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Two or three hours after a person or animal dies, the muscles start to stiffen. This phenomenon progresses in a downward, head-to-toe direction. In 12 to 18 hours the body is, as the saying goes, stiff as a board.

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Calcium triggers contraction by reaction with regulatory proteins that in the absence of calcium prevent interaction of actin and myosin. Two different regulatory systems are found in different muscles. In actin-linked regulation troponin and tropomyosin regulate actin by blocking sites on actin required for complex formation with myosin; in myosin-linked regulation sites on myosin are blocked in the absence of calcium.

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. Myosin is the prototype of a molecular motor—a protein that converts chemical energy in the form of ATP to mechanical energy, thus generating force and movement. The most striking variety of such movement is muscle contraction, which has provided the model for understanding actin-myosin interactions and the motor activity of myosin molecules.

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Actin is the most abundant protein in most eukaryotic cells. It is highly conserved and participates in more protein-protein interactions than any known protein. These properties, along with its ability to transition between monomeric (G-actin) and filamentous (F-actin) states under the control of nucleotide hydrolysis, ions, and a large number of actin-binding proteins, make actin a critical player in many cellular functions, ranging from cell motility and the maintenance of cell shape and polarity to the regulation of transcription. Moreover, the interaction of filamentous actin with myosin forms the basis of muscle contraction.

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For a contraction to occur there must first be a stimulation of the muscle in the form of an impulse (action potential) from a motor neuron (nerve that connects to muscle).

Note that one motor neuron does not stimulate the entire muscle but only a number of muscle fibres within a muscle.

The individual motor neuron plus the muscle fibres it stimulates, is called a motor unit.

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Cardiac muscle tissue is an extremely specialized form of muscle tissue that has evolved to pump blood throughout the body. In fact, cardiac muscle is only found in the heart and makes up the bulk of the heart’s mass. The heart beats powerfully and continuously throughout an entire lifetime without any rest, so cardiac muscle has evolved to have incredibly high contractile strength and endurance.

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Along with skeletal and cardiac muscle, one of the types of muscle tissue in the body. Smooth muscle generally forms the supporting tissue of blood vessels and hollow internal organs, such as the stomach, intestine, and bladder. It is considered smooth because it does not have the microscopic lines (the striations) seen in the other two types of muscle.

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Serious bacterial infection that affects the nervous system and causes muscles throughout the body to tighten. Also called lockjaw because the infection often causes muscle contractions in the jaw and neck. It can spread to other parts of the body.

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Involves overly stimulated neuromuscular activity. They can cause involuntary muscle and cramps. They can cause breathing problems.

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The body, legs, or arms maybe suddenly stiff or tense. They usually begin in one area. They are usually 20 seconds.

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Sustained rhythmical jerking. During a clonic seisure, jerking of the body are the main symptom. They can begin in one area or affect both sides of the brain.

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Spasms can affect many different muscles in the body, leading to many different symptoms. They are caused by overuse, muscle fatigue, dehydration, and electrolyte abnormalities.They occur abruptly, painful, and usually short lived.

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Decline in the maximal force or power capacity of muscle. This means that submaxial contractions can be sustained after the onset of muscle fatigue. Interrupting fatiguing exercise with brief maximal contractions causes that.

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5 basic functions of the muscular system

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5 basic functions of the muscular system

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Movement, Maintenance of body temperature and posture, contraction of organs and vessels, and contradiction of the heart. Large movements include walking, standing, running, playing sports etc. The contraction of the heart is voluntary.

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Fascia is a flat band of tissue below the skin that covers underlying tissues and separates different layers of tissue. It also encloses the muscle.

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Tendon is a soft tissue by which the muscle attaches to bone. They are somewhat flexible, but tough. When it becomes inflamed it is referred to as tendonitis.