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GDP growth rate: 1.8%
Due to the pandemic situation, the country implemented credit and fiscal policies and a rebound in the export demand. Private consumption and investments increased by 11.7% and 6.4%, which exports grew by 22.4%.

Its economic growth led to an increase in the level of both air and water pollution from massive urbanization with a rise in the pressure in secondary cities regarding high infrastructure needs, worsening the sustainability. Additionally, an increase in energy production and consumption caused a decrease in water sources, loss of biodiversity, costal erosion, and deforestation, which damages the environment and thus the overall sustainability of the country.

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Costa Rican GDP is still increasing despite environmentally friendly policies. Current GDP stands at around 61 billion USD

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Sustainable Development
98% of Costa Rica's electricity comes from renewable sources
Policies are aimed at the electrification of cars and other methods of transportation
The government has also set a plan do Decarbonize the economy by 2050
The government also plans to tax pollution to incentivize further green growth

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Norway - positive relationship between economic growth and sustainability 

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Norway - positive relationship between economic growth and sustainability 

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In the diagram we can see how alternative fuel infrastructure has increased in Norway from virtually zero in 2008 to 120000 electrical fuel alternatives in 2018.
An increase in alternative fuel sources means that the country can move away from other unsustainable sources which may pollute the environment.

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Energy production is the largest contributor to Australia’s carbon emissions. This is followed by transport, agriculture, and industrial processes. Specifically:

energy (burning fossil fuels to produce electricity) contributed 33.6 per cent of the total emissions

stationary energy (including manufacturing, mining, residential and commercial fuel use) 20.4 per cent

transport 17.6 per cent

agriculture 14.6 per cent

fugitive emissions 10.0 per cent

industrial processes 6.2 per cent

waste 2.7 per cent.

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CO2 emissions have been consistently higher than 1990 levels, though emissions have plateaued since 2008, stabilizing at approximately 44 percent (121 Mtons) above 1990 levels (397 Mtons in 2012 compared with 276 Mtons in 1990).

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(World Bank)

Here, economic growth is measured by real GDP per capita, and sustainability is measured by PM2.5 (air pollution). Even though there are many case studies showing a tradeoff between economic growth and sustainability, Norway shows an increasing rGDP value along with less air pollution between 1990 to 2016. This proves that it is possible to achieve both goals simultaneously if countries prioritize green technology that aligns with the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

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This shows the income distribution of the US from 1960 to 2021 through a diagram presenting the number of people by income at each income level. As time progresses, the proportion of people with higher incomes (income level 3 and 4) increases significantly, while the section of lower income level stayed constant, which can represent the reduction in the equality in the distribution of income, as a result of economic growth.

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In total, the greenhouse gases emitted decreased. Carbon dioxide decreased from 2000, so looking at 2000-2020 will give a more significant decrease in greenhouse gases emission

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Change in Carbon dioxide emissions from 1990 to 2020
Overall -4.2% from 1990 to 2020

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As shown in the graphs, both the real GDP and the Gini index increases as time increases. Since the higher the Gini index, the more unequal the income distribution, this means that there is a positive correlation between economic growth and income inequality, but a negative correlation between economic growth and income distribution. This correlation can be seen more clearly in the third graph, as the overall trend has a positive correlation.

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GDP, GDP per capita, population

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Percentage of power sources used by China (heavily reliant on non-renewable). 68.2% unrenewable (coal and gas)

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UK economic growth and income distribution (negative)

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UK economic growth and income distribution (negative)

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Margaret Thatcher's free-market policies decreased the power of unions and removed regulations on enterprises. UK's GDP per capita and Gini coefficient both grew during this time, meaning that economic growth was accompanied by higher inequality in the distribution of income.

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Map of China showing its soil degradation %

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Unemployment and income inequality increased along with economic growth

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Real GDP per capita)

1960 - 89.52 USD to 2020– 10500 USD
Population)

1960 – 667.1 million to 2020 – 1.402 billion
Real GDP)

1960 – 59.72 billion to 2020 – 14.72 trillion

Could the increase in unemployment and income inequality have been due to change in economic sector composition?
It could also have been because the number of jobs didn't increase proportionally with GDP, although GDP per capita also increased.

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China_Sustainability and economic growth rate negative correlation 

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China_Sustainability and economic growth rate negative correlation 

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Decrease in percentage growth rate, but still high rates (6%)

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Source: China’s Ministry of Education Statistical Yearbooks, 1978-2015 

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Economic growth led to improvement in gender equality, represented by representation of women in education. Increases productive capacity of economy and improves living standards

Number of female undergraduate and graduate students (millions)
Female college students, as a proportion of all students (%)

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Economic growth improves living standards by lifting more people out of poverty, represented by decreasing number of people under poverty line (extreme poverty)

1990: more than 750 million people living below poverty line (2/3 of population)

2012: less than 90 million people

2016: 7.2 million people (0.5% of population)

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China has the highest net emissions (27% of world's emissions) in 2019

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Emissions & GDP growth of China (1998-2015)

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Indicators: real GDP—growth rate, emission/pollution rates
Shows an increase in GDP per capita and an increase in emissions and waste (1998-2015).

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Real GDP of China from 1979 to 2022

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Economic growth leads to improvement in living standards in China (measured by HDI and life expectancy)

This matches the global trend. HDI ranking generally correlates with real GDP per capita ranking. The world's average HDI increased 18 per- cent between 1990 and 2010 (41 percent since 1970)

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China's CO2 emission per capital (in metric tons)

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China's CO2 emission per capital (in metric tons)

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China is ranked 42nd with a CO2 emission per capita of 7.38 tonnes.

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Real GDP Growth Rate:
2000-2014 --> 6% annual increase

Unemployment Rate:
33.28% due to poor performace of the agricultural factors from farmer-herder crisis

Inflation Rate:
15.7% due to changes in money supply and government deficit expenditure

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India's Real GDP growth rate graph from 1995 to 2016 shows a general increasing trend varying between 3~9%. From 2016 to 2020, India's Real GDP growth rate rapidly decreases by approximately -8%.

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0- perfect equality
1 / 100%- perfect inequality
The Gini coefficient decreased through the years, showing increased equality
46% (0.46 Gini coefficient) in 2006 -> 39.7% (0.397 Gini coefficient) in 2018

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Uruguay- Policies that may have lead to a positive correlation between GDP and Income Equality

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Uruguay- Policies that may have lead to a positive correlation between GDP and Income Equality

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Public social spending increased from 20 percent of GDP in 2005 to 25 percent in 2012.

2007- Government launched an Equity Plan:
Expansion in coverage and amount of social assistance transfers + tax and health care reforms.
Tax reform: introduced personal income taxes + more progressive
Health care reform: (plus an extension in 2010)- almost tripled health insurance coverage under public plans

Increase in the supply of high skilled workers -> reduce wage gap

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The Lorenz Curve from 2011-2012 deviates away from the equality compared to the Lorenz Curve in 2004-2005, showing that more of the income is increasingly unequally distributed.

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Real Growth Rate

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India: Ec Growth with Inequal Income Distribution

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India: Ec Growth with Inequal Income Distribution

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Indicators:
Real GDP growth rates - from 3.8% real GDP growth rates to 7.9% real GDP growth rates
Gini Coefficient / Lorenz Curve - 35.7 in 2011
1% of the population holds - 36.8% in 2000 to 53% in 2015 (of income/wealth)
10% of the population holds - 65.9% in 2000 to 76.3% in 2015 (of income/wealth)

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A generally positive trend. 20 billion USD in 2006 -> 65 billion in 2018

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GDP Per Capita
Australia Economic Growth Without Sustainability

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This is the CO2 emissions by Australia. The graph shows where emissions are coming from. As we can see, although the CO2 emissions rate has decreased since 2010 due to recycling wastes and limiting the CO2 emissions from wastes.

- Environmental policy: Limited co-ordination of greenhouse-gas reduction measures across states and territories make it difficult to achieve the Paris Climate Agreement goals . (2016)

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USA Sustainability and economic growth positive 

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USA Sustainability and economic growth positive 

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The Green New Deal in USA which is estimated to cost $51 trillion will create 10 million jobs, reducing unemployment and further shifting the PPC

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Norway/ Sustainability and economic growth positive 

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Norway/ Sustainability and economic growth positive 

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·       Norway, a country with one of the highest economic growth for the past century with GDP capita of $67,294, is the largest renewable energy producer as 98.4% of its energy production comes from renewable energy

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Continually rank low in HDI, worsening over the years from 147 to 160th in the world.

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Growth particularly from 2000 to 2014 was high averaging 6%

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Rising inflation rate - hyperinflation means citizens' real incomes are falling rapidly.

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Nigeria: Ec Growth with falling living standards

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Nigeria: Ec Growth with falling living standards

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Indicators:
Real GDP growth rates - increasing particularly 2000-2014 around 6% annual
Unemployment rates - increasing hitting over 22% pre-covid
Inflation rates - hyperinflation from 2000, hitting 100% by 2010 and over 400% currently.
HDI - falling in ranking from 147 to 160 in the world in last 20 years.

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Costa Rica - Ec Growth with Sustainability 

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Costa Rica - Ec Growth with Sustainability 

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Key Indicators:
Real Growth Rates
GDP per capita
CO2 emissions
Use of non-renewables