingly, the selection of articles in this special section is representative of the diversity of research in the ITV field.

3.1. Application Domains

In the past, the broadcast content was mainly edited and enhanced during the post-production, but the introduction of AR technology in the studio addresses several contemporary problems in real-time (during the recording). There are many practical issues addressed by the AR technology in TV studio, such as: 1) dynamic re-illumination of studio settings and actors without physical modification of the lighting equipment, 2) marker-based in-shot tracking of studio cameras without visible markers, 3) dynamic presentation of un-recorded direction, moderation and other information anywhere within the studio and 4) integration of imperceptible coded patterns that support continuous online-calibration, camera tracking, and acquisition of scene depth. Bimber et al. investigate a unified and flexible solution for the above, which is the application of digital light projection for studio illumination - either exclusively, or in combination with analog lighting. In addition, digital illumination opens new opportunities for novel television productions.

Olaizola et al. discuss the concept of integrating a real scene with spatially rendered objects at the end-user terminal. They describe the implementation of a sports game (the traditional Basque ball-game ′pelota′) for AR ITV, where interactivity and AR techniques are used, providing the viewer control over the final video feed. A virtual 3D rendering of the real scene allows observation of the sport game from any angle, while the viewer may switch to a real camera point of view at any time. The authors argue that this option makes it possible to render points of view, which would be impossible with real cameras. For instance, a camera could be placed behind the ball, or on top of one player.

The proliferation of multimedia content and the growth of digital video libraries have motivated research and development of video retrieval systems []. Video search technology has traditionally been conceived as a way to enable efficient access to large video data collections. The growth of bandwidth and the availability of diverse end-user multimedia terminals (e.g. mobile phones) raised the issue of end-user cross media video search. Pastra and Piperidis elaborate on technologies crossing the boundaries between traditional broadcast and the internet, and between traditional television and computers. The cross media characteristics of this application domain broaden the scope of developing video-search technologies.

User interface (UI) design and development is a multidisciplinary practice, in which different fields complement each other. In the context of TV, graphic and industrial designers prepare the visual layout and the wire-frames as a mock-up. Next, the software engineers employ the prototype as a guide for the implementation of a functional UI. Crossing the chasm between UI conceptual design and actual implementation is not a trivial process, especially when the UI has to scale dynamically between different screen sizes. Indeed, the main concern in the work by Rauterberg et al. is how to improve the production process by closing the gap between industrial designers and software engineers of TV-based UIs.

The introduction of hybrid broadband wireless networks raises the demand for access to the same high-quality interactive services on a diverse range of terminal devices. The development and maintenance of these services require significant resources, when these are implemented with traditional application development methods. Tsekleves and Cosmas propose a methodological framework that encompasses a number of tools and aims to reduce the production cost. In doing so, they contribute to an evolving research field [] that promises to fulfill the media industry′s vision of COPE (′Create Once, Publish Everywhere′).

The wide availability of broadband access to the home and the growth of home networking have positioned internet protocols as a complementary solution to digital broadcast systems. In this domain, advanced set-top boxes could be an entry point to information society services, besides being only a terminal for digital TV broadcasts. Redondo et al. investigate the role of residential gateways, which they consider as a bridge between the networked home and the broadcast infrastructure. Although there is not a wide consensus about their functionalities, they argue that residential gateways could be extended to be interoperable with multimedia and entertainment features, like those provided by digital TV terminals.

Cesar et al. propose a paradigm that is new for television, but has been very successful on the web: end-user content enrichment. Contemporary web technologies such as style-sheet customization, social tagging, and user-contributed content have raised the expectations of end-users, who have become accustomed to participate more actively in content production. Traditional multimedia and web authoring tools do not fit the television paradigm. For this purpose, Cesar et al. propose a simple editing interface for use in a relaxed setting. The interface can range from a simple remote control to a tablet computer. The remote control communicates with the set-top box, which stores content enrichments locally. This intermediate file is based on the World Wide Web Consortium′s (W3C) Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL). The enriched content can be viewed and shared directly within co-located or distributed user groups.

Despite the gradual adoption of interactive digital TV systems, there are very few examples of new genres that combine audiovisual content with interactive elements. In fact, most contemporary ITV systems offer interactive overlays that are loosely related to broadcast content, or, imitate desktop computer applications on the TV []. Wages et al. describe an interactive broadcasting framework for the production of live events, which facilitates interactivity and the potential for end-user personalization. In doing so, they describe new professions for future TV production workflows, namely the ′video composer′ and the ′live video conductor′.

Table 1. Practical application domains addressed by the respective papers in the special section

Synthetic re-illumination of environments and actors has been an active topic in computer graphics and computer vision. There are methods that re-illuminate recorded content and methods that re-illuminate a scene with controlled lighting. Bimber et al investigate the latter category. In particular, they propose projector-based illumination techniques that re-illuminate a physical environment synthetically by employing a number of video-projectors. Thereby, the projectors illuminate the real environment directly and on a per-pixel basis, rather than indirectly by projecting onto diffuse screens that scatter light into the environment. The main research issue is that images have to be computed for each projector with the following objectives: First, they must neutralize the physical illumination effects that are caused by each projector as a real point-light source. Second, they have to produce the defined virtual lighting situation synthetically.

The ability to perform real-time video mixing between a real-scene and a virtual one introduces many creative possibilities for TV producers. In addition, dynamic video mixing between computer graphics and broadcast video could be performed at end-user terminals. Studio effects have been used to show real characters into virtual worlds (e.g. weather news). For example, chroma-key environments (e.g. blue background) have been typically used to segment the real objects and insert them in a virtual scene, which is controlled by a computer system. Chroma-keying provides a feasible way for segmentation, but it can only be used in controlled environments. Olaizola et al. focus on the main issues in augmented reality ITV, which are tracking, segmentation, 3D registering and rendering.

Pastra et al. investigate the research literature on video search, which, in the past, has been elaborated in the context of digital video libraries. Moreover, they consider the technological challenges of distributed video resources (e.g. video uploading on web sites) and hybrid end-user terminals (e.g. ITV, multimedia phones). They focus on the latter, i.e., the development of cross-media decision mechanisms, drawing examples from the retrieval of video for the end-user. They argue, that efficient video search holds a key to the usability of the new "pervasive digital video" technologies.

The distribution of audiovisual content to diverse end-user devices and the development of DTV standards for mobile devices have increased the scale-ratio between alternative TV screens. Besides dynamic video compression that suits the technological context of end-user terminals, an important issue is the scaling of the UI. Software engineers are concerned with the translation of a UI specification into an implementation for TV products with different screen properties. The research issue of software engineering is how to apply automatic layout and scaling in order to speed up and improve the production process. However, the question is whether a UI design lends itself for such automatic layout and scaling. For this purpose, Rauterberg et al. analyze a prototype UI design done by industrial designers.

In addition to the adaptation of ITV content and of the UI, described above, there is also a need to author an ITV application once and then to translate it in as many alternative formats as possible. Tsekleves and Cosmas propose the semi-automatic translation of simulations and rapid prototypes created in popular desktop multimedia authoring packages, such as Macromedia Director, into services ready for broadcast. This approach reduces the production cost, because it integrates prototyping and application generating from a unique description. According to Tsekleves and Cosmas, an application generation tool provides an integrated way to cope with the increasing variety of screen sizes, and middleware systems.

The interoperability between a broadcast terminal and a home networking one depends on the interoperability between the respective middleware standards. For this purpose, Redondo et al. explore the relationship between DTV applications and the controllers of domestic appliances. In order to ensure interoperability, they work on standard middleware: MHP for the STBs, OSGi for home networking. However, they report that the interoperability between the two standards is not as straightforward as expected. First, contemporary MHP specifications do not consider any networking functionality. Moreover, each middleware has a different approach: on the one hand MHP is function-oriented, while on the other hand OSGi is service-oriented. Then, the main research issue is to develop an abstraction layer that will allow the interoperability of these standards.

Cesar et al. propose an extension to the television-watching paradigm that permits an end-user to enrich broadcast content. In this way, the viewer takes an active role with direct control over content consumption, creation and sharing. A key difference with the web paradigm is that the ITV user remains a viewer who participates in an ongoing process of incremental content editing []. For example virtual edits that allow the order of presentation to be changed. Nevertheless, they point-out that besides desktop and web computers, there are not many technical solutions to support end-user content enrichment for digital TV. They have coined the term ′authoring from the sofa′ to define this paradigm. ′Authoring from the sofa′ includes three activities: intra-program selection (selection of the content to be enriched), enrichments authoring (the content enrichment process), and sharing (post-enrichment distribution).

An audiovisual landscape that consists of hybrid distribution mechanisms (broadcast, internet streaming) and diverse user terminals raises the issue of personalization versus the need to keep TV as a shared experience medium. Wages et al. propose an interactive broadcasting framework that allows personalisation of broadcasted live events. Their approach is to offer unedited camera streamsand at the same time provide the prerequisites for the establishment of ′virtual personalised channels′ []. They propose that the viewer could either follow the default version, or navigate live media events. The viewer could either ′lean-back′ on the sofa to be guided by the Video Composer, or ′lean-forward′ and take control over the navigation through the video streams (Video Conductor).

Table 2. Research issues addressed by the respective papers in the special section

Bimber et al. employ video projectors for digital illumination in TV studios. Video projectors allow a spatial and temporal modulation of light that can be computer controlled and synchronized with the recording process of studio cameras. The key concept in Bimber et al. is that multiple projectors are used either solely or in combination with analog light sources for illuminating the entire, or parts of the TV studio environment. They explain that, spatially, projectors represent point light sources. Their capability of spatially modulating the light allows for creating almost arbitrary shading effects synthetically. Besides a spatial modulation, a temporal modulation of the projected light enables displaying different portions of the illumination time-sequentially. Bimber et al. acknowledge that there are alternative approaches, but the proposed digital light projection offers the potential of a unified solution for many practical problems in TV studios.

Olaizola et al. observe that AR systems demand increased hardware capabilities, which make difficult the reception and rendering in commercial set-top boxes. For this reason, they implemented the components of the 3D sub-system in a PC based system, where these limitations have been overcame by employing widely available Java 3D libraries. These libraries are not part of the MHP specification, although, the authors suggest that they could be easily added to the standard in the future.

Pastra et al. describe distribution and device technologies that go beyond traditional broadcast and TV and in particular the implications for video search services. In addition, they present the characteristics of the video search services and the ones of the more advanced videosearch techniques developed in state of the art prototypes. Moreover, they discuss the effects of shifting business models from the centralized digital libraries to distributed digital video storage.

In the context of dynamic UI scaling between diverse end-user terminals, the approach of Rauterberg et al. is to start by analyzing a UI design done by industrial designers. In doing so, they address one of the major issues in UI research and practice: how to make a deliberate design move from UI specification to software implementation. In particular, two studies are performed in order to bridge the gap between interaction designers of TV-based UI design and software engineers who need to convert this UI design into a functional UI. The methodological research question was which annotation method industrial designers would prefer and whether it could satisfy the technical requirements of the software engineering process.

In addition to UI scaling, there is a need for application adaptation to different terminals. Instead of developing the same application over and over and instead of emplying specialized tools, Tsekleves and Cosmas propose to exploit the familiarity of multimedia authors with the popular tool Macromedia Director. The translation from a high-fidelity Macromedia Director prototype to an ITV application could be performed with the use of metadata. Tsekleves and Cosmas first examined a number of possible metadata languages for describing an ITV application. Then, they provide an in-depth description of the operation of two tools, in order to offer an insight of how they can be used to make easier and streamline the process of creating digital TV applications for mobile terminals. Finally, they present case studies of converged broadcast and telecommunication service components.

In order to overcome the different development mentalities between OSGi and MHP, Redondo et al. introduce an abstraction layer that takes care of the interoperability between MHP and OSGi. Their concept supports the potential of MHP-OSGi communication in both directions: 1) enabling an MHP application to use OSGi services and 2) any OSGi device is able to take advantage of the MHP functionality. In their current work, they focus on the mapping from MHP to OSGi and describe the implementation experience.

Cesar et al. propose an architecture, which is based on a model that allows the original content to remain unaltered. In particular, they define an intermediate content enhancement layer that is based on the W3C′s SMIL language. Using a pen-based enhancement interface, end-users can manipulate content and save the annotations in a digital set-top box. They also describe scenarios of use, provide examples of how the system handles content enhancement and outline a reference implementation for creating and viewing enhancements.

Wages et al. propose the enhancement of audiovisual assets with semantic metadata, which could transform the media distribution value chain. For example, instead of broadcasting just a single edited video stream chosen by a producer, several camera streams are broadcasted. In complement to the work by Cesar et al., they suggest to transform the one-way production into a loop by introducing end-user annotation to the on-site producers. Finally, they provide a preliminary example of the proposed interactive broadcasting methodology in the case of a documentary-drama.

Table 3. Methodology employed to approach the research issues for the respective papers in the special section

The articles in the special section provide a broad overview of the research in interactive broadcasting. In addition, the articles provide a good balance between the technical and the creative aspects of this research field. Indeed, ITV systems have raised the issue of a closer integration between art and technology. One possible explanation for the delayed introduction of interactivity in TV broadcasts is the lack of co-operation between the creative professions (TV producers) and the technical ones (engineers). As a remedy, the articles in the special section provide an integrated view of the multidisciplinary challenges in interactive broadcasting. Still, there is need for further research in several of the issues addressed here 4 .

Table 4. Directions for further research in the field of interactive broadcasting

In brief, in AR ITV, there is a need for high-level UI toolkits, which support the production process and allow the control of the final scene (real scene integrated with virtual one) at the end-user terminal. The availability of ITV producer-friendly AR platforms, lighting techniques and authoring tools could motivate the development of novel TV formats and genres. Further research in cross media should consider video-search from diverse user terminals through hybrid distribution networks and how to make seamless the end-user experience between the different access methods. Moreover, there is a need for audiovisual content interoperability between the diversity of the distribution networks that reach the home. In addition, cross media developers should provide methods and tools for the automatic translation of ITV applications between heterogeneous devices and networks. Finally, interactive broadcasting research has to emphasize on the importance of the end-user as part of the content production process and empower viewers with easy-to-use content editing tools. Overall, the interactive broadcasting applications and methods presented in this article frame an emerging area for research and practice.

[Spi03] Cross-media service delivery, volume 740 of The Kluwer international series in engineering and computer science, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, , isbn 1-402-07480-8.

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Methods and Applications in Interactive Broadcasting

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JVRB, 4(2007), no. 19. - Interactive TV technology has been addressed in many previous works, but there is sparse research on the topic of interactive content broadcasting and how to support the production process. In this article, the interactive broadcasting process is broadly defined to include studio technology and digital TV applications at consumer set-top boxes.

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https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=QjdTDQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=the+outsiders&ots=npJOvK-oge&sig=0iJTJS4I3Y5uqdni6z7Pi3VXGQI#v=onepage&q=the%20outsiders&f=false
The outsiders is about the main character discovering the rights and wrongs of society.

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50 years of an iconic classic! The international bestseller and inspiration for a beloved movie--now with bonus content.

This special edition of the groundbreaking novel contains:
Never before seen photos and letters from the publisher's archives
Original review clippings and media coverage
Photos from the author's personal collection
A gallery of covers around the world
New material from the stars and director of the iconic film--including Francis Ford Coppola, Rob Lowe, Matt Dillon, and others
And much more!

Celebrating 50 years of the novel that laid the groundwork for the YA genre, this is the ultimate edition for fans of THE OUTSIDERS. A perfect way to honor this impressive milestone and a must-have for fans of all ages.
Ponyboy can count on his brothers. And on his friends. But not on much else besides trouble with the Socs, a vicious gang of rich kids whose idea of a goo d time is beating up on "greasers" like Ponyboy. At least he knows what to expect--until the night someone takes things too far.

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50 years of an iconic classic! The international bestseller and inspiration for a beloved movie--now with bonus content.This special edition of the groundbreaking novel contains: Never before seen photos and letters from the publisher's archivesOriginal review clippings and media coveragePhotos from the author's personal collectionA gallery of covers around the worldNew material from the stars and director of the iconic film--including Francis Ford Coppola, Rob Lowe, Matt Dillon, and othersAnd much more!

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This article gives some criticism on Romeo and Juliet.

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Marrying for Autonomy: A Feminist Analysis of Romeo and Juliet

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Several Shakespeare scholars focus on the oppression of women in Shakespeare's time, and maintain that stance when analyzing Romeo and Juliet. Some scholars argue that both Romeo and Juliet, but especially Juliet, are oppressed and passive in the events of the play.

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This book explains the history of the English language from ancient origins to present day slang.

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Where does today's English come from? This new edition of the bestseller by Charles Barber tells the story of the language from its remote ancestry to the present day. In response to demand from readers, a brand new chapter on late modern English has been added for this edition. Using dozens of familiar texts, including the English of King Alfred, Chaucer, Shakespeare, and Addison, the book tells you everything you need to know about the English language, where it came from and where it's going to. This edition adds new material on English as a global language and explains the differences between the main varieties of English around the world. Clear explanations of linguistic ideas and terms make it the ideal introduction for students on courses in English language and linguistics, and for all readers fascinated by language.

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Where does today's English come from? This new edition of the bestseller by Charles Barber tells the story of the language from its remote ancestry to the present day. In response to demand from readers, a brand new chapter on late modern English has been added for this edition.

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This is about learning how vocab works in different languages and ways to learn or teach it.

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Norbert Schmitt is Professor of Applied Linguistics at the University of Nottingham. He is interested in all aspects of second language vocabulary, and has published 8 books and over 100 journal articles and book chapters on vocabulary and applied linguistics topics.

Diane Schmitt works in the areas of syllabus design, materials development, and test development with emphases on vocabulary acquisition, all aspects of English for academic purposes, plagiarism, and English Medium Instruction. She has published articles, book chapters, and textbooks on these topics. She was a Senior Lecturer in EFL/TESOL for 25 years at Nottingham Trent University.

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Internationally recognised as one of the leading texts in its field, this volume offers a comprehensive introduction to vocabulary for language teachers who would like to know more about the way vocabulary works. Two leading specialists make research and theory accessible, providing the background knowledge necessary for practitioners to make informed choices about vocabulary teaching and testing.

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I just like the Greek mythology stories about Zeus and the rest of the gods and heroes. :>

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Who could tell the origin stories of the gods of Olympus better than a modern-day demigod? Percy Jackson provides an insider's view with plenty of 'tude in this illustrated collection.

"A publisher in New York asked me to write down what I know about the Greek gods, and I was like, Can we do this anonymously? Because I don't need the Olympians mad at me again. But if it helps you to know your Greek gods, and survive an encounter with them if they ever show up in your face, then I guess writing all this down will be my good deed for the week."

So begins Percy Jackson's Greek Gods, in which the son of Poseidon adds his own magic--and sarcastic asides--to the classics. He explains how the world was created, then gives readers his personal take on a who's who of ancients, from Apollo to Zeus. Percy does not hold back. "If you like horror shows, blood baths, lying, stealing, backstabbing, and cannibalism, then read on, because it definitely was a Golden Age for all that."

Dramatic full-color illustrations throughout by Caldecott Honoree John Rocco make this volume--a must for home, library, and classroom shelves--as stunning as it is entertaining.

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Who could tell the origin stories of the gods of Olympus better than a modern-day demigod? Percy Jackson provides an insider's view with plenty of 'tude in this illustrated collection."A publisher in New York asked me to write down what I know about the Greek gods, and I was like, Can we do this anonymously?

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https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02626667.2021.1952779?scroll=top&needAccess=true
It talks about Romeo and Juliet and how it has something to do with Wuthering Heights.

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This artificial covers on how Poe was feeling an thinking about the novel and what he actually meant on how the book was supposed to preserve and feel.

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Publisher Information

One of the largest publishers in the United States, the Johns Hopkins University Press combines traditional books and journals publishing units with cutting-edge service divisions that sustain diversity and independence among nonprofit, scholarly publishers, societies, and associations. Journals The Press is home to the largest journal publication program of any U.S.-based university press. The Journals Division publishes 85 journals in the arts and humanities, technology and medicine, higher education, history, political science, and library science. The division also manages membership services for more than 50 scholarly and professional associations and societies. Books With critically acclaimed titles in history, science, higher education, consumer health, humanities, classics, and public health, the Books Division publishes 150 new books each year and maintains a backlist in excess of 3,000 titles. With warehouses on three continents, worldwide sales representation, and a robust digital publishing program, the Books Division connects Hopkins authors to scholars, experts, and educational and research institutions around the world. Project MUSE® Project MUSE is a leading provider of digital humanities and social sciences content, providing access to journal and book content from nearly 300 publishers. MUSE delivers outstanding results to the scholarly community by maximizing revenues for publishers, providing value to libraries, and enabling access for scholars worldwide. Hopkins Fulfillment Services (HFS) HFS provides print and digital distribution for a distinguished list of university presses and nonprofit institutions. HFS clients enjoy state-of-the-art warehousing, real-time access to critical business data, accounts receivable management and collection, and unparalleled customer service.

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Diabolical Evil and "The Black Cat" on JSTOR

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Publisher Information One of the largest publishers in the United States, the Johns Hopkins University Press combines traditional books and journals publishing units with cutting-edge service divisions that sustain diversity and independence among nonprofit, scholarly publishers, societies, and associations. Journals The Press is home to the largest journal publication program of any U.S.-based university press.

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This is a written biography on the life of the exquisite poet: Edgar Allan Poe.

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Renowned as the creator of the detective story and a master of horror, the author of "The Red Mask of Death," "The Black Cat," and "The Murders of the Rue Morgue," Edgar Allan Poe seems to have derived his success from suffering and to have suffered from his success. "The Raven" and "The Tell-Tale Heart" have been read as signs of his personal obsessions, and "The Fall of the House of Usher" and "The Descent into the Maelstrom" as symptoms of his own mental collapse. Biographers have seldom resisted the opportunities to confuse the pathologies in the stories with the events in Poe's life. Against this tide of fancy, guesses, and amateur psychologizing, Arthur Hobson Quinn's biography devotes itself meticulously to facts. Based on exhaustive research in the Poe family archive, Quinn extracts the life from the legend, and describes how they both were distorted by prior biographies.

"

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Now in paperback-the classic, monumental biography of Poe by Arthur Hobson Quinn.Renowned as the creator of the detective story and a master of horror, the author of "The Red Mask of Death," "The Black Cat," and "The Murders of the Rue Morgue," Edgar Allan Poe seems to have derived his success from suffering and to have suffered from his success.

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Engineering is a process that includes trial and error, and any knowledge learned was often passed down in the line of engineers.

(L.C. Morse, D.L. Babcock, M. Murphy, Managing engineering and technology)

This source is connected to my program

http://testbanktop.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Downloadable-Solution-Manual-for-Managing-Engineering-and-Technology-5th-Edition-Morse-SM_Sample-1.pdf

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It's about two gangs and about how the main character deals with all of this and how he wants to get out of it.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
50 years of an iconic classic! The international bestseller and inspiration for a beloved movie--now with bonus content.

This special edition of the groundbreaking novel contains:
Never before seen photos and letters from the publisher's archives
Original review clippings and media coverage
Photos from the author's personal collection
A gallery of covers around the world
New material from the stars and director of the iconic film--including Francis Ford Coppola, Rob Lowe, Matt Dillon, and others
And much more!

Celebrating 50 years of the novel that laid the groundwork for the YA genre, this is the ultimate edition for fans of THE OUTSIDERS. A perfect way to honor this impressive milestone and a must-have for fans of all ages.
Ponyboy can count on his brothers. And on his friends. But not on much else besides trouble with the Socs, a vicious gang of rich kids whose idea of a goo d time is beating up on "greasers" like Ponyboy. At least he knows what to expect--until the night someone takes things too far.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
50 years of an iconic classic! The international bestseller and inspiration for a beloved movie--now with bonus content.This special edition of the groundbreaking novel contains: Never before seen photos and letters from the publisher's archivesOriginal review clippings and media coveragePhotos from the author's personal collectionA gallery of covers around the worldNew material from the stars and director of the iconic film--including Francis Ford Coppola, Rob Lowe, Matt Dillon, and othersAnd much more!

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https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-hellenic-studies/article/abs/philosophy-of-the-odyssey/EEA111B1590DFC04C0A41F4572D0AA42

This is about the philosophy of the odyssey

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on this episode; also .The temptation to forget home and abandon oneself to a softer, less demanding existence is another recurrent challenge for Odysseus and his companions (the Lotuseaters, life with Circe; the temptation of knowledge offered by the Sirens; Calypso, Nausicaa). On the Sirens see further Rahner (n. 1) 354 f.; ff. Vermeule 131 suggestively speaks of 'Lethe, ... the key theme of the Odyssey'; cf. Calypso, as her name implies, seeks to conceal Odysseus, to rob him of fame and memory ( cf. i 235-43); she beguiles him (i 55-6), trying to make him forget Ithaca (56 ἐπιλήσεται; cf. ix 97, 102, x 236, 472). In the Odyssey, importance also attaches to remembering or failing to recall the past: see, from various angles, iii 103 ff., iv 118 (contrast the drug-scene, 219 ff.), xiv 170, xix 118; also ii 233-4, xvi 424-447.

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The philosophy of the ODYSSEY | The Journal of Hellenic Studies | Cambridge Core

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on this episode; also .The temptation to forget home and abandon oneself to a softer, less demanding existence is another recurrent challenge for Odysseus and his companions (the Lotuseaters, life with Circe; the temptation of knowledge offered by the Sirens; Calypso, Nausicaa). On the Sirens see further Rahner (n.

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explains the pros and cons about engineering and other types of engineering

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Education Reform: Pros and Cons | Journal of Management in Engineering | Vol 13, No 6

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Sponsored by the Committee on Developing Leaders

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The Outsiders (1983) - IMDbhttps://www.imdb.com › title

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The Outsiders (1983) - IMDbhttps://www.imdb.com › title

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This is a book from the 1980's and its about two gangs that have disagreements

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What Does It Take to Be a Police Officer

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What Does It Take to Be a Police Officer

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https://go.gale.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=T003&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=SingleTab&hitCount=640&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=13&docId

This article explains all the responsibilities a police officer has. It talks about the requirements you need to pursue this career. It also explains the steps and process of becoming a successfuly police officer. This source is connected to my program, Law Enforcment.

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Explore this database of encyclopedias and reference sources within the Gale eBooks platform. For multidisciplinary research.

Don't know how to login?

Depending on this location's preferences, the log-in process could include your library card number, a student or user ID, or another provided password. If you don't know how to log in, please contact your library or school directly.

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Explore this database of encyclopedias and reference sources within the Gale eBooks platform. For multidisciplinary research. Don't know how to login? Depending on this location's preferences, the log-in process could include your library card number, a student or user ID, or another provided password.

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The the structure and understanding of English grammar.

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DOI link for Introducing English Grammar

Introducing English Grammar book

DOI link for Introducing English Grammar

Introducing English Grammar book

By Kersti Börjars, Kate Burridge

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Introducing English Grammar | Kersti Börjars, Kate Burridge | Taylor &

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DOI link for Introducing English Grammar Introducing English Grammar book DOI link for Introducing English Grammar Introducing English Grammar book By Kersti Börjars, Kate Burridge

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This book is for teens who aspire to be engineers. It gives teens from ages 12-16 a look into what engineers do such as solving complex problems in the world while trying to improve our lives through creativity with math and science.

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Explore engineering as a career with this introduction for ages 12 to 16

The job of an engineer is to solve all sorts of complex challenges facing the world while improving our lives through creative, innovative ideas. This engineering book for teens gives you a look into what engineers do and how they drive society forward through math and science.

From designing tablets and smartphones to reimagining the way we collect and store renewable energy, this engineering book for teens introduces you to the major engineering disciplines and their distinct specialties, famous engineers throughout history, and more.

Engineering for Teens offers:

Engineering fundamentals--Discover the four main branches of engineering and their different specialties.

Inspired inventions--Get examples of the incredible things that engineers have created, like fuel cells and medicines.

Inclusivity in engineering--Learn all about the diversity within the field of engineering.

Discover the wonders of engineering and prepare yourself for a life of scientific discovery with this engineering book for teens.

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Explore engineering as a career with this introduction for ages 12 to 16 The job of an engineer is to solve all sorts of complex challenges facing the world while improving our lives through creative, innovative ideas. This engineering book for teens gives you a look into what engineers do and how they drive society forward through math and science.

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Talks about the Journals of Construction Engineering and Management from 2000 to 2018

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Journal of Construction Engineering and Management

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This study aims to address research questions related to the evolution of academic research in the field of construction engineering and management (CEM): (1) what are the mainstream research topics since 2000? (2) what are the emerging topics or techniques in CEM within the recent decades? and (3) what are potential CEM research areas in the near future? A scientometric analysis was conducted to review articles published in Journal of Construction Engineering and Management since 2000, follow by a qualitative discussion. This study revealed that project performance indicator-related topics (e.g., cost, scheduling, safety, productivity, and risk management) have been the ongoing mainstream issues over the last decades. Labor and personnel issues gained even more research attention in the last 10 years. Information and communication technologies [e.g., building information modeling (BIM)] applied in CEM has been gaining the momentum since 2009. A variety of quantitative methods have gained popularity in the CEM discipline, such as algorithms, statistics, fuzzy sets, and neural networks. The follow-up qualitative analysis led to the contributions of this review-based study in terms that (1) it provided an overview of the research topics in CEM since 2000 through a text-mining approach; and (2) it offered insights into emerging and near-future research areas, including BIM and data analytics applied in various construction issues (e.g., safety), as well as integrations of research themes (e.g., risk assessment in newly emerging project delivery methods).

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Scientometric Review of Articles Published in ASCE's Journal of Construction Engineering and Management from 2000 to 2018 | Journal of Construction Engineering and Management | Vol 145, No 8

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This study aims to address research questions related to the evolution of academic research in the field of construction engineering and management (CEM): (1) what are the mainstream research topics since 2000? (2) what are the emerging topics or ...

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This book is about the role that a women plays for Law Enforcement. It also provides the issues that it takes in roles of social control.

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THE BOOK IS DESIGNED FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATORS AND OFFICERS AS WELL AS FOR CONCERNED CITIZENS WHO WISH TO SEE POLICE AGENCIES OPERATING MORE EFFECTIVELY AND EFFICIENTLY. INFORMATION WAS OBTAINED FROM BOOKS, ARTICLES, PRIVATE OR GOVERNMENTAL REPORTS, AND RESEARCH STUDIES ABOUT FEMALE OFFICERS. NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE AND TELEPHONE INTERVIEWS WITH NUMEROUS FOREIGN AND AMERICAN POLICE AGENCIES ALSO CONTRIBUTED TO THE COMPILATION, AS DID INTERVIEWS WITH MALE AND FEMALE OFFICERS OF ALL RANKS. PRESENTATIONS TRACE THE HISTORICAL AND PRESENT ROLES OF POLICEWOMEN IN COUNTRIES AS DIVERSE AS JAPAN, POLAND, GUYANA, AND ISRAEL, AND DISCUSS THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN POLICEWOMEN FROM THE EARLY 19TH CENTURY USE OF PRISON MATRONS TO THE POST-1972 HIRING OF WOMEN IN THE FBI, STATE LAW ENFORCEMENT, PRIVATE SECURITY, AND LOCAL POLICE FORCES. OBSTACLES CONFRONTING WOMEN IN LAW ENFORCEMENT ARE IDENTIFIED, WITH ATTENTION TO THE SELECTION PROCESS, ATTITUDES, AND THE MASS MEDIA. THE EFFECTS OF POLICEWOMEN BOTH INSIDE AND OUTSIDE GENERAL PATROL, AND IN THE SUPERVISORY ROLE ARE CONSIDERED. FURTHER SUBJECTS COVERED INCLUDE STRESS, THE WOMEN'S LIBERATION MOVEMENT, ABSENTEEISM AND TURNOVER, SEX AND ROMANCE, AND CIVIL SERVICE. FINALLY, COMPONENTS INVOLVED IN THE POLICE CHIEF'S ROLE ARE OUTLINED, AND A SUMMARY POINTS TO OPTIMAL METHODS FOR ACHIEVING MORE EMPLOYMENT OF POLICEWOMEN. APPENDIXES INCLUDE A POLICE CHIEF'S DIRECTIVE ON THE UTILIZATION OF POLICEWOMEN IN PATROL, RESULTS OF PHYSICAL AGILITY TESTS, A SPOUSES TRAINING PROGRAM FORMAT, AND AN IMPLEMENTATION CHECKLIST FOR POLICEWOMEN-ON-PATROL PROGRAMS. REFERENCES AND A BIBLIOGRAPHY ARE ATTACHED. (AOP)

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WOMEN IN LAW ENFORCEMENT - SECOND EDITION

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THE BOOK IS DESIGNED FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATORS AND OFFICERS AS WELL AS FOR CONCERNED CITIZENS WHO WISH TO SEE POLICE AGENCIES OPERATING MORE EFFECTIVELY AND EFFICIENTLY. INFORMATION WAS OBTAINED FROM BOOKS, ARTICLES, PRIVATE OR GOVERNMENTAL REPORTS, AND RESEARCH STUDIES ABOUT FEMALE OFFICERS.

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This articles explain how technology is changing education.

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Highlights

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Data analyzed 498 young people who actively using an online peer-to-peer knowledge-sharing community.

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The respondents being more partial towards learning via mobile applications and video content.

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Students tended to emulate their teachers who integrated modern technologies into curriculum.

Abstract

Technological progress has influenced the way we acquire knowledge and learn. On the other hand, the Internet provides fast access to information technology in different fields and thus, improves efficiency and saves time. The importance of online technology is especially emphasized in new methods for learning and education. This is particularly important among Generation Z ("Gen Z″), which derives knowledge from the Internet and is focused on a quick search of information. The aim of this paper is to determine how technology and the Internet affect the acquisition of knowledge by Generation Z, and which forms of knowledge acquisition this generation prefers. In our paper, the problem concerns various forms of learning and acquiring knowledge. Research was conducted among 498 young people actively using an online peer-to-peer knowledge-sharing community. The results of ANOVA analysis showed the respondents being more partial towards learning via mobile applications and video content over the traditional form. It also discovered that the students tended to emulate their teachers who integrated modern technologies into their curriculum and used it outside classroom hours for learning. The results of this research make several important theoretical contributions to the gap in knowledge acquisition by Gen Z, and provide several important practical recommendations for educators.

View full text

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Information technology and Gen Z: The role of teachers, the internet, and technology in the education of young people

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Data analyzed 498 young people who actively using an online peer-to-peer knowledge-sharing community. * The respondents being more partial towards learning via mobile applications and video content. * Students tended to emulate their teachers who integrated modern technologies into curriculum. Technological progress has influenced the way we acquire knowledge and learn.

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The article is about how The art of war is the oldest and most studied treatise

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Explore this database of encyclopedias and reference sources within the Gale eBooks platform. For multidisciplinary research.

Don't know how to login?

Depending on this location's preferences, the log-in process could include your library card number, a student or user ID, or another provided password. If you don't know how to log in, please contact your library or school directly.

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Explore this database of encyclopedias and reference sources within the Gale eBooks platform. For multidisciplinary research. Don't know how to login? Depending on this location's preferences, the log-in process could include your library card number, a student or user ID, or another provided password.

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Unfortunately we will have to act this out

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What Does It Take to Be a Police Officer?

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What Does It Take to Be a Police Officer?

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This article is about the duties of a police officer, qualifications to become an officer, and what high school/college courses you should take to become one. I chose this because it relates to my program.

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Explore this database of encyclopedias and reference sources within the Gale eBooks platform. For multidisciplinary research.

Don't know how to login?

Depending on this location's preferences, the log-in process could include your library card number, a student or user ID, or another provided password. If you don't know how to log in, please contact your library or school directly.

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Explore this database of encyclopedias and reference sources within the Gale eBooks platform. For multidisciplinary research. Don't know how to login? Depending on this location's preferences, the log-in process could include your library card number, a student or user ID, or another provided password.

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https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/467275
This is about the optimal structure of law enforcement

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Sepulchral Sensuality and Heretical Heavens in Wuthering Heights and Romeo and Juliet

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Sepulchral Sensuality and Heretical Heavens in Wuthering Heights and Romeo and Juliet

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Talks about Romeo and Juliet

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https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/militarization-of-law-enforcement-evidence-from-latin-america/03EE3B407BA25D8D2762A7ED3871060E
It talks about how Law Enforcement has been militarized over 3 decades.

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https://go.gale.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=T003&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=SingleTab&hitCount=122&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=10&docId=GALE%7CCX3727800907&docType=Topic+overview&sort=Relevance&contentSegment=&prodId=GVRL&pageNum=1&contentSet=GALE%7CCX3727800907&searchId=R2&userGroupName=brid0484&inPS=true
This article is about how engineers explain that engineering is about science mathematics and creativity. it can help us create things in our daily lives.

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Broadcasting: What does the High-Demand Industry have in Store?

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Broadcasting: What does the High-Demand Industry have in Store?

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This book that can be found on google or can be purchased if you're interested. This book will explain the pros and cons, the demands, and what you need to do to be successful in this busy industry.

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Starting Your Career in Broadcasting is the complete guide to breaking into this competitive field--and staying there. It's packed with advice from top personalities including Bob Costas, Chris Berman, Larry King, Jim Lampley, Bob Kingsley, Rene Syler, Troy Aikman, plus station managers and other broadcasting pros, all sharing stories of how they got their start in broadcasting. Often hilarious, sometimes moving, always insightful, these anecdotes offer first-hand guidance on making the right career choices. Chapters explore specific on-air and behind-the-scenes jobs; broadcasting schools and what they teach; what news and program directors seek in job applicants; tips for being effective on the air; how an aspiring broadcaster can buy airtime; weathering the ups and downs of a competitive industry; and much more.

Allworth Press, an imprint of Skyhorse Publishing, publishes a broad range of books on the visual and performing arts, with emphasis on the business of art. Our titles cover subjects such as graphic design, theater, branding, fine art, photography, interior design, writing, acting, film, how to start careers, business and legal forms, business practices, and more. While we don't aspire to publish a New York Times bestseller or a national bestseller, we are deeply committed to quality books that help creative professionals succeed and thrive. We often publish in areas overlooked by other publishers and welcome the author whose expertise can help our audience of readers.

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Starting Your Career in Broadcasting is the complete guide to breaking into this competitive field--and staying there. It's packed with advice from top personalities including Bob Costas, Chris Berman, Larry King, Jim Lampley, Bob Kingsley, Rene Syler, Troy Aikman, plus station managers and other broadcasting pros, all sharing stories of how they got their start in broadcasting.

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Is Fluent, Expressive Reading Important for High School Readers?

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Is Fluent, Expressive Reading Important for High School Readers?

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Consistent reading has been neglected and needs to be used more since it helps with critical learning skills such as building imagination and comprehension.

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The book is about learning and deeply understanding of Studio/production. It also provides the origin's and history of Studio/production. It tells you what you need and how you should be thinking coming to the world of Studio/Production.

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OAPEN is based in the Netherlands, with its registered office in the National Library in The Hague. Director: Niels Stern Address:OAPEN FoundationPrins Willem-Alexanderhof 52525 BE The Hague Postal address:OAPEN FoundationP.O. Box 904072509 LK The Hague Websites:OAPEN Home: www.oapen.org OAPEN Library: library.oapen.org DOAB: www.doabooks.org

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Basically, talks about what engineering is. I chose this because it is the program that i'm in. =^.^=

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In this article it explains how MIT researchers have developed a new way to 3d-print to detected how forces are being used.

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MIT researchers have developed a new method to 3D print mechanisms that detect how force is being applied to an object. The structures are made from a single piece of material, so they can be rapidly prototyped. A designer could use this method to 3D print "interactive input devices," like a joystick, switch, or handheld controller, in one go.

To accomplish this, the researchers integrated electrodes into structures made from metamaterials, which are materials divided into a grid of repeating cells. They also created editing software that helps users build these interactive devices.

"Metamaterials can support different mechanical functionalities. But if we create a metamaterial door handle, can we also know that the door handle is being rotated, and if so, by how many degrees? If you have special sensing requirements, our work enables you to customize a mechanism to meet your needs," says co-lead author Jun Gong, a former visiting PhD student at MIT who is now a research scientist at Apple.

Gong wrote the paper alongside fellow lead authors Olivia Seow, a graduate student in the MIT Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), and Cedric Honnet, a research assistant in the MIT Media Lab. Other co-authors are MIT graduate student Jack Forman and senior author Stefanie Mueller, who is an associate professor in EECS and a member of the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL). The research will be presented at the Association for Computing Machinery Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology next month.

"What I find most exciting about the project is the capability to integrate sensing directly into the material structure of objects. This will enable new intelligent environments in which our objects can sense each interaction with them," Mueller says. "For instance, a chair or couch made from our smart material could detect the user's body when the user sits on it and either use it to query particular functions (such as turning on the light or TV) or to collect data for later analysis (such as detecting and correcting body posture)."
Embedded electrodes
Because metamaterials are made from a grid of cells, when the user applies force to a metamaterial object, some of the flexible, interior cells stretch or compress.

The researchers took advantage of this by creating "conductive shear cells," flexible cells that have two opposing walls made from conductive filament and two walls made from nonconductive filament. The conductive walls function as electrodes.

When a user applies force to the metamaterial mechanism -- moving a joystick handle or pressing the buttons on a controller -- the conductive shear cells stretch or compress, and the distance and overlapping area between the opposing electrodes changes. Using capacitive sensing, those changes can be measured and used to calculate the magnitude and direction of the applied forces, as well as rotation and acceleration.

To demonstrate this, the researchers created a metamaterial joystick with four conductive shear cells embedded around the base of the handle in each direction (up, down, left, and right). As the user moves the joystick handle, the distance and area between the opposing conductive walls changes, so the direction and magnitude of each applied force can be sensed. In this case, those values were converted to inputs for a "PAC-MAN" game.

By understanding how joystick users apply forces, a designer could prototype unique handle shapes and sizes for people with limited grip strength in certain directions.

The researchers also created a music controller designed to conform to a user's hand. When the user presses one of the flexible buttons, conductive shear cells within the structure are compressed and the sensed input is sent to a digital synthesizer.

This method could enable a designer to quickly create and tweak unique, flexible input devices for a computer, like a squeezable volume controller or bendable stylus.
A software solution
MetaSense, the 3D editor the researchers developed, enables this rapid prototyping. Users can manually integrate sensing into a metamaterial design or let the software automatically place the conductive shear cells in optimal locations.

"The tool will simulate how the object will be deformed when different forces are applied, and then use this simulated deformation to calculate which cells have the maximum distance change. The cells that change the most are the optimal candidates to be conductive shear cells," Gong says.

The researchers endeavored to make MetaSense straightforward, but there are challenges to printing such complex structures.

"In a multimaterial 3D printer, one nozzle would be used for nonconductive filament and one nozzle would be used for conductive filament. But it is quite tricky because the two materials may have very different properties. It requires a lot of parameter-tuning to settle on the ideal speed, temperature, etc. But we believe that, as 3D printing technology continues to get better, this will be much easier for users in the future," he says.

In the future, the researchers would like to improve the algorithms behind MetaSense to enable more sophisticated simulations.

They also hope to create mechanisms with many more conductive shear cells. Embedding hundreds or thousands of conductive shear cells within a very large mechanism could enable high-resolution, real-time visualizations of how a user is interacting with an object, Gong says.

This research is supported by the National Science Foundation.

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materials science; engineering and construction; engineering; technology; software; computers and internet; mobile computing; computer programming

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Engineers create 3D-printed objects that sense how a user is interacting with them

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MIT researchers have developed a new method to 3D print mechanisms that detect how force is being applied to an object. The structures are made from a single piece of material, so they can be rapidly prototyped. A designer could use this method to 3D print "interactive input devices," like a joystick, switch, or handheld controller, in one go.

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Its about the effects GIS has on the new era of IT

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1. Introduction

Since its birth in the 1960s, GIS has played an important role in the cognitive living space and social development of human society (Goodchild ). The development of GIS is accompanied by the progress of information technology. On one hand, the development of information technology promotes the progress of GIS. On the other hand, GIS also puts forward many requirements for information technology (such as: spatiotemporal big data collection, analysis, application, etc.). Nowadays, information technology has entered the era of big data, artificial intelligence, Internet of things, mobile computing and cloud computing. These revolutionary technologies provide new opportunities for GIS. GIS should actively embrace the new technology and explore the directions in GIS development under the new technology environment.

This special issue aims to address the following important topics under this new environment: (1) Developments of these revolutionary technologies in the GIS domain; (2) Applications of these technologies in the GIS domain (e.g. big spatiotemporal data analytics, human dynamics, physical/virtual world linkage analyses, etc.) and in the general domain of geography; (3) Specific GIS challenges we are facing today in lieu of spatial big data, artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of things (IoT), Cloud computing(C2) and mobility; (4) GIS architecture, theory, methodology, software, tool, and solution needed to support addressing these challenges; (5) New research directions; (6) Impacts of these technologies on the restructure of the government, GIS industry, and education. This editorial first provides a summary of the eight articles included in this issue and then suggests future research directions in this area based on our collective observations.

2. Overview of the articles

The articles included in this issue make significant contributions to the advancements of GIS in the new IT Era in Geo modelling, methods, spatial big data integration, BIM/GIS integration and higher education of Geographic information Science. We group the eight articles into four major categories: Next Generation of GIS, Geo AI, spatial big data, and Applications of new GIS domains, as shown in Table 1.

Introduction to advancements of GIS in the new IT era

2.1. Next generation of GIS

With the development of IT technology, GIS has undergone great changes in data acquisition, data management, technology platform, application development and project implementation. In this category, we included three papers: Huang et al. (this issue), Zhu et al. (Paper 5, this issue) and Zhang et al. (this issue).

GIS plays an important role in natural disaster management, which is an important direction of the development of new generation GIS (Tewelow ). Huang et al. (this issue) reviewed studies that use different methods to extract information from social media during natural hazards. The paper categorized these studies' methods into five categories (content, sentiment, user, temporal, spatiotemporal), with some studies showing up in more than one category. It points out the research direction of new generation GIS in natural disaster management.

With the development of GIS services to all aspects of human production and life, its users are changing from professional users to non-specialists, which brings new challenges to GIS. Zhu et al. (Paper 6, this issue) put forward a new viewpoint: knowledge of operations, efficiency of computation, and software management became difficult for the traditional GIS software. The next-generation GIS must be easy to use. The paper provides an example of future geo-computation platform to explore how to address and solve easy geo-computation platforms problems to further simplify the computation processes and extend the application of easy geo-computation to more domains and to more people.

Professional education is an important factor in the development of GIS. Only through the systematic education system can we continuously cultivate professional talents. Zhang et al. (this issue) investigated the development of GIS education in Chinese mainland in the past 40 years. The survey was conducted in the form of a questionnaire, and comprehensive analysis of the survey data, which revealed the current status of the geographic information science in China, was carried out. This article arguments that China has a long way to go in terms of higher education of geographic information. In order to promote the development of new generation GIS, we should cultivate students' interest and professional awareness in geographic information science.

2.2. Geo AI

Geo AI is a new research and application field combining spatiotemporal big data analysis and artificial intelligence technology. IT has features of automation, data-driven, self-learning and support for optimal decision-making. The two papers by Liu et al. (this issue), Mashhoodi et al. (this issue) focus on Geo AI and highlight the geospatial data preprocessing, simulation modelling and scenario-based optimization approach.

Classical model can be integrated with new data and method to create new modelling strategy. Social media is a new data source which include many additional social aspects information (Zhang et al. ). Liu et al. (this issue) provides a new perspective to think about forecasting the presidential election. The study integrates a classical political science election prediction model and the emerging approach of using social media sentiments for prediction. The model extended the national level prediction to the county level, which is the finest geographical unit of voting results. This paper puts forward an idea of joint innovation based on traditional models and new methods, which is a typical development direction of Geo AI.

Urban infrastructure layout planning is an important application of Geospatial Intelligence. Mashhoodi et al. (this issue) aims at estimating the cost of developing new charging infrastructure for a real case study in the city of Amsterdam under different scenarios of range anxiety. This paper estimated the cost of optimal allocation of new EV charging infrastructure under different scenarios of range anxiety, and to measure to what extent the overall cost could be reduced in return for alleviating range anxiety of EV drivers. Taking Amsterdam as an example, this paper simulates the impact of range anxiety on the number of chargers needed and highlight further studies could adopt models with feedforward mechanism assuming that after the allocation of every EV charger, range anxiety could alter.

2.3. Spatial big data and spatiotemporal cloud computing

In the application of spatial big data, there are the following challenges (Li et al. ): (1) data collection: acquisition of data by various means, integration of spatial and temporal data collection; adapting to a wide range of semantic specifications; can handle a variety of data types: structured, semi-structured, unstructured; adapting to different data production methods. (2) Data storage and management: The current global data volume is growing at a rate of more than 50% per year, and the cost and performance of storage technology are under tremendous pressure. Large data storage systems need not only to store large amounts of data at very low cost, but also to adapt to a variety of unstructured data management needs. It has scalability in data format. (3) Computing performance challenges: Mass data processing consumes a lot of computing resources. For traditional single-machine or parallel computing technologies, speed, scalability and cost are difficult to meet the new requirements of large data computing analysis. Divided and conquered distributed computing has become the mainstream computing framework for large data. (4) Challenges of data analysis and knowledge discovery: traditional ways of using databases to store structured data, building data warehouses on which data cubes can be built for on-line analytical processing (OLAP), drill-down or roll-up operations in multiple dimensions. For extracting from data, the need to refine deeper knowledge has prompted the emergence of data mining technology, and has developed a series of effective methods such as clustering, association analysis, etc. in practice. Real-time processing of data. Lack of prior knowledge. (5) Challenge of knowledge presentation: in the context of large data serving decision support, presenting analysis results to users in an intuitive way is an important part of large data analysis. How to make complex analysis results easy to understand is a major challenge (Zhang et al. ).

The research and application fields of geospatial science have intensive space-time constraints and laws. When using computer technology to study these problems, we need to fully consider the general spatiotemporal laws (Yang et al. ), which include:

1. Space objects and physical phenomena are continuous, but when using computer technology to abstract these phenomena, they are often discrete in time and space.

2. The physical phenomena of geographical space are multi temporal in time, space and time.

3. The physical phenomena of spatial objects are related to their spatial location, which can be studied separately.

4. Geospatial science and application problems include data storage, computing and processing resources, physical phenomena and users. These four aspects interact and influence each other, making the research and application more complex in space.

5. Spatiotemporal phenomena are auto-correlated and closed.

Space cloud computing can be defined as a cloud computing mode driven by geospatial science. In this mode, the cloud computing environment is optimized through the law of time and space, so that it can better serve geospatial science discovery, research and application in a distributed environment. The proposal of spatial cloud computing provides a reference for GIS in the new IT era. In this category, we included one paper: Xu et al. (this issue).

Database systems are pervasive components in the current big data era. With the growth of both volume and complexity of climate data, the importance of efficient data storage, fast access, and analysis are well recognized by both data producers and data users. Xu et al. (this issue) presented solutions for seeking fast gridded data retrieve and efficient storage using existing technologies. The paper addressed the problem by modelling the big climate data as array data sets with some dimensionality and known lengths. an n-dimensional hash function algorithm was proposed to perform a fast data retrieval action on a unified data storage structure, and a prototype database library (LotDB) was developed as an implementation, which integrated memory-mapping technology and algorithm.

2.4. Applications of new GIS domains

Using big data, Internet of things, cloud computing and other new technologies, the new GIS field has gained more application scenarios.

Spatial big data refers to the data related to the earth's reference space position, which is used to express the state and attributes of various entities and processes in the real world. Spatial big data has the following characteristics:

1. Multi-source heterogeneity: there are many ways to obtain spatial data, such as global satellite navigation technology (GNSS), satellite gravity detection technology (SG), aerospace remote sensing technology (RS), and so on. The spatial data obtained by these technologies have different formats and phases, resulting in the diversity of sources and complex structure of spatial data.

2. Multiple spatiotemporal scales: spatial data are produced by different observation means and different time periods. Spatiotemporal scale is another feature of spatial data.

3. Distribution: spatial data production and management institutions are geographically distributed in different countries and regions of the world. As a result, earth observation data are usually stored in different data centres, which belong to different countries, regions, scientific research institutions, etc.

4. Multi-dimensional: In different projection and spatial reference systems, most spatial data have at least two-dimensional spatial features. And these dimension attributes are increasing with the deepening of application and research. In this category, we include two papers: Zhu et al. (Paper 7, this issue) and Aslam et al. (this issue).

Smart city is an import platform of new GIS domains, which include many Technology and business perspectives. Zhu et al. (Paper 7, this issue) presents a new idea of BIM and GIS integration by transforming IFC format data of BIM into shape format. This study has demonstrated a systematic process of BIM/GIS integration, from the beginning data conversion to the end application using a bridge model. The research results can be widely used in smart city construction, such as fire response management, traffic noise assessment, flood damage assessment and indoor route planning.

Another typical kind application of smart city is transportation planning. Aslam et al. (this issue) propose a framework to detect and infer secondary activities from individuals' daily travel patterns from the smart card data and reduce the use of conventional surveys. A 'heuristic secondary activity identification algorithm' was proposed, which uses commuters' primary locations (home & work) and the direction (from & to) information to identify secondary activities for individuals. High-level classification of the activity types was provided by the algorithm. This classification is semantically enriched using Points of Interests to provide meaningful insights. The paper use transit data of London as a case study.

3. Summary and future research directions

This special issue focuses on the development of GIS in the new era of IT technology. It provides new directions and solutions for the development of GIS in big data, artificial intelligence, Internet of things, mobile computing and cloud computing, and guides the new development direction of GIS.

This special issue emphasizes the deep integration of new IT technology and GIS, and the comprehensive improvement of spatiotemporal thinking, spatiotemporal computing and spatiotemporal application. A promising future research direction is to build on the knowledge and skills across geographic information science and computing science. In this way, we can quickly acquire and process the comprehensive knowledge of real-world geospatial patterns and computing process, and integrate spatiotemporal big data, artificial intelligence technology, combined with geospatial visualization analysis framework to provide more powerful information Cloud computing platform to solve numerous geospatial problems.

Through the innovative use of advanced IT technology, such as the Internet of things technology to achieve multi-source data acquisition, distributed computing technology to achieve high-performance computing, hybrid storage technology to achieve data organization and indexing, machine learning and artificial intelligence technology to discover geographical laws, panoramic visualization technology to achieve geospatial knowledge expression. This special issue focuses on the challenges and requirements of the new generation of GIS, hybrid storage of spatiotemporal big data, knowledge discovery, scenario application. It is recommended that efforts should also be directed to promote and integrate with new IT theories, methods, technologies and GIS.

Next Generation of GIS

Situational Awareness Information Extraction: A Comprehensive Review of Social Media Data Classification During Natural Hazards

Huang et al. (this issue)

Next Generation Of GIS: Must Be Easy

Zhu et al. (Paper 5, this issue)

Status Analysis of Higher Education of Geographic Information Science Major in China

Zhang et al. (this issue)

Geo AI

Can We Forecast Presidential Election? An Integrative Modelling Approach

Liu et al. (this issue)

Drivers' range anxiety and cost of new EV chargers in Amsterdam: A scenario-based optimization approach

Mashhoodi et al. (this issue)

Spatial big data

Integrating Memory-Mapping and N-Dimensional Hash Function for Fast and Efficient Grid-based Climate Data Query

Xu et al. (this issue)

Applications of new GIS domains

BIM/GIS Integration for Web GIS-Based Bridge Management

Zhu et al. (Paper 7, this issue)

Semantic enrichment of secondary activities identification using smart card data and POIs: London case study

Sari Aslam et al. (this issue)

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

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Introduction to advancements of GIS in the new IT era

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Since its birth in the 1960s, GIS has played an important role in the cognitive living space and social development of human society (Goodchild ). The development of GIS is accompanied by the progress of information technology. On one hand, the development of information technology promotes the progress of GIS.

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This book explains engineering from the basics to the most complex level.

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this is book is about how I.T is used to advance medicine

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For many centuries, people have tried to learn about the state of their health. Initially, in the pre-technological period, they had to rely only on their senses. Then there were simple tools to help the human senses. The discovery of X-rays, which allowed people to look "inside" the body, turned out to be a major breakthrough. Contemporary medical diagnostics is increasingly being assisted by information technology that allows, for example, thorough image tissue analysis or pathology differentiation. They also allow very early preventive diagnostics. Influenced by information technology, "classic" diagnostic techniques change and new ones arise.

Information Technology in Medical Diagnostics presents selected and extended conference papers from Polish, Ukrainian and Kazakh scientists. They address problems of the application of new methods of image processing for analysis of medical images, new methods of classification of medical data as well as new medical imaging methods. Some of the presented technologies are inspired by the functioning of living organisms.

Information Technology in Medical Diagnostics is of interest not only to academics and engineers, but also to professionals involved in biomedical engineering, and seeking for solutions for issues that cannot be solved with the help of "traditional" technologies.

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Information Technology in Medical Diagnostics

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
For many centuries, people have tried to learn about the state of their health. Initially, in the pre-technological period, they had to rely only on their senses. Then there were simple tools to help the human senses. The discovery of X-rays, which allowed people to look "inside" the body, turned out to be a major breakthrough.

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"Information Technology Industry." Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History, edited by Thomas Riggs, 2nd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2015, pp. 623-624. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3611000435/GVRL?u=brid0484&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=476de108. Accessed 20 Sept. 2021.
It is about the information technology industry

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What Does It Take to Be  a Police Officer?

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What Does It Take to Be  a Police Officer?

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This article is about the duties of a police officer, qualifications to become an officer, and what high school/college courses you should take to become one. This relates to my program.

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Explore this database of encyclopedias and reference sources within the Gale eBooks platform. For multidisciplinary research.

Don't know how to login?

Depending on this location's preferences, the log-in process could include your library card number, a student or user ID, or another provided password. If you don't know how to log in, please contact your library or school directly.

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Explore this database of encyclopedias and reference sources within the Gale eBooks platform. For multidisciplinary research. Don't know how to login? Depending on this location's preferences, the log-in process could include your library card number, a student or user ID, or another provided password.

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This article is about how engineers have to find the problem and develop a solution 

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Its about Computers :)

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Information technology affects all aspects of modern life. From the information shared on social media such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram to online shopping and mobile devices, it is rare that a person is not touched by some form of IT every day.Information Technology Law examines the legal dimensions of these everyday interactions with technology and the impact on privacy and data protection, as well as their relationship to other areas of substantive law, including intellectual property and criminal proceedings. Focusing primarily ondevelopments within the UK and EU, this book provides a broad-ranging introduction and analysis of the increasingly complex relationship between the law and IT.Information Technology Law is essential reading for students of IT law and also appropriate for business and management students, as well as IT and legal professionals.Online resourcesThe accompanying online resources include a catalogue of web links to key readings and updates to the law since publication.

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Information technology affects all aspects of modern life. From the information shared on social media such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram to online shopping and mobile devices, it is rare that a person is not touched by some form of IT every day.Information Technology Law examines the legal dimensions of these everyday interactions with technology and the impact on privacy and data protection, as well as their relationship to other areas of substantive law, including intellectual property and criminal proceedings.

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Pros and Cons of Laboratory Methods Used in Engineering Education

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Pros and Cons of Laboratory Methods Used in Engineering Education

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Some engineering teaching methods are better than others, using step by step instructions will help the engineers bet a better idea of what to do while just quickly reviewing the topic will quickly exit their minds

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visit author page
Mohammad Habibi is an Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Platteville. He received his undergraduate degree from Iran University of Science & Technology in 1994, his master's from Isfahan University of Technology in 2000, and his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee in 2010. Following his postdoctoral appointments at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, he joined the faculty at Minnesota State University -Mankato at the Iron Range Engineering program where he served as an Assistant Professor.

Professor Habibi has taught a number of electrical engineering courses such Analog Electronics, Advance Analog Design, Communications, Circuits II, Signals and Systems, and Controls. Professor. Habibi's passion for engineering education, teaching and mentorship is demonstrated each day through his interactions with students inside and outside the classroom. To this point, he has shared his knowledge of best practices in engineering education with his peers through the many articles he has published in ASEE conference proceedings. He has been investigating novel methods on how to motivate students to learn, as well as how to help them become self-directed learners.
visit author page

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ASEE PEER - Pros and Cons of Laboratory Methods Used in Engineering Education

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visit author page Mohammad Habibi is an Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Platteville. He received his undergraduate degree from Iran University of Science & Technology in 1994, his master's from Isfahan University of Technology in 2000, and his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee in 2010.

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A virtual studio for live broadcasting: the Mona Lisa project

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A virtual studio for live broadcasting: the Mona Lisa project

# data[].attributes.body
The Virtual Studio concept replaces real background sets with computer-generated synthetic scenes.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
A virtual studio for live broadcasting: the Mona Lisa project

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Virtual Studio concept replaces real background sets with computer-generated synthetic scenes. Image sequences combine real foreground action, shot in the studio, with computer generated backgrounds. The Mona Lisa project seeks to develop and integrate technologies (algorithms, software, and hardware) needed to construct, handle, and render 3D models in real time.

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This book is about fight mythical breast .

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George R. R. Martin is the #1 New York Times bestselling author of many novels, including those of the acclaimed series A Song of Ice and Fire-- A Game of Thrones, A Clash of Kings, A Storm of Swords, A Feast for Crows, and A Dance with Dragons--as well as Tuf Voyaging, Fevre Dream, The Armageddon Rag, Dying of the Light, Windhaven (with Lisa Tuttle), and Dreamsongs Volumes I and II. He is also the creator of The Lands of Ice and Fire, a collection of maps featuring original artwork from illustrator and cartographer Jonathan Roberts, and The World of Ice & Fire, with Elio M. García, Jr., and Linda Antonsson. As a writer-producer, he has worked on The Twilight Zone, Beauty and the Beast, and various feature films and pilots that were never made. He lives with the lovely Parris in Santa Fe, New Mexico.

Doug Wheatley is a comic book artist, concept designer, and illustrator who has worked on such properties and characters as Star Wars, Aliens, Superman, The Incredible Hulk, and Conan the Barbarian, to name just a few. Wheatley was the artist on the comic book adaptation of the film Star Wars: Episode III: Revenge of the Sith and contributed illustrations to The World of Ice & Fire.

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1 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER - The thrilling history of the Targaryens comes to life in this masterly work by the author of A Song of Ice and Fire, the inspiration for HBO's Game of Thrones. Centuries before the events of A Game of Thrones, House Targaryen--the only family of dragonlords to survive the Doom of Valyria--took up residence on Dragonstone.

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https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Iy7oAAAAIAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=romeo+and+juliet&ots=bJzvRTZ6aR&sig=TfFXURglc2U1wxyN_h59wWHXgGw#v=onepage&q&f=false
This is a book about a guy that is love with a woman but their fathers disagree so they forbid them from seeing each other

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Medieval English Literature and the Idea of the Anthology

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Medieval English Literature and the Idea of the Anthology

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https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/pmla/article/abs/medieval-english-literature-and-the-idea-of-the-anthology/660082DBECAB7BE2F59DE2F414 F06751

This is about how medieval English literature is affecting historical and current notion of vernacular canons.

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This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.

Kelen, Sarah A. 2004. Which Middle Ages? Literature Anthologies and Critical Ideologies. Literature Compass, Vol. 1, Issue. 1, p. **.

Lerer, Seth 2004. The Endurance of Formalism in Middle English Studies. Literature Compass, Vol. 1, Issue. 1, p. **.

Colilli, P. 2006. Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics. p. 630.

Kinch, Ashby 2007. "To thenke what was in hir wille": a female reading context for the Findern anthology. Neophilologus, Vol. 91, Issue. 4, p. 729.

Kelen, Sarah A. 2007. Langland's Early Modern Identities. p. 77.

Crocker, Holly A. 2007. Chaucer's Visions of Manhood. p. 137.

Piper, Andrew 2009. Bookish Histories. p. 126.

Mays, Kelly J. 2009. IV Surprised by Sin: A Response to Sean Shesgreen. Critical Inquiry, Vol. 35, Issue. 4, p. 1069.

Gualtieri, Gillian 2011. Canonized Women and Women Canonizers: Gender Dynamics in The Norton Anthology of English Literature's Eight Editions. Gender Issues, Vol. 28, Issue. 1-2, p. 94.

Turner, Joseph 2012. Sir Gawain and the Green Knightand the History of Medieval Rhetoric. Rhetoric Review, Vol. 31, Issue. 4, p. 371.

D'Addario, Christopher 2012. Echo Chambers and Paper Memorials: Mid and Late-Seventeenth-Century Book-bindings and the Practices of Early Modern Reading. Textual Cultures, Vol. 7, Issue. 2, p. 73.

Heffernan, Megan 2014. Jeffrey Todd Knight Bound to Read: Compilations, Collections, and the Making of Renaissance LiteratureBound to Read: Compilations, Collections, and the Making of Renaissance Literature. Jeffrey Todd Knight. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013. Pp. viii+279.. Modern Philology, Vol. 112, Issue. 2, p. E164.

Goldie, Matthew Boyd 2015. An Early English Rutter: The Sea and Spatial Hermeneutics in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Speculum, Vol. 90, Issue. 3, p. 701.

Birkholz, Daniel 2015. Histoire Imparfaite: Gilote et Johane and the Counterfactual Lessons of Harley 2253. Exemplaria, Vol. 27, Issue. 4, p. 273.

Marie, Caroline 2016. Virginia Woolf for the common comics reader: Caroline Picard's appropriation of The Voyage Out in The Graphic Canon 3. Interfaces, p. 77.

Geriguis, Lora Edmister 2017. Transplanting the Duchess: Margaret Cavendish and the "Chronic Dilemmas" of Literary Anthology Construction. English Studies, Vol. 98, Issue. 8, p. 897.

Horodowich, Elizabeth 2018. The Venetian Discovery of America.

Meyer, Allison Machlis 2018. Constructing Islam in an Early Modern Anthology: Intertextuality, Politics, and Religion in Seventeenth-Century Europe. Renaissance Quarterly, Vol. 71, Issue. 3, p. 959.

Fitzgerald, Christina M. 2020. Copying Couplets: Performing Masculinity in Middle English Moral Poetry. Exemplaria, Vol. 32, Issue. 2, p. 107.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Medieval English Literature and the Idea of the Anthology | PMLA | Cambridge Core

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef. Kelen, Sarah A. 2004. Which Middle Ages? Literature Anthologies and Critical Ideologies. Literature Compass, Vol. 1, Issue. 1, p. **. Lerer, Seth 2004. The Endurance of Formalism in Middle English Studies.

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https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX7932700006/GVRL?u=brid0484&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=b19470ed

This article is about what it takes to be a chef and the ways to become one.

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Page 53

What Does a Pastry Chef Do?

Pastry chefs are specialty chefs who exhibit their artistry through the creation of desserts and baked goods. An astounding array of layer cakes, pies, tarts, soufflés, and gourmet chocolates are created by pastry chefs, as are artisan breads, homemade pretzels, and gourmet snacks. They often have the creative freedom to experiment with recipes and introduce their own custom-made creations. For Sarah Kelso, who is the pastry chef at Bon Appétit Restaurant in Dunedin, Florida, customers provide the inspiration for the desserts she creates. She spoke about this in a November 2017 interview on the restaurant's website. "I try to think of what our customers will enjoy most," she said. "I'll test something for a few weeks and ask the servers for feedback."

Sidebar: Hide Show

At a Glance

Minimum Educational Requirements
High school diploma or equivalent

Personal Qualities
Creativity and imagination; keen attention to detail; communication skills; math ability; physical stamina and strength

Certification and Licensing
Certification not required for entry-level positions

Working Conditions
A variety of culinary environments, including kitchens in restaurants, hotels, resorts, or other establishments, and in bakeries

Salary Range
$25,020 to $78,570*

Number of Jobs
About 146,500 in 2016*

Future Job Outlook
Growth of 10 percent through 2026*

* includes all types of chefs

Kelso also chooses her desserts based on the season. During the summer months, she opts for desserts that are light and refreshing, often choosing ingredients that she can get locally. When the weather gets cooler, Kelso's desserts start Page 54 getting a little heavier. Her sweet potato pie with streusel topping, for instance, is a huge hit with restaurant guests. "Oh, it's delicious," commented Kelso. "Each bite offers the perfect mix of creaminess and crunch with hints of citrus and spice. The top is a tasty crumble made up of pecans, brown sugar, cinnamon and sea salt. Guests can't stop raving about it!" Other mouthwatering desserts Kelso created include a European-style cheesecake with strawberry sauce and a vanilla-cinnamon crust and an apple-cranberry tart served warm with vanilla bean ice cream.

Pastry chefs like Kelso are typically on the job very early in the morning, sometimes hours before the rest of the kitchen staff arrive. This is just part of the job, and pastry chefs learn to accept it. In fact, once they get used to waking up before dawn (which takes some time), many learn to like the early hours. The kitchen is quieter then, absent the usual hustle and bustle of meal preparation, and there is more room for the pastry chefs to work.

New York City pastry chef Melissa Weller usually arrives at work by 5:00 a.m. After looking over the day's tasks, she and her assistant begin the early morning baking, which includes Weller's famous sticky buns. Throughout the morning they mix doughs for soft pretzels and the sweet yeast bread known as babka, which they shape and bake for the lunch offering. They also make Italian flatbread (focaccia), chocolate chip cookies, and chocolate-buckwheat teacakes known as madeleines. In the afternoon, Weller takes care of paperwork, preps all the pastries and breads that will be baked the next morning, and tests recipes, sometimes replacing them if necessary. Weller's day typically ends at about 5:00 p.m., after working a twelve-hour day.

Such long hours are not uncommon for pastry chefs, who work very hard. In the course of a day, it is not unusual for a pastry chef to lug around sacks of flour and sugar that weigh at least 50 pounds (23 kg) and lift enormous mixing bowls that hold 15 pounds (7 kg) of bread dough. In one shift, these chefs might make everything from pizza dough and a three-layer chocolate cake to crème brûlée. Their work moves at a fast pace, and there is not always time for a break. In an April 2016 online Pittsburgh Post-Gazette article, pastry chef Amanda Williams insisted, "It's a lot of hard work. It's not like baking at home."

Page 55

In addition to their prep work and whipping up amazing culinary delicacies, pastry chefs often hire, train, and supervise their assistants and junior pastry chefs. They also take inventory, order supplies, tweak menu items, and ensure that food safety measures are followed and enforced.

Despite the packed schedules, the hard work, and the long days, many pastry chefs love their jobs. This is true of pastry chef Danielle O'Day, who in the summer of 2018 opened her own business, Sweet Dee's Bakeshop in Scottsdale, Arizona. Within just a few months of the opening, eager customers were lining up daily to buy her famous pastries. In an August 2018 interview with Forbes magazine published online, O'Day said she was thrilled that her business was succeeding, but she admitted that the hours could be tough: "When they say you don't ever go home from the business that you own, they were right. I've enjoyed every aspect of this wild ride, but a nap always sounds pretty good." Still, O'Day is doing exactly what she wants to do. "I've learned that it never feels like work when you're doing what you love."

How Do You Become a Pastry Chef?

Pastry chefs are not required to have a college degree, but a culinary arts education can be a huge benefit to them. Exact coursework varies from program to program, but topics generally include basic culinary arts skills, cost and inventory control, menu development, food preparation, food safety and sanitation, culinary math, and international cooking. For a specialty in pastry, courses may cover chocolate making, quick breads, yeast breads, baking techniques (both classical and modern), working with crusts, cake decorating, baking for events and competitions, and ice cream and caramels. Kriss Harvey, who is now a well-known pastry chef and chocolatier in Los Angeles, describes his grueling experience with pastry chef training in an article on the Los Angeles Times website: "Every day for a year, I was making tart shells a little larger than the size of a nickel over and over Page 56 again," says Harvey. "The best pastry chefs know this is how you get good at something. It's like being a body builder. You lift and lift and lift."

What is absolutely essential for aspiring pastry chefs is on-the-job experience. Some are fortunate enough to land apprenticeships or internships and work under established pastry chefs. According to the Art Career Project, real-world experience might be offered as a segment of culinary school classroom work. Also, some schools have restaurants as part of their campus, where students work as they attend school. Creating pastries for restaurant guests provides excellent real-life experience. In Muskegon, Michigan, the Sweet Spot is a downtown restaurant owned and staffed by the Culinary Institute of Michigan. The restaurant sells fresh pastries, breads, cookies, and chocolate specialties, all of which are made by students in the institute's baking and pastry program.

Certification and Licensing

According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), chefs (including pastry chefs) are not required to be certified or licensed. Page 57 But several culinary organizations offer certifications for pastry chefs, which can lead to more prestigious positions and higher salaries. The American Society of Baking offers certifications, as do the Institute of Culinary Education and the American Culinary Federation.

Internships and Volunteer Work

Aspiring pastry chefs who attend culinary school will often be required to complete one or more internships. These are often paid (but not always) and can provide aspiring pastry chefs with valuable on-the-job experience that could help them land their first job in a pastry kitchen. Sometimes, aspiring pastry chefs are fortunate enough to do internships in Europe, working under master pastry chefs in France or other countries.

It takes individuals of a certain type to succeed as pastry chefs. They must be artistic and passionate about creating pastries and other baked goods. They need excellent interpersonal skills because they often work with and/or supervise other culinary staff. They need patience and keen concentration as well as superb attention to detail. On the website of the Auguste Escoffier School of Culinary Arts, New York City pastry chef Fabian Von Hauske describes how pastry chefs differ from many other culinary professionals: "Most pastry chefs tend to possess an incredibly organized and precise temperament. We're much less about being spontaneous in our cooking, because pastry has to be exact. It's science."

On the Job

Pastry chefs are employed by restaurants, bakeries, hotels, resorts, country clubs, and even cruise ships. Some own their own businesses or sell their culinary creations to specialty stores; others work as freelance pastry chefs for caterers or restaurants. Page 58 They may also work for culinary institutions as instructors for aspiring pastry chefs.

Working conditions can vary widely depending on where pastry chefs work. But as is customary for those in the culinary industry, pastry chefs often have to work long hours in a kitchen, which can be tough. They stand for long periods while observing the baking process, making huge bowls of dough, and cleaning baking equipment. In the HuffPost blog, Lisa Siva describes the unpleasant work environment she endured while working for a famous French pastry chef in the kitchen of a New York City restaurant. "While I've always been happiest in the kitchen," says Siva, "there is nothing quite like standing for hours on end and sweating in the radiant heat of multiple, roaring ovens between shelves of couverture [chocolate] and vanilla beans. The home kitchen is worlds apart from the professional one."

Pastry chefs start their day very early in the morning-sometimes as early as 3:00 or 4:00 a.m. To many people, that may seem undesirable, but some pastry chefs find it appealing. Even though they must start work before dawn, they get to leave for the day while other restaurant employees still have many hours left on their shifts.

Pastry chef salaries are based on a number of factors, including years of experience, education and credentials, proven talent, and reputation. According to the BLS, during 2016 chefs of all types earned from $25,020 to more than $78,570. The website Salary.com shows a salary for high-level pastry chefs that ranges from $52,696 to $78,886.

Opportunities for Advancement

As pastry chefs acquire additional skills and years of experience, they can advance in their careers. Many start out as assistants or junior pastry chefs and can move into higher-level positions Page 59 such as executive pastry chef and master pastry chef. Many find that the best way to advance their careers is to change positions, and changing jobs several times over the course of their career is common.

What Is the Future Outlook for Pastry Chefs?

There are promising signs for pastry chefs in the future. The BLS projects a 10 percent growth in jobs for all chefs through the year 2026. The bureau also provides job information for bakers, and it predicts 8 percent growth through 2026.

Find Out More

Formerly the American Institute of Baking, AIB International supports culinary professionals on the baking side of the industry through research and education. Its website links to a Food First blog, which offers numerous articles of interest to aspiring pastry chefs.

The American Culinary Federation is the largest professional culinary organization in North America. Its website is an excellent resource for aspiring chefs of all types, including pastry chefs, with a wealth of information about culinary education. It provides information on which schools are accredited, a variety of news releases, job updates, and a resource section that offers everything from trends and techniques to recipes.

Page 60

The American Society of Baking is a professional organization whose members are commercial baking professionals, food technologists, and others who are dedicated to advancing baking and baking science technology. Aspiring pastry chefs can find a lot of good industry information on the website, which has sections on baking specialties, food safety, processes, and more.

Founded in 1914, Pastry Chefs of America seeks to educate, support, and advocate for professionals in the pastry industry. Aspiring pastry chefs will find a good collection of resources on its website, although membership is required to access most of the material.

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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Page 53 Pastry chefs are specialty chefs who exhibit their artistry through the creation of desserts and baked goods. An astounding array of layer cakes, pies, tarts, soufflés, and gourmet chocolates are created by pastry chefs, as are artisan breads, homemade pretzels, and gourmet snacks.

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English Education in Japan-From Kindergarten to University

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English Education in Japan-From Kindergarten to University

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This article is about English education is japan all the way from kindergarten, to university. It goes into the details of things, like how people learn English in Japan, which is considered poor. It also goes into, because of the poor education, the teachers are not even the bets at it.

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A book about a dystopian world where books are being burned , the government burning books so people don't have to think so much and they can be happy. The character is a booker burner.

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Ray Bradbury's internationally acclaimed novel Fahrenheit 451 is a masterwork of twentieth-century literature set in a bleak, dystopian future.

Guy Montag is a fireman. In his world, where television rules and literature is on the brink of extinction, firemen start fires rather than put them out. His job is to destroy the most illegal of commodities, the printed book, along with the houses in which they are hidden.

Montag never questions the destruction and ruin his actions produce, returning each day to his bland life and wife, Mildred, who spends all day with her television "family." But then he meets an eccentric young neighbor, Clarisse, who introduces him to a past where people didn't live in fear and to a present where one sees the world through the ideas in books instead of the mindless chatter of television.

When Mildred attempts suicide and Clarisse suddenly disappears, Montag begins to question everything he has ever known. He starts hiding books in his home, and when his pilfering is discovered, the fireman has to run for his life.

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Ray Bradbury's internationally acclaimed novel Fahrenheit 451 is a masterwork of twentieth-century literature set in a bleak, dystopian future.Guy Montag is a fireman. In his world, where television rules and literature is on the brink of extinction, firemen start fires rather than put them out.

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COVID-19 shatters global automotive industry; sales of metal powder take a nosedive amid wavering demand

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COVID-19 shatters global automotive industry; sales of metal powder take a nosedive amid wavering demand

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7298465/

This article is about the impact that the covid-19 pandemic has had on the automotive industry and how plant shut downs have stopped production of vehicles and the shortage of metal powders has stopped production of new cars which also impacted car sales for major companies.

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COVID-19 shatters global automotive industry; sales of metal powder take a nosedive amid wavering demand

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Besides dealing with falling sales, top companies in the global automotive industry have to deal with the possibility of employee infections. Minimizing the staff COVID-19 risks along with managing remote client interactions remains the top priority of leading players. Moreover, top metal powder manufacturers are aggressively focusing on working capital and liquidity.

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https://muse.jhu.edu/article/630729/summary

This book is about a girl going back into the school and a boy who has a face identifying disorder but they known eachother there whole life and didn't know. This book makes you escape and connect to the book

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When Libby's mother died, Libby ate her feelings until she was 500 pounds overweight and, after a panic attack, had to be cut out of her house in an episode that left her dubbed America's Fattest Teen. Now, three years later, she's lost 300 pounds and is going back to school for her junior year, and if there's a word for the new and improved Libby, it's resilient. Jack has finally figured out that what he can't do-recognize people's faces-is an actual condition, and he's keeping his prosopagnosia a secret and amping up the charm and insouciance so that no one will catch on. However, when protecting his devil-may-care public persona means doing a truly despicable thing to Libby, he feels guilty enough to share his secret with her, and they develop a friendship that blossoms into romance. Libby's had enough therapy to be brutally honest and insist that others do the same, and she endures more than her share of bullying with good grace while congratulating herself on small achievements and fantasizing about romantic possibilities. Jack, on the other hand, is a boiling kettle, angry at his father for having an affair, angry [End Page 87] with the bullies he hangs around with and the ones he fights against, and angry with himself and his situation. Readers will likely forgive his faults because of the way he champions Libby, who faces down her bullies without rancor and confronts her friends until she knows just what their motivations are for befriending her. She is a hero worth emulating.

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When Libby's mother died, Libby ate her feelings until she was 500 pounds overweight and, after a panic attack, had to be cut out of her house in an episode that left her dubbed America's Fattest Teen.

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https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0184767817728907d?journalCode=caea

This is a link about the review of Romeo and Juliet.

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Play review: Romeo and Juliet - Stephanie Mercier, 2017

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If you have access to a journal via a society or association membership, please browse to your society journal, select an article to view, and follow the instructions in this box.

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This book talks about the history of cosmology, how it can be used today and also how we will use different tools and ideas. This article relates to my program

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Modern Cosmology begins with an introduction to the smooth, homogeneous universe described by a Friedman-Robertson-Walker metric, including careful treatments of dark energy, big bang nucleosynthesis, recombination, and dark matter. From this starting point, the reader is introduced to perturbations about an FRW universe: their evolution with the Einstein-Boltzmann equations, their generation by primordial inflation, and their observational consequences. These consequences include the anisotropy spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) featuring acoustic peaks and polarization, the matter power spectrum with baryonic wiggles, and their detection via photometric galaxy surveys, redshift distortions, cluster abundances, and weak lensing. The book concludes with a long chapter on data analysis.

Modern Cosmology is the first book to explain in detail the structure of the acoustic peaks in the CMB, the E/B decomposition in polarization which may allow for detection of primordial gravity waves, and the modern analysis techniques used on increasingly large cosmological data sets. Readers will gain the tools needed to work in cosmology and learn how modern observations are rapidly revolutionizing our picture of the universe.

Provides foundations, calculations, and interpretations which illuminate current thinking in cosmologyCovers the major advances in cosmology over the past decadeIncludes over 100 unique, pedagogical figures

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Modern Cosmology begins with an introduction to the smooth, homogeneous universe described by a Friedman-Robertson-Walker metric, including careful treatments of dark energy, big bang nucleosynthesis, recombination, and dark matter. From this starting point, the reader is introduced to perturbations about an FRW universe: their evolution with the Einstein-Boltzmann equations, their generation by primordial inflation, and their observational consequences.

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This an article about the life of Shakespeare and how he got into writing.

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Explore this database of encyclopedias and reference sources within the Gale eBooks platform. For multidisciplinary research.

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Explore this database of encyclopedias and reference sources within the Gale eBooks platform. For multidisciplinary research. Don't know how to login? Depending on this location's preferences, the log-in process could include your library card number, a student or user ID, or another provided password.

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This an article about the science behind the English language

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Lanier was the foremost poet of the nineteenth-century South. Born in Macon, Georgia, he interrupted his education at Oglethorpe University to join the Confederate army. Taken prisoner, he developed tuberculosis, which led to a continual struggle with poor health and, ultimately, to his early death. The novel Tiger Lilies (1867) is based on his Civil War experiences. Throughout his life he was interested in both music and poetry. He played first flute in Baltimore's Peabody Symphony Orchestra, and his poetry reflects the connection he saw between music and verse. His greatest poem, "The Marshes of Glynn" (1878), is considered "a symphony without musical score." He lectured on the relationship of music and poetry at Johns Hopkins University and published The Science of English Verse (1880), which claimed that the laws of poetry and music were the same. Other lectures, including Shakespeare and His Forerunners (1902), were published by his widow. The work Lanier completed and the many fragments he left suggest a far greater potential than he was able to fulfill in his short life.

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Lanier was the foremost poet of the nineteenth-century South. Born in Macon, Georgia, he interrupted his education at Oglethorpe University to join the Confederate army. Taken prisoner, he developed tuberculosis, which led to a continual struggle with poor health and, ultimately, to his early death.

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This article is about the 5 main things people look at in culinary. For example, the perspective of the food, the restaurant, practical skills, the effort the chef puts into cooking, and the meal from various aspects. This relates to my program at cctec.

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This article explains in one paragraph what technology holds for Automotive Technology. It explains how technology for Automotive will require.

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In this paper, the evolution of automotive electronics and the specific electronics requirements posed by the automotive environment are discussed. Safety is a very dominant factor in automotive applications and this has a large impact on the required robustness of the electronics.