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A - Animal has this thing in there cell
P - Plant has this thing in there cell
P&A - they both have this in there cell

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Flagella are kind of like cilia but longer and there are fewer flagella per cell. They are used to increase reproduction rates in some eukaryotic cell. Other eukaryotic flagella are used to help sense changes in environment.

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Flagellum Definition

A flagellum is a microscopic hair-like organelle used by cells and microorganisms for movement. The word flagellum in Latin means whip, just like the whipping motion flagella (plural) often use for locomotion. Specialized flagella in some organisms are also used as sensory organelles that can detect changes in temperature and pH.

Function of Flagellum

Flagella are filamentous protein structures found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes, though they are most commonly found in bacteria. They are typically used to propel a cell through liquid (i.e. bacteria and sperm). However, flagella have many other specialized functions. Some eukaryotic cells use flagellum to increase reproduction rates. Other eukaryotic and bacterial flagella are used to sense changes in the environment, such as temperature or pH disturbances. Recent work with the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has shown that flagellum may also be used as a secretory organelle, but this discovery needs more time to be fully understood.

Examples of Flagellum

A flagellum can be comprised of different structures depending on the organism, especially when flagellum from eukaryotes and bacteria are compared. Since eukaryotes are usually complex organisms, the attached flagellum is more complex as well. The flagellum is made up of microtubules composed from a protein called tubulin. Nine microtubule pairs surround another two pairs of microtubules in the center to form the core of the flagellum; this is known as the nine-plus-two arrangement. The whole nine-plus-two structure is anchored in a basal body within the organism. These bundled microtubules use ATP to bend back and forth in a whip-like motion together.

Although few multicellular eukaryotes have true flagellum, almost half the human population produces cells with them in the form of sperm. This is the only cell in the human body with flagellum, and for good reason. In order to move through the vaginal tract to meet the egg, sperm must be able to swim, or move, very long distances (in comparison of cell to body size). Without the flagellum, there would be very little chance of fertilization or population stability.

On the other hand, bacterial flagella are structured and function completely differently than the eukaryotic counterparts. These flagella are made of a protein called flagellin. ATP isn't needed because bacterial flagellum can use the energy of the proton-motive force. This means the energy is derived from ion gradients - usually hydrogen or sodium - which lie across cell membranes. These flagella are helix shaped and rotate quickly like a windmill to move the organism instead of whipping back and forth. The bacteria Escherichia coli uses this windmill-like locomotion to propel up the urethra to cause urinary tract infections. Salmonella enterica, a harmful pathogen, uses several windmill-like flagella to infect human hosts.

Comparison of flagellum motion in bacterial (prokaryotic) and eukaryotic organisms:

Types of Flagellum

The flagellar structure consists of three different parts: rings embedded in the basal body, a hook near the surface of the organism to keep it in place, and the flagellar protein filaments. Every flagellum has these three things in common, regardless of organism. However, there are four distinct types of bacterial flagellum based on location:

A. Monotrichous: A single flagellum at one end of the organism or the other.

B. Lophotrichous: Several flagellum on one end of the organism or the other.

C. Amphitrichous: A single flagellum on both ends of the organism.

D. Peritrichous: Several flagellum attached all over the organism.

Monotrichous, amphitrichous, and lophotrichous flagellum are considered polar flagellum because the flagellum is strictly located on the ends of the organism. These flagella can rotate both clockwise and counterclockwise. A clockwise movement propels the organism (or cell) forward, while a counterclockwise movement pulls the organism backwards.

Peritrichous flagella are not considered polar because they are located all over the organism. When these flagella rotate in a counterclockwise movement, they form a bundle that propels the organism in one direction. If a few of the flagellum break away and begin rotating clockwise, the organism then begins a tumbling motion. During this time, the organism cannot move in any real direction.

If any flagellum stops rotating-regardless of polarity-the organism will change direction. This is caused by Brownian motion (constant movement of liquid particles) and fluid currents catching up with the organism and spinning it around. Some organisms that cannot change direction on their own rely on Brownian motion and fluid currents to do it for them.

Related Biology Terms

ATP - Adenosine triphosphate, a small molecule used in cells as a coenzyme that transfers energy.

Microtubules - A microscopic tubular structure present in the cytoplasm of cells that helps form the cytoskeleton.

Basal body - An organelle that forms the very base of a flagellum; it is similar to a centriole in structure.

Brownian motion - The random movement of particles in a fluid (liquid or gas), caused by bumping into other molecules within the same fluid.

Quiz

3. Which of the following is not considered a polar bacterial flagellum?
A. Monotrichous
B. Amphitrichous
C. Lophotrichous
D. Peritrichous

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Flagellum - Definition, Function, Types & Quiz | Biology Dictionary

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A flagellum is a microscopic hair-like organelle used by cells and microorganisms for movement. The word flagellum in Latin means whip, just like the whipping motion flagella (plural) often use for locomotion. Specialized flagella in some organisms are also used as sensory organelles that can detect changes in temperature and pH.

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Cilia are short and there are usually hundreds of them per cell. They are functioned to move a cell or a group of cells or to help transfer fluid and materials past them.

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Molecular Expressions Cell Biology: Animal Cell Structure - Cilia and Flagella

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For single-celled eukaryotes, cilia and flagella are essential for the locomotion of individual organisms. In multicellular organisms, cilia function to move fluid or materials past an immobile cell as well as moving a cell or group of cells.

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Nucleoid region (found in prokaryotic cells) 

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Nucleoid region (found in prokaryotic cells) 

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The nucleoid is responsible for controlling the activity of the cell and reproduction. Transcription and replication of DNA is taken place here. We can find enzymes which help with the replication of DNA, as well as other proteins that have functional and structural roles, including assisting the formation of DNA and facilitating the cell's growth.

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Nucleoid Definition

The nucleoid is the space within a prokaryotic cell where the genetic information, called the genophore, is found. Prokaryotes are divided into bacteria and archaea, which are both unicellular organisms that contain no membrane-bound organelles. The nucleoid, then, also has no membrane around it. It attached to the cell membrane and in immediate contact with the cytoplasm. The nucleoid also doesn't take a uniform shape and has no specific size. However, we can still distinguish it from the rest of the cell and identify it under a light microscope.

The nucleoid is mostly composed of multiple compacted copies of DNA in a continuous thread, with the addition of some RNA and proteins. The DNA in prokaryotes is double-stranded and generally takes a circular shape. Keep in mind that DNA can sometimes also be found in other regions outside the nucleoid. To put things into perspective, we can look at the nucleoid's eukaryotic counterpart. Eukaryotes, such as plants and animals, have a nucleus that houses their genetic material, with a surrounding double membrane, or what we call the nuclear envelope. This membrane separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm. As in prokaryotes, the DNA of eukaryotes is also double-stranded.

Function of Nucleoid

The nucleoid is essential for controlling the activity of the cell and reproduction. It is where transcription and replication of DNA take place. Within it, we can expect to find enzymes that serve as biological catalysts and help with replication, as well as other proteins that have other functional and structural roles, including assisting the formation of DNA, facilitating cell growth, and regulating the genetic material of the cell.

Chromatin - The substance, composed of DNA, RNA, and protein, that makes up the chromosome of eukaryote.

Mitochondrion - An organelle that produces energy for the cell in eukaryotic organisms.

Nucleolus - A small structure where ribosome assembly occurs within a nucleus.

Plasmid - A structure found in bacteria that contains DNA but is not associated with the chromosome.

Quiz

1. Which of the following is true of a nucleoid?
A. It is surrounded by a double membrane.
B. It contains single-stranded DNA.
C. It is in contact with the cytoplasm.
D. It is found in bacteria and some plants.

2. The genetic material in prokaryotes is:
A. Double-stranded and either linear or circular depending on the type of cell
B. Single-stranded and linear
C. Single-stranded and circular
D. Double-stranded and circular

3. Which of the following describes the contents of a nucleoid?
A. DNA with associated proteins
B. DNA, RNA, and proteins
C. DNA and histones
D. DNA and RNA

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The nucleoid is the space within a prokaryotic cell where the genetic information, called the genophore, is found. Prokaryotes are divided into bacteria and archaea, which are both unicellular organisms that contain no membrane-bound organelles. The nucleoid, then, also has no membrane around it.

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Centrioles are a small set of microtubules (9 microtubules) arranged in a ring. They help the cell to divide and they are found near the nucleus but they cannot be seen when the cell is dividing.

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Centrioles | Function, Centriole Structure | Biology@TutorVista.com

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All animal cells have two small organelles known as centrioles. The centrioles help the cell to divide. Centrioles are seen the process of mitosis and meiosis. The centrioles together are typically located near the nucleus in the centrosome. Centrosomes is granular mass that is the organizing center for the microtubules.

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Lysosomes act as a garbage disposal. They contain digestive enzymes. They digest worn out or excess organelles, food particles and viruses or bacteria. They completely break down dead cells. When a part of the cell is damaged, it is moved to the outer edge of the lysosomes.

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Lysosomes are one of the many types of organelles found in animal cells (cell biology). Lysosomes are tiny sacs filled with enzymes that enable the cell to process nutrients. They are also responsible for destroying the cell after it has died, which they do by a process called autolysis.

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it is squishy, it controls what goes in and goes out and surrounds the cell.

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The Nucleus is the Brain of the cell, it makes the rest of the cell do their job and it stores all of the cell's DNA.

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It is gel like substance made out of Water and Nutrients. The cell is filled with this as the cytoplasm is the base for all the other parts of the cell to do their own work.

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it is a amount of protein strands there to help reinforce the Cell contained in the Cytoplasm.

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The Rough ER functions as a ER would function the only thing unique abput this ER is that it has Ribosomes. This ER sends proteins to the Golgi Apparatus.

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The ER carrys thing around the cell like the energy, there two types of ER the Smooth ER and the Rough ER.

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this ER would function like a normal ER, what makes this different from the Rough ER is that it does not have Ribosomes stuck to it. This part of the cell makes needed Lipids for the cell from enzymes. Lipids are fat. It also detoxifys the cell and it stors ions that the cell may need.

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This organelle is often the largest one found inside the plant cell. The vacuole is surrounded by a membrane and functions to hold wastes and materials. It also provides structure and support for the growing plant. In an animal cell, the vacuole acts much like lysosomes.

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This part of the cells job is to make Molecules and Hormones that the cell needs from proteins provided by the Rough ER.

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It absorbs energy from sunlight then converts it to sugars that can be used by the cell. This process is called photosynthesis.

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It is a protective layer outside the cell. The cell wall gives its plant its shape. It prevents only larger molecules from entering the cell whereas the cell membrane controls the entry of smaller molecule. The cell wall also helps retain the water of the cell.

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The cell wall is the outer most covering of the cell. The cell wall covers the cell membrane. The cell membrane is also known as the plasma membrane or plasma lemma. There is no other name for the cell wall. The cell membrane is present in almost all types of cells. The cell wall is present in bacteria, fungi, algae and plant cell. It is absent in an animal cell and protozoa. The cell membrane is a biological membrane, which is semi- permeable. It allows the passage of certain substances through them.

The function of the cell membrane is the same as that of the skin. It separates the components inside the cell from the outside. The cell membrane provides support to the cytoskeleton of the cell, gives shape to the cell, and helps in the formation of tissues by attaching the matrix found in the extra cellular. It allows the passage of a certain substance; it maintains the potential of the cell, helps in communication with other cells, and act as molecular signals. Protein receptors are present which receives signals from the other cells and the environment.

The function of the cell wall is to provide strength and rigidity to the cell. It protects the cell against mechanical forces. The function of the cell wall varies in different cells. In multi-cellular organism, it is responsible for its morphology. It prevents only large molecules from entering the cell and thereby, prevents toxicity to the cell whereas cell membrane prevents entry of smaller molecules. The cell wall also helps in retaining the water of the cell, thus a stable osmotic environment is created in the cell.

The composition of the cell wall varies in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. In prokaryotes, the cell wall is made up of peptidoglycans in the inner layer and lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides in the outer layer. In eukaryotes, the primary cell wall is made up of cellulose, middle lamella is made up of pectins which are polysaccharides and secondary cell wall is made up of cellulose and lignin.

The cell membrane is made up of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Three types of lipids are found '" glycolipids, phospholipids and steroids. The carbohydrate found in the cell membrane is glycoprotein. Other sugars like galactose and sialic acid is found. Three types of proteins are found '" integral proteins, lipid anchored proteins, peripheral proteins. Trans-membrane protein is the other name for integral proteins.

The cell wall is elastic and controls turgidity. Plasma membrane is not elastic, but permeable. The cell wall is found in plant cells whereas cell membrane is found in animal cells.

SUMMARY:

1.Cell wall is found in plant cell and cell membrane is found in animal cells.
2.Cell membrane is covered by the cell wall which forms the outer most covering.
3.Cell wall is completely permeable whereas cell membrane is semi-permeable.
4.Cell wall is made up of cellulose and cell membrane is made up of lipids and proteins.
5.Cell membrane is also known as plasma lemma.

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Difference Between Cell Wall and Cell Membrane

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The cell wall is the outer most covering of the cell. The cell wall covers the cell membrane. The cell membrane is also known as the plasma membrane or plasma lemma. There is no other name for the cell wall. The cell membrane is present in almost all types of cells.

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Mitochondria are the working organelles which keep the cell full of energy. They are organelles which take in nutrients, then break it down to create energy for the cell. They are small organelles floating freely inside the cell.

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Biology4Kids.com! This tutorial introduces mitochondria. Other sections include plants, animal systems, invertebrates, vertebrates, and microorganisms.

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This Part of the cell are made out of Golgi Bodys. They get proteins from the Rough ER and organize the ammount protins and where it will go around the cell.

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Ribosomes are responsible for assembling protein. These structure can be found attached to the rough ER or free in the cytoplasm.