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A sign of the times, Emancipation Proclamation 1863.

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A sign of the times, Emancipation Proclamation 1863.

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On January 1, 1863 the 16th President of the United States, President Abraham Lincoln, signed into law the emancipation proclamation granting legal status for 3.5 million formerly enslaved African Americans. Freedom which was wildly opposed which resulted in Civil War. Beyond just bondage these human beings were subjected to the worst kind of medical torture by people who believed inherently that they were superior. They believed that these enslaved people did not feel pain and even if they did they were not worthy of the care and consideration that they themselves would want.

https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/emancipation-proclamation

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'Experimenting on thee but not on me'. The use of the enslaved for 'science'.

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'Experimenting on thee but not on me'. The use of the enslaved for 'science'.

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Some of the most gruesome treatment of enslaved people was the Experimentation on black bodies. Black woman in particular suffered at the hands of gynecologist who under the misconception that Black people couldn’t feel pain or couldn’t feel pain to the level of their white counterparts, performed countless dangerous and painful procedures. Lots of regularly practiced OB/GYN procedures today were discovered at the expense of black women.
All of this injustice from head-to-toe was perpetuated by injustice but more to the foundation that these people were not people. That their minds didn’t work the way white people‘s minds did. And that these people at the root of them are barbaric and aren’t human ‘like us’ and shall not garner any sympathy.

https://www.ohsu.edu/historical-collections-archives/women-power-and-reproductive-healthcare

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Franz Joseph Gall what is a German anatomist who known for the belief of localization, specific areas in the brain determines specific traits. This notion of phrenology developed maps of the brain that defined regions of the brain that could determine whether you were a good dancer or whether you were intelligent or even well spoken. Vast portions of a humans personality and behaviors were summed up to specific bumps and grooves in a skull. This was incredibly important for neuroscience because it was the first time that someone really began to assign key areas of the brain to behavior and function.
While phrenology is a ousted pseudoscience the implications of this still leave scars. The measurements of people skulls allowed for generalizations about races and the medical backing to allow myths to abuse.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Franz-Joseph-Gall

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Resisting liberation and the urge to be superior

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Resisting liberation and the urge to be superior

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In order to justify enslavement they turn to science and medicine to give some sort of physiological reasoning to maintain their systems of injustice. They went through every human body system that Showed a fraction of a difference between white bodies and black bodies to reinforce their superiority. Black bodies have large sex organs and small skulls so they aren’t intelligent.
And the understanding of the brain increased that only reinvigorated their cause to continue to find differences and use them as a justification.
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/racial-differences-doctors.html

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How False Beliefs in Physical Racial Difference Still Live in Medicine Today (Published 2019)

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Biological fallacies were used to justify slavery. Why can’t doctors let them go?

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Even in psudeoscience racism prevails : Polygenism and Craniometry 

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Even in psudeoscience racism prevails : Polygenism and Craniometry 

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Craniotomy is a pseudoscience that measures human skulls and because the remains of Black people and white people marginally appear different, The black skulls show differences that make them inferior to white people. Craniometry coupled with polygenism which try to appreciate human beings set the foundations of division to show that while we all maybe human we’re not the same and some are worse than others. These differences justified everything from murders on the street to egregious acts in the name of science.
Craniometry was big part of early neuroscience That like phrenology defined certain behaviors, traits, In characteristics to measurements of our skulls. Someone based on a certain measurement is intelligent intelligent two major life qualities as to being a bad spouse. In our case qualities of humans that were turned into generalizations and a reason that allowed for atrocity.

https://library.harvard.edu/confronting-anti-black-racism/scientific-racism

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Anna Arabindan-Kesson. (2020, September 24). From types of mankind: Or, ethnological researches, based upon the ancient monuments, paintings, sculptures, and crania of races .... by George Gliddon and Josiah Nott - Anna Arabindan. Kesson. Retrieved April 11, 2022, from https://annaarabindankesson.com/scientific-racism/2020/9/3/from-types-of-mankind-or-ethnological-researches-based-upon-the-ancient-monuments-paintings-sculptures-and-crania-of-races-by-george-gliddon-and-josiah-nott

Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). Franz Joseph Gall. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 11, 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Franz-Joseph-Gall

Historical Collections and Archives. OHSU. (n.d.). Retrieved April 11, 2022, from https://www.ohsu.edu/historical-collections-archives/women-power-and-reproductive-healthcare

History.com Editors. (2009, October 29). Emancipation proclamation. History.com. Retrieved April 11, 2022, from https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/emancipation-proclamation

Long, D. (n.d.). Caldwell, charles. NCpedia. Retrieved April 11, 2022, from https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/caldwell-charles

Scientific racism. Harvard Library. (n.d.). Retrieved April 11, 2022, from https://library.harvard.edu/confronting-anti-black-racism/scientific-racism

Villarosa, L. (2019, August 14). How false beliefs in physical racial difference still live in medicine today. The New York Times. Retrieved April 11, 2022, from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/racial-differences-doctors.html?mtrref=padlet.com&gwh=375CC44926B9A545B725F964F93909E7&gwt=pay&assetType=PAYWALL

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The easiest way to try and convince people that Black people were deserving of the enslavement and the bad treatment was that they weren’t human at all or were so much different than ‘us’. One of the ways this was done was through Polygenism in categorizing our skulls based off of appearance. African and Black skulls appeared different From white and Caucasian skulls and stead of summing it up to simply a different appearance it was used to justify that blacks were closer to chimpanzees then their white counterparts. The appearance of black skulls Was drastically emphasized to appear wildly different and inferior. This basis that black skulls were different and almost not human coupled with phrenology which attempted to say that because the measurements on black skulls were different in certain areas as well they do not deserve to be treated the same or even as human.

https://annaarabindankesson.com/scientific-racism/2020/9/3/from-types-of-mankind-or-ethnological-researches-based-upon-the-ancient-monuments-paintings-sculptures-and-crania-of-races-by-george-gliddon-and-josiah-nott

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Charles Caldwel was one of the most well-known racists in the medical community that really begin to solidify what he believed to be inferiority in Black people. His work was to use phrenology to prove why slavery was not only okay but the right place for Black people. He believe that their skulls showed abnormalities that prove that they needed a master and could not do things on their own and needed to be told to. While on the other hand conveniently enough, white skulls actually showed the complete opposite how they were superior and their rightful place was to be the masters into control.
Charles Caldwell used science for evil his work continues to be perpetuated in the modern day. Phrenology as a whole and quickly deviated away from localizing function to determining who and what people were based off of the skull. The treatment of Black people and people of color such as Native Americans was solidified through medical lies and it persists today.

https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/caldwell-charles