# data[].attributes.body
The phrase as it was coined in times of the Great Depression by James Turslow Adams: The American Dream is defined by equality, individualism and opportunity. It’s not all about wealth and materialism but also a dream of social order. The American Dream is about sharing and working together and also keeping all the selfishness aside. Race, class, gender and nationality can‘t prevent someone from living the American Dream. It‘s like a personal development.

# data[].attributes.body
whole colonial enterprises believed they have been guided by God

The Puritans:

believed they were establishing the New Israel 1620

"We shall be as a City upon a Hill, the eyes of all people are upon us....," , written by the Puritan John Winthrop

pilgrims:

identified themselves with the ancient Hebrews

viewed the New World as the New Canaan

were God's chosen people headed for the Promised Land - other colonists thought the same way

The self-image of being God's chosen people became an essential theme in America's self-interpretation (connected to the American Dream)

1776: Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson wanted Promised Land image for new nation's Great Seal

1805: Jefferson recalled the Promised Land after urges a representation of the Israelites

all in all: Over time it developed in a completely different direction: the people no longer saw themselves as God’s chosen people, but saw the Promised Land as a possession to be built and made great - The people who make a difference, find something or build something and get a lot of influence, that used to be the American Dream

# data[].attributes.body
• referred to the “Promised Land” to which Mose led his people when they flew from Egyptian captivity
-> “New Canaan” as the Promised Land (America) of the Puritans

Puritans

-> a member of a protestant group in England and New England in the 16th and 17th centuries and opposed many customs of the Church of England:
A person who follows strict moral rules and who believes that pleasure is wrong

# data[].attributes.body
Circumstances of being equal, especially in status, genders, nationalities and opportunities

# data[].attributes.body
• the belief that anyone, regardless of where or what class they were born into, can attain their own version of success in a society in which upward mobility is possible for everyone
• Americans are more likely to prioritize themselves over a group
-> they value independence and autonomy
• referred to equal rights, freedom and dignity

# data[].attributes.body
Inaugural Address: 6 January 1941

->Four essential human freedoms:
- The first : Freedom of speech and expression
- The second : Freedom of every person to worship God in
his own way
- The third : Freedom for want
- The fourth : Freedom from fear

# data[].attributes.body
- unite with one heart and one mind
-harmony and affection
- euqal and exact justice to all men no matter of what state or persuasion, religious or political; peace
-freedom of religion and of the press

# data[].attributes.headline
Founding and shaping a nation: Political and historical visions and challenges

# data[].attributes.subject
Founding and shaping a nation: Political and historical visions and challenges

# data[].attributes.body
Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)
- to restore social intercourse
- equality for every man no matter who they are or where they are from
- freedom of religion & press and freedom to those who stand under the protection of habeas corpus

# data[].attributes.headline
Founding and shaping a nation: Political and historical visions and challenges

# data[].attributes.subject
Founding and shaping a nation: Political and historical visions and challenges

# data[].attributes.body
Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865)
-central idea of secession is anarchy
-majority held by constitutional checks, limitations, changing easily popular opinions and sentiments → only true sovereign of free people
↳ rejecting = anarchy/despotism
-rule of minority as a permanent arrangement → inadmissible
↳ if you reject the majority = anarchy/despotism
-physically separating  → impossible
↳ can’t remove sections from each other/can’t build an wall between

# data[].attributes.headline
Founding and shaping a Nation: Political and historical visions and challenges

# data[].attributes.subject
Founding and shaping a Nation: Political and historical visions and challenges

# data[].attributes.body
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945)

-creating a world based on human rights/freedoms

-freedom of speech and expression

-freedom to worship God in his own way / (freedom of religion)

-freedom from want

-freedom from fear (no nation will be able to comitt a physical act of aggression against another one)

-the definite basis for an attainable world

-conception: the moral order

# data[].attributes.headline
Founding and shaping a nation: Political and historical visions and challenges 

# data[].attributes.subject
Founding and shaping a nation: Political and historical visions and challenges 

# data[].attributes.body
John F. Kennedy (1917-1963)
-beyond frontier are the uncharted areas  of science+space;unsolved problems of peace/war; unconquered pockets of ignorance+prejudice;unanswered questions of poverty and surplus
-believes that time need new invention,innovation,imagination,decision
-asks the people to be pioneers on “New Frontier”
-humanity depends on our decisions
- Uses the metaphore: "New Frontier"
- New Frontier: Problems humanity have to Silbe in the Future like unanswered science questions or poverty
- Humanity can stay Behinderung Frontier and stay in the safe areas they know
-> But John F. Kennedy wants to go forward. He wants to create new inventions and be a pioneer
- "We cannot fail to try"

# data[].attributes.headline
Founding and shaping a nation: Politcial and historical visions and challenges

# data[].attributes.subject
Founding and shaping a nation: Politcial and historical visions and challenges

# data[].attributes.body
Bill Clinton (*1946)
- promise of America to all be treated equally saving and making America to what it is now: the worlds mightiest industrial power

# data[].attributes.body
- a line or border seperating two countries
similar words: border, boundary, borderline, dividing line

- denotes the border area between states or political units. Traditionally, this was usually understood to mean the buffer zone, which could not be clearly assigned to a state, which was considered a potential expansion area for all residents and therefore changeable in terms of its dimensions

- other keywords: boundaries, limit, boarder, terminal, bound

# data[].attributes.body
• People who are one of the first to settle in an area or region
• A person who begins or helps to develop something new and prepares the way for others to follow

# data[].attributes.headline
The Exploration of the USA and the Frontier

# data[].attributes.subject
The Exploration of the USA and the Frontier

# data[].attributes.body
Jefferson wanted to find an easy way across the continent, that's why he hired seasoned army officers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the lands, the geography, the people and the animals unknown to frontier area.
They needed 2 years to return with valuable infos about the crossed land.

# data[].attributes.body
The Declaration of Independence was approved  by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776

Before the Declaration of Independence was the war of independence, which started with the Boston tea party, where Boston paid taxes for England, but don’t had anything to say in the englisch Parlament

It says that every men is created equal, they are endowed with certain rights like life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.

it explains the freedom of the United Colonies from Great Britain

The intention of the Congress was to declare the states of Great Britain to be free and independent

# data[].attributes.headline
The Exploration of the USA and the Frontier

# data[].attributes.subject
The Exploration of the USA and the Frontier

# data[].attributes.body
Manifest Destiny is the belief, that it was fate for the US to expand from east coast to west coast and that it was a justified act.

# data[].attributes.body
- Manifest Destiny is an American iedology.
Similar to the Monroe Doctrine, it states that there is a teleological mission to spread the cultural ideas of the United States of America

- other keywords: divine mission, expand continent, US Ideology

# data[].attributes.headline
The Exploration of the USA and the Frontier

# data[].attributes.subject
The Exploration of the USA and the Frontier

# data[].attributes.body
Promised Land is referring to a place or a state, in which people desire to find happiness and success.

-> America is "the Promised Land" to Puritans who believed they were 'Gods Chosen People', in which they would establish the 'New Israel'.

# data[].attributes.body
• a country or state
In this case: America
-> the place where people want to start a better life with more opportunities

# data[].attributes.body
Inaugural Address: 20 January 1997

-Promise of America was extended and preserved (nineteenth century)
->where the nation spread across the continent
->America become the world’s mightiest industrial power, saved the world from tyranny in to aww and a long Cw

# data[].attributes.body
- the fact or state of being independent

- The state Independence describes the right of a state to make its decisions independently of the tutelage of another state.
It is therefore legally the same as. sovereignty under international law; however, both terms are not synonymous

- other keywords: freedom, self-reliance, self-sufficiency

# data[].attributes.body
- a declaration or assurance that one will do something or that a particular thing will happen

- the quality of potential excellence

- a legally binding declaration that gives the person to whom it is a right to expect or to claim the performance or forbearance of a specified act

- other keywords: pledge, appeal, commitment, accept, confirm

# data[].attributes.body
• A system of government by the entire population or all eligible members of a state, typically by elected representatives
• a system of choosing and replacing the government through free and fair elections:
-> active participation of the people, as citizens, in politics and civic life
-> protection of the human right of all citizens
-> a rule of law in which the laws and procedures apply equally to ALL citizens

# data[].attributes.headline
The United States: Immigration and Minorities

# data[].attributes.subject
The United States: Immigration and Minorities

# data[].attributes.body
- 16th century, the spanish, dutch and german people got send over in the south
- the constitution says there was no limits on immigration until 1808
- immigration limited to people with „greencards“
- Asians/Hispanics are the most of the immigrants
- INS ( immigration and naturalization service )
- control visas and prevent illegal immigration
- main period of immigration was 1800-1907
- left their homes because they thought they would have better lifes in USA

# data[].attributes.body
-Published in 2006
-Album: We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions

-The song‘s about hopes and dreams that people connect to the US
-> Positive and negative view

# data[].attributes.body
- the state of being happy

- As the fulfillment of human desires and striving, happiness is a very complex term that encompasses feelings ranging from momentary to lasting, from peaceful to ecstatic happiness

- other keywords: delight, joy, pleasure, gladness, cheerfulness

# data[].attributes.body
• a place where different people, cultures, styles, nationalities, religion, etc.
-> they are “mixed” at one place, e.g. in a country

# data[].attributes.body
• from 1892 to 1924
-> largest and most active immigration station
• many government workers, as well as detained immigrants
• so new arrivals could make their way into America
• became a symbolic landmark to immigrants around the world who came to America seeking a new and better life
• it became known as the Isle of Hope
-> an open doorway to a land of promise and opportunity

# data[].attributes.body
- forward or onward movement towards a destination

- development towards an improved or more advanced condition

- In philosophy, politics, technology and economics, progress denotes fundamental improvements through significant changes to existing conditions or processes in human societies

- other keywords: stride, course, advance, improvement, movement

# data[].attributes.body
- chance or luck as an arbitrary force affecting human affairs

- a large amount of money or assets

- other keywords: power, wealth, richness, happiness, luck, chance, ability

# data[].attributes.headline
Founding and shaping a nation: Political and historical visions and challenges

# data[].attributes.subject
Founding and shaping a nation: Political and historical visions and challenges

# data[].attributes.body
Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)
- to restore social intercourse
- equality for every man no matter who they are or where they are from
- freedom of religion & press and freedom to those who stand under the protection of habeas corpus

# data[].attributes.body
- Liberty ( or freedom) is generally understood as the possibility of choosing and deciding between different possibilities without being forced to.
In philosophy, theology and law of modernity, the term generally designates a state of autonomy of a subject

- other keywords: no force, indipendence, freedom, free decision