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Success of collective security depends on two points:
- Members must keep their alliance commitments to the group, even if it is costly.
- Enough members must agree on what constitutes aggression.

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The development of the idea of Republican state and free trade led to the emergence of liberal perspective in International Relations . Cosmopolitan morality could be achieved through the exercise of reason and through the creation of democratic states .

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IGOs are set up by national goverments to increase efficiency and control.They help states lower transaction costs, Institutions develop and spread information to help determine prices and settle contracts. Goverments charge international instituion to serve thier common intererest,they take on a life of their own and constitute a system of global governance.

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-  international law was created by international regime and institution
-  in democratic countries, it was underline how law is made by free institution and champion political and human rights
- in non democratic countries, stress on how the law is enforced
- in socialist countries, focus on economic and social rights

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Liberal states are different. They are indeed peaceful. They are also

prone to make war. Liberal states have created a separate peace and have also discovered liberal reasons for aggression.

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Strength and then imperial expansion result from the way liberty encourages increased population and property which grow when the citizens know their lives and goods are secure from arbitrary seizure. Free citizens equip large armies and provide soldiers who fight for public glory and the comman good because these are infact their own.

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path dependence
is where the later outcomes is shape by the outcomes before

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liberal emphasizes on cooperation: reasons for and the way cooperation is built.

mutual interaction between individuals/ groups is crucial than relative power, cultural and ideology.

the core concept of liberal perspective is reciprocity

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The competition and necessity for compromise required by the division of powers among senate, consuls and tribunes. The powerful few threaten the rest with tyranny(rule based on force ) because they seek to dominate.

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International institution

Is to develop and spread information to help determine prices and settle contracts. There are two types of international institution emphasized by liberalist:

a)      IGOs (Set up by national government)

b)      NGOs

Their role is :

o   to increase efficiency and control

o   help states lower transaction costs

in certain cases, they make decisions and undertake activities that compromise national interest

therefore, in international system they are quasi-independent

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Could you send whatsapp to our class members that we have online class? TQ. Some are inactive. May be they forget

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reciprocity is how the states behave towards another based on common exchanges that entail pros and cons

interdependence is the frequency and intensity which states interact and how often states interact with one another

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Human security is not just focuses on strongest or most capable but also focuses on weak actors. Especially women and children, genocide,disease and disasters. NGOs play a big role in human security issues..

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First of all, international institution include intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) as well as NGOs. iGOs are set up by national governments to increase efficiency and control which they help states to lower transaction cost, the extra cost in managing interactions over longer distance. Besides that, institutions develop and spread information to determine prices and settle contracts. Government charge international Institution to serve their common interest which is the areas where their national interest overlap but if the institution exist they have to take on a life of their own and constitute a system of global governance.

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Reciprocity is an action to respond the other States action. Reciprocity is important toward the relationship among the nations and it is the 'code of conduct' in the anarchic world whereby the uncertainties of the world led a state to provide a prevention acts so they can keep the equilibrium of the nations in the international system. The nature of the international system itself is interdependent and interconnected. So, every action taken will caused a consequences later on as the payback.

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Liberalist have faith in cooperation to avoid conflicts.  They also believed that the international system is interdependent and interconnected. Thus, the concept of reciprocity or 'you rub my back, i rub your back' are important to the liberalist whereby it can be the 'code of conduct' to them toward the action of other states.  The round-table discussion among the groups of people can creates a balance situation. Based on the concept of reciprocity, we can concluded that the Liberalist is moderate in action but when it come to their sovereignty, an action will be taken to curb other intervention.

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Liberal perspective give attention to interdependence than independence or self help.Interdependence links groups and countries together through trade,transportation,tourism and other types of exchanges and makes countries mutually or equally .

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Liberal perspective give attention to interdependence than independence or self help.Interdependence links groups and countries together through trade,transportation,tourism and other types of exchanges and makes countries mutually or equally .

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Sumita

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The collective goods are indivisble, they exist for everyone or for no one, they cannot appropriated, they do not diminish as one party consumes them. The collective security collects military power together in a single global institution such as United Nation. The liberal perspective emphasizes absolute or non-zero sum gains, the increase each side gains over what it had before; the realist perspective emphasizes relative or zero sum gains, the increase one side gains over the other.

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Liberals believe that government is necessary to protect individuals from being harmed by others, but they also recognize that government itself can pose a threat to liberty.  The disagreement among liberals over whether government should promote individual freedom rather than merely protect it is reflected to some extent in the different prevailing conceptions of liberalism in the United States and Europe since the late 20th century.