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Global water crisis about 70 to 75 percent of our planet is water that's happening all of the world 

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Global water crisis about 70 to 75 percent of our planet is water that's happening all of the world 

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Arianna buchanan

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If food was distorted  it will be enough to feed the whole world that's happening all over the world  

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If food was distorted  it will be enough to feed the whole world that's happening all over the world  

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these deases and illnesses are are getting worse and worse and people die from these.

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these deases and illnesses are are getting worse and worse and people die from these.

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Global water crisis about 70 to 75 percent of our earth is water.

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Global water crisis about 70 to 75 percent of our earth is water.

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Question: Will water be here in 15 years.

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If food wasn't  disturbed  it will be enough food to feed the whole world. 

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If food wasn't  disturbed  it will be enough food to feed the whole world. 

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Question: if food was disturbed will it still be enough to feed the whole world?

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We only have 0.03 access to water. The water is ether in icecaps or under ground.

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before we start just look at some of these puppys......

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Air today is most likely polluted by people. We can stop that. 

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Air today is most likely polluted by people. We can stop that. 

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it all started in early 1900s when cars and factory's to produce the cars came to life to make life easy but they did not know that the gas that was coming from the factory's and cars like farther like son...

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People like this picture right here are what people in some parts of the world are doing. They don't even have clean water and they get diseases from water and kids are pasting away because of this.

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About 70 to 75 percent of our plant is water. About half of us in the world are dieing because of thirst.
Question: will water still be here in 15 years?
possible: solutions: Stop wasting water.
Maybe donate water to the people in need

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Every year,5 million children under the age of 5 die from preventable illness. We thought, if the kids under the age of 5 die if their family inheritaged cancer or a disease?

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What you need to know if your child suffers from severe asthma.

For parents, there are few things as terrifying as watching your child suffer through an asthma attack like a fish out of water. This time of year, when allergens are high, if you have a child with asthma (or suspect you might), you'll want to be prepared.
WHAT IT IS
Asthma is a chronic inflammation of the airways, and it's the leading cause of school absences among children ages 5 to 17, according to the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America (AAFA). The disease may improve as your child gets older, but it never actually goes away, and symptoms can reoccur periodically during adulthood (though between episodes, asthmatics often have completely normal lung function). Since there's no cure, the goal of any treatment is to decrease inflammation and avoid emergency flare-ups where your kid can't breathe. The good news is that with proper management and treatment, this potentially lethal ailment can usually be controlled.
WHAT HAPPENS
When your child comes into contact with an asthma trigger, the muscles around the airways tighten, causing inflamed, swollen, smaller airways to constrict. Mucus production increases and thickens, narrowing the airways even more. All this makes it hard for air to travel in and out of the lungs.
KNOW YOUR KID'S ASTHMA TRIGGERS
* Allergens: Most children with asthma suffer from allergies, too. Pollen, mold, dust mites and pet dander are common triggers. Children with a seasonal allergy, such as ragweed, often experience an increase in symptoms during certain times of the year.

* Viral infections: Some viruses can trigger asthma attacks, including those that cause the common cold. There's also a correlation between respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and asthma. At some point, most children will have RSV and recover with no complications. But some children with severe RSV may develop asthma.

* Exercise: Vigorous activity or exercise can induce asthma symptoms. Using an inhaler to dilate the airways before exercise can help prevent attacks.

* Irritants: Common irritants include cigarette smoke and strong odors. Asthmatic children may not be able to tolerate perfumes, chemical fumes, air fresheners, hair sprays or air pollution.

* Other triggers: Changes in weather, particularly cold air and wind, can produce asthma symptoms. Emotional stress, such as anxiety and anger, may also be factors.
TELLTALE SIGNS
* Cough: One of asthma's less recognized symptoms, coughs are typically worse at night and persistent or intermittent, leading to sleep disturbances. Coughing can also occur in the early morning and when crying or running.

* Wheezing: A whistling sound heard when breathing, wheezing can occur after exposure to allergens or physical activity. If your child is having difficulty breathing and the wheezing stops, it could be a sign that very little air is moving through the airways and emergency action is needed.

* Chest tightness: This can happen with or without other symptoms. Your child may describe it as a feeling of tightness, heaviness or even pain.
MAKE SURE YOU HAVE AN ACTION PLAN
An asthma action plan is a series of guidelines written specifically for an asthmatic patient by a doctor. Your asthma action plan should include basic information about your child, including name, date of birth, emergency contact numbers and physician information. It should also include numbers for a normal peak flow meter reading to establish a benchmark. (A peak flow meter measures airflow and normal breathing rates.) Often, numbers begin to decrease even before asthma symptoms appear. Being aware of the normal and low readings can be helpful in knowing when to be on the alert for worsening symptoms. Info about medication and symptoms can be divided into three separate sections so that adults caring for your child will have specific direction for every phase of asthma, according to the Pediatric/Adult Asthma Coalition of New Jersey (PACNJ):

* Healthy: Sometimes referred to as the Green Zone, this section includes any medication taken on a daily basis. When asthma is controlled and peak flow readings are normal, your child should be here.

* Caution: The Yellow Zone indicates that asthma symptoms have been triggered. Peak flow readings are lower, or symptoms have flared. In this stage, it becomes difficult for your child to do regular activities. Fast-acting medications are required in addition to the regular daily ones. When breathing is in the caution zone, you need to be diligent. If symptoms don't improve, you should follow up with your pediatrician.

* Emergency: Also called the Red Zone, this indicates a breathing emergency. If readings are in this zone and fast-acting medications aren't working, you should seek medical care. If your child is having difficulty talking or is using abdominal muscles to breathe, call 911.

Every child with asthma should have a plan, and all adults responsible for that child should receive a copy (including baby sitters, teachers and school nurses). It should be updated yearly-more often if the child's health changes.

By working together, parents, health care providers and school personnel can be sure kids with asthma receive proper care regularly, as well as in an emergency at home or in school.

More Like This:
Doctors Fail Allergy Tests
NJ's Favorite Kids' Docs
Alternative Allergy Treatments

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For parents, there are few things as terrifying as watching your child suffer through an asthma attack like a fish out of water. This time of year, when allergens are high, if you have a child with asthma (or suspect you might), you'll want to be prepared.

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. If the world were 100 people 17 of the 100 people would be mainourished

. 98% of the world's hungry live in developing countries

. There are millions of people starving of hunger worldwide

. Producing enough food for people is a HUGE problem

. This global problem takes place in Africa. And a way that this problem can be solved is that other people from around the world can help out and not just worry about themselves but also help others less fortunite than them.

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1.There are so many people in the world starving and trying to survive.
2.98% of the world's hunger live in developing.
3.The most difficulties are in Africa.
4. Providing food for hundreds of people is a problem.

This took place in Africa and this wouldn't be a problem if more people decided to take there time and help out the people that are starving.

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Alot of people in the world don't have any drinking water to drink from. We can help by not throwing trash into lakes and rivers and the ocean. This is why there so much dirty water. People are getting diseases because of this. Its happening in Africa the us everywhere. This is my global problem.

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The diseases and illnesses are getting worse and worse and people die from these.

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The diseases and illnesses are getting worse and worse and people die from these.

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In Asia, the 2 militarizes are shooting at each other and there are jets dropping bombs, missiles, and rockets at each other. In the ocean there is a submarine awaiting the approval of launching there missiles, there are 15 people on top of the submarine loading there missiles. The full cost of War is $12.7 trillion

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Parts of the world that you cant find water, or clean water

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Parts of the world that you cant find water, or clean water

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In Africa there is not a lot of clean water. Also in the desserts you can barely find water . Also in the South West , it is very hard to find water, and if it is water its rarely ever clean, fresh water.

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Air pollution, is all around us. So how do you think we could stop it? Well here is  an idea make a difference. We could stop factories from having the smoke coming from it..    

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Air pollution, is all around us. So how do you think we could stop it? Well here is  an idea make a difference. We could stop factories from having the smoke coming from it..    

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People need to get involved with the curing of these disease.

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People need to get involved with the curing of these disease.

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people need to get involved with the curing of these diseaes

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people need to get involved with the curing of these diseaes

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Infections and diseases are a global problem all around the world.

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Infections and diseases are a global problem all around the world.

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Infections and diseases are a global problem all around the world.

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Infections and diseases are a global problem all around the world.

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Nate Seltenrich covers science and the environment from Petaluma, CA. His work has appeared in High Country News, Sierra, Yale Environment 360, Earth Island Journal, and other regional and national publications.

Published: 1 June 2016

PDF Version (5.7 MB)

Incineration is a dirty word in the United States, at least where trash is involved. We've been burning municipal solid waste (MSW) since the 1880s. But the dawning of the environmental movement eight decades later cast new light on the nitrous oxides, dioxins, and other chemicals emitted from as many as 600 mass-burn incinerators nationwide, which meanwhile had also grown in size., The ecological merits of resource conservation and recycling became another area of growing interest.

Now three new approaches to converting trash into energy-so-called waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies-look to leave mass-burn incineration behind by transforming how we think about MSW in the United States. Adherents of these emerging approaches-gasification, plasma gasification, and pyrolysis-promise cleaner emissions and more flexibility in terms of energy output, plus in some cases the virtual elimination of landfilling through a complex two-stage treatment process.,,,,

But none of the technologies have yet been proven on a commercial scale on U.S. soil using a typical mixed MSW feedstock, says Monica Wilson, program director for the advocacy group Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives (GAIA). After years of delays and high-profile failures, the technologies remain stymied by challenges such as operational inexperience, high costs, lack of financing, and concerns about toxic emissions. Furthermore, the heterogeneous nature of MSW can make it a problematic feedstock for power plants, and some critics believe it is more important to assess what materials are actually in MSW and the best uses associated with each of those materials-for instance, recycling, composting, reducing, or redesigning the materials before they enter the waste stream.

Negative public perception of incineration also could prevent acceptance of newer WTE technologies in the United States. Modern mass-burn facilities are a huge improvement over the dirty plants that first drew public outrage. Beginning with the Clean Air Act in 1970, tightened regulations and sophisticated air pollution controls significantly reduced the levels of harmful chemicals emitted by incinerators.

Today, 70 mass-burn plants in 21 states consume about 13% of the nation's trash, down from a peak of 14.5% in 1990., Cumulatively they offer roughly 2.5 gigawatts of power in return,, less than a tenth of what the U.S. solar industry produces. The most recent inventory available from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency shows that MSW incinerators released about 1% of the quantity of carcinogenic and highly toxic dioxin-like compounds in 2000 that they did just 13 years earlier.

Yet by the 1980s the damage to incineration's reputation was done, as far as many environmental groups and the public at large were concerned. And the battle lines drawn all those years ago remain largely intact today. So claims that these new technologies offer a panacea to waste management and a source of clean, renewable energy have met with skepticism and organized opposition in dozens of communities nationwide faced with proposals in recent years.

Ultimately, if the new technologies are to take hold in this country, developers must find a way to not only support their performance claims, but also demonstrate compatibility with established recycling and composting efforts and achieve financial feasibility in areas experiencing no shortage of landfill space. Even some proponents of the new technologies wonder if that will ever happen.

How Do the Technologies Work?

Those advocates may as well start by getting their facts straight, believes veteran waste-industry consultant and gasification expert Steve Jenkins. Given the technologies' novelty, developers are prone to misrepresent their projects to the public and to regulatory agencies, he says, often leaving them painted with the same brush as mass-burn incinerators.

Jenkins addressed the issue through a recent presentation to industry representatives reiterating the basic differences between gasification and incineration. "My purpose was to beat up on the project developers that have not given these technologies and their projects the good credit that they deserve," Jenkins says. "Too many good projects have died because the public and agency awareness and education were done poorly."

Gasification, plasma gasification, and pyrolysis are closely related and for the purposes of this article are referred to collectively as "conversion technologies" (the term typically encompasses other noncombustion technologies as well). They involve the super-heating of a feedstock-be it MSW, coal, or agricultural residues-in an oxygen-controlled environment to avoid combustion. The primary differences among them relate to heat source, oxygen level, and temperature, from as low as about 600°F (300°C) for pyrolysis to as high as 20,000°F (11,000°C) for plasma gasification.

In these low-oxygen environments the production of dioxins and furans from waste can be significantly reduced compared with incineration,,, with emissions potentially falling even below detection limits, Jenkins says. (In one well-publicized exception, a gasification plant in Dumfries, Scotland, repeatedly failed to meet expectations. The plant ultimately closed in 2013 after exceeding emissions limits for dioxins and other pollutants as well as producing far less energy than expected. The Scottish Environment Protection Agency cited "persistent non-compliance with the requirements of the permit" in revoking its license.,)

Conversion technologies are further distinguished from conventional MSW incineration by the production of synthesis gas (or syngas) composed mainly of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, a product of the thermal reactions that take place during the processes. The syngas can then be burned in a boiler system to generate electricity. It can also be processed into fuel for an efficient, low-emissions natural gas generator or refined into other valuable products.

On paper, these differences make conversion technologies cleaner, more efficient, and more valuable than mass-burn incineration. But that doesn't mean the technologies always perform as advertised. "Engineers from the industry side are evaluating the situation from steady state at maximum temperature," says Peter Orris, a professor at the University of Illinois who has tracked WTE technologies from a public health perspective. "I don't have any reason to doubt those estimates are correct, but they're not necessarily real-world." That's because performance is highest and emissions lowest when a facility is running at full steam, he says. Start-up, cool-down, and loading feedstock into the facility's reactors are when many problems occur.

A gap between potential and actual performance is evident at plants currently operating outside the United States, says Umberto Arena, a researcher based in Italy and associate editor of the journal Waste Management. This is due primarily to the lack of an affordable solution for syngas cleaning, he believes.

As it stands today, the cleaning of contaminants and impurities from syngas produced via conversion technologies is often cost-prohibitive.,, Without an affordable solution for syngas cleaning, which Arena suspects could come in the next five years, most two-stage plants simply burn their syngas in a boiler and then scrub the emissions. This leaves gasification and related technologies only negligibly cleaner than modern mass-burn units and sometimes less efficient.

On top of that, the newer systems must be finely tuned and, in some cases, tend to require a more uniform, pre-sorted feedstock than mass-burn incinerators, Arena says. This can add expense to the operation.

Despite these shortcomings, conversion technologies do have a clear benefit in that they leave behind safer solid residues-and less of it-than burning MSW. Incinerators produce significant amounts of a waste called bottom ash, of which about 40% must be landfilled. The remaining 60% can be further treated to separate metals, which are sold, from inert materials, which are often used as road base. The newer technologies, by contrast, offer immediate recovery of metals and inert slags, with smaller volumes of landfill., This explains why conversion technologies have caught on in regions where landfill space is extremely tight or available at a premium.

"If your main interest is to produce electric energy, so far the combustion-based systems are clearly better," Arena says. "If your interest is to strongly reduce the material that is sent to landfill, as in Japan or Denmark or some other areas of Europe, then you could be very interested in gasification."

Landfilling versus Conversion Technologies

Even if the newer conversion technologies have yet to make an unequivocal case that they're better than their mass-burn predecessors, some argue there's another comparison that may be more relevant-and ultimately more convincing.

In the United States today, landfills have a big advantage when it comes to economics. Sending trash to the dump is almost always cheaper than burning it, with tipping fees paid by haulers averaging about 33% less at landfills than at existing incinerators, according to one analysis. That discount would likely be even greater over costly new conversion plants.

But that's not necessarily a deal-breaker in areas with limited landfill space, such as Los Angeles. "Our focus is to develop an alternative to landfills," says Coby Skye, a senior civil engineer for the County of Los Angeles Department of Public Works. The county is running short on landfill space and reluctant to export its trash elsewhere, he says. "We wanted to find something that's more sustainable."

In addition to six operating landfills, Los Angeles County already has two mass-burn incinerators and plans to launch multiple commercial-scale anaerobic digesters, which can produce both energy and compost from wet organic wastes., "For over a decade, the county has been encouraging these alternatives to kind of wean ourselves off of the reliance on landfill disposal for residual waste," Skye says.

A study released in February 2016 by the county Department of Public Works, which Skye helped lead, showed a clear benefit in terms of greenhouse gas emissions for gasification combined with additional recycling and anaerobic digestion, versus the status quo of recycling a portion of MSW and landfilling the rest. The new study compared cumulative greenhouse gas emissions under two different scenarios. The first involved trucking 1,000 tons of post-recycled residuals (i.e., what's left after current recycling efforts) to a modern dump with a landfill-gas-to-energy system every day for 25 years. This scenario assumed the landfilled residuals would remain there, continuing to break down, for an additional 100 years.

The second scenario involved sending the same 1,000 tons per day of post-recycled residuals to a so-called integrated materials recovery facility. This would include advanced recycling of additional materials followed by processing of residuals via gasification and anaerobic digestion, leaving 136 tons per day for the landfill.

The latter is "what we would call a dream facility," says Eugene Tseng, an environmental attorney and engineer whose consulting firm helped prepare the report. "You have to have a suite of technologies for what we call the integrated approach. You take the most appropriate technology for the type of waste that's being generated."

The study concluded that the landfill scenario would produce a net increase of 1.64 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions over the entire 125 years, while the integrated scenario would result in a net savings of 0.67 million metric tons. This difference of 2.31 million metric tons is comparable to 480,000 fewer passenger vehicles driven for one year. The reduction is achieved in two key ways: 1) through the displacement of emissions from fossil fuel combustion due to the electricity generated; and 2) through increased recycling efforts involved in the extensive pre-processing of materials required before feeding the two plants.

One critical assumption embedded in the study is that biogenic carbon dioxide emissions resulting from the digestion, decomposition, or processing of biologically based materials are considered part of the natural carbon cycle and therefore carbon neutral with zero net greenhouse gas emissions, in accordance with current state, national, and international standards.,,

However, a growing community of scientists and others feel it is inappropriate to consider all of these emissions carbon neutral. Environmental organizations have called on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to account for carbon emitted from biomass waste on the basis that it too can have an immediate impact on climate change, even if it will theoretically one day be reabsorbed by trees and plants. Such a policy change would mean the landfill scenario in Los Angeles County's analysis would fare better on greenhouse gas emissions than the state-of-the-art integrated facility.

Philosophical Differences

The deepest divide between ardent critics and defenders of conversion technologies, and the one that evokes the most passion on both sides, doesn't have to do with dioxins or energy production or carbon accounting, but rather with philosophies about how to handle our society's trash-and what, in fact, trash really is.

MSW is a mix of all kinds of materials: not just combustible carbon-based materials but also glass, metals, and more. Proponents of a decades-old philosophy called "zero waste" contend that at least 80% of the typical MSW stream can be recycled or composted (e.g., through anaerobic digestion), and that reuse and waste prevention can reduce the remaining portion-if not all the way to zero, then close.

"The primary ecological benefits associated with recycling are in using recovered materials in a production cycle to displace virgin materials," says Darby Hoover, a solid waste specialist with the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). "The associated savings of energy, water, and carbon associated with that substitution are where most of the environmental benefits occur. ... That's the basis of the 'closed-loop' idea. Once you introduce a material into commerce, you should do all you can to keep it there."

Supporters of conversion technologies, meanwhile, contend that recycling and composting aren't enough to sufficiently improve landfill-diversion rates, and that some sort of thermal processing of leftovers is necessary. They employ the newer term "zero-waste-to-landfill" to allow for conversion technologies and other WTE strategies as an additional and in some cases preferred form of recycling.

"I strongly feel that the goal of zero-waste-to-landfill cannot be achieved without some additional technologies," says James Stewart, chairman of the California-based industry group BioEnergy Producers Association. His home state has proposed a plan to improve its recycling rate, stuck at around 50% for the last six years, to 75% by 2020. (By comparison, nationally an average of 34% of MSW is recycled.) This will require recycling roughly 22 million more tons of the current waste stream, which Stewart considers impractical-unless the state's plan is rewritten so that "recycling" includes the recovery of energy, carbon, metals, and slag through WTE technologies.

While there's little overlap between these opposing perspectives, in practical terms it may be possible to find middle ground. For instance, some argue that WTE technologies could be used as a stopgap solution to keep high-value materials out of landfills while traditional recycling efforts continue to ramp up.

"I really do have sympathy for folks who are saying, 'It's a shame that we're landfilling this stuff, why can't we take energy out of it until we can recycle more of it?'" Hoover says. "The problem is that interim solutions can interfere with the higher and better ecological pathway. We want to really make sure we've actually maximized recycling and composting before we get to the waste-to-energy facilities." That said, Hoover believes there might be a role for some types of WTE technologies as a last-ditch effort to extract energy from materials that contain it before they go to a landfill.

Shlomo Dowen, coordinator of the advocacy group United Kingdom Without Incineration Network, believes the traditional conception of zero waste remains within reach-and precludes conversion technologies entirely. "There is very little by way of 'unrecyclable' material that could not be addressed by redesign, better source separation, and better sorting technologies," he says. "And much of what would remain would probably have little or no calorific value so would not be suitable for energy recovery."

Not Giving Up

Rod Bryden is among those convinced that conversion technologies deserve a place in solid-waste management. The prominent Ottawa businessman runs Plasco Energy Group, a company that hopes to recover power from trash via a proprietary plasma-based technology.

These plans have suffered a number of setbacks, most notably in Plasco's Canadian hometown early last year.,, Plasco had attracted $400 million in investments since its formation in 2005 and was considered a leader in the WTE field. But in February 2015, roughly one year after investors asked Bryden to step down as CEO, Ottawa officials terminated the city's relationship with Plasco due to its inability to secure additional financing needed to construct a long-awaited new plant for full commercial operations. This plant had been contracted to process about 330 tons of post-recycled garbage per day-roughly a third of the city's household waste. That same day, the company filed for bankruptcy and laid off 80 employees.

But that wasn't the end of it. Seven months after Plasco's collapse, Bryden bought the company from its creditors for a dollar. Now he's back at the helm of a restructured company planning its second act. Bryden says that a failure of leadership, not technology, led to the Ottawa plant's demise, and that Plasco is poised to re-enter the conversion technology industry. "My own view is that Plasco is worth whatever it was created for-$400 million-and has a technology that is ready for commercial delivery," he says.

Instead of using syngas to generate electricity on site for sale to a power company, the company now intends to produce and sell a cleaner fuel-grade syngas for blending with natural gas in third-party power plants. "We were never an expert in the power business, and we're not in that business anymore," Bryden explains.

Tellingly, Plasco's target market is no longer the United States or Canada, but places like the Chinese capital of Beijing, where Bryden says the price of natural gas is roughly three and a half times what it is in New York. If he can find the right location, he hopes to have a new plant under construction by the middle of next year.

Industry consultant Jenkins remains skeptical about the expansion of conversion technologies in the United States. "[In many areas] we've got plenty of land, and nothing is driving the prices of landfills up," he says. "We don't have the economic drivers in the U.S. except in a few cities and counties."

Government subsidies, favorable regulations, and more social acceptance in Japan and parts of Europe have allowed these costly, capital-intensive facilities to advance even as they continue to flounder here. Over the last 40 years Japanese company JFE Engineering has built more than 160 incinerators and 10 gasification plants in its home country, says project development manager Kenny Miyagi. Hoping to expand to the United States, the company opened a branch in Long Beach, California, in 2012. "Ever since then, we have been chasing after opportunities," Miyagi says. "It's a tough market." Without subsidies, incentives, or other public funding, he says conversion technologies appear unlikely to take off here.

Harvey Gershman, another waste industry consultant familiar with the newer technologies, says he's been surprised by their continued failure to gain traction in United States. "For the past ten years I've been saying 'within the next four years.' I was hoping we'd be able to turn the corner on these technologies a lot sooner than we've been able to."

A window of opportunity may already be closing on the technologies, suggests Wilson of GAIA. "There was a flood of proposals, and now there are only a few here and there, and they wither and die on their own. I think the interest overall has really waned over the past year, as people have gotten fed up after hearing so many promises." But, she concedes, "there still are some really strong believers in it."

References

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2. Rootes C, Leonard L, eds. Environmental Movements and Waste Infrastructure. New York, NY:Routledge (2010).

3. Arena U. Process and technological aspects of municipal solid waste gasification. A review. Waste Manage 32(4):625-639 (2012), doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.09.025.

4. Chen D, et al. Pyrolysis technologies for municipal solid waste: a review. Waste Manage 34(12):2466-2486 (2014), doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.08.004.

5. Lombardi L, et al. A review of technologies and performances of thermal treatment systems for energy recovery from waste. Waste Manage 37:26-44 (2015), doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.11.010.

6. GSTC. Technology: Plasma Gasification [website]. Arlington, VA:Gasification & Syngas Technologies Council (2016). Available: http://www.gasification-syngas.org/technology/plasma-gasification/ [accessed 20 May 2016].

7. UCR. Evaluation of Emissions From Thermal Conversion Thermal Conversion Technologies Processing Municipal Solid Waste and Biomass. Riverside, CA:University of California, Riverside (21 June 2009). Available: http://dpw.lacounty.gov/epd/socalconversion/pdfs/UCR_Emissions_Report_62109.pdf [accessed 20 May 2016].

8. Smith K. Navigating waste to energy. Renewable Energy From Waste (15 June 2015). Available: https://www.rewmag.com/article/rew0615-waste-to-energy-facilities-map [accessed 20 May 2016].

9. EPA. Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2013. EPA530-R-15-002 Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2015). Available: https://www.epa.gov/smm/advancing-sustainable-materials-management-facts-and-figures-report [accessed 20 May 2016].

10. EPA. Municipal Solid Waste Generation, Recycling, and Disposal in the United States: Facts and Figures for 2012. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (February 2014). Available: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/2012_msw_fs.pdf [accessed 20 May 2016).

11. ERC. The 2014 ERC Directory of Waste-to-Energy Facilities. Washington, DC:Energy Recovery Council (2014). Available: http://energyrecoverycouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/ERC_2014_Directory.pdf [accessed 20 May 2016].

12. Hoagland K. Surveying the US waste-to-energy fleet. Biomass Magazine (1 May 2014). Available: http://biomassmagazine.com/articles/10322/surveying-the-us-waste-to-energy-fleet [accessed 20 May 2016].

13. SEIA. U.S. Solar Market Insight [website]. Washington, DC:Solar Energy Industries Association (updated 9 March 2016). Available: http://www.seia.org/research-resources/us-solar-market-insight [accessed 20 May 2016].

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Emerging Waste-to-Energy Technologies: Solid Waste Solution or Dead End?

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Nate Seltenrich covers science and the environment from Petaluma, CA. His work has appeared in High Country News, Sierra, Yale Environment 360, Earth Island Journal, and other regional and national publications. Published: 1 June 2016 PDF Version (5.7 MB) Incineration is a dirty word in the United States, at least where trash is involved.

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Over 3.6 Million people die a year because of no clean water. Also 2 Billion People around the world have no fresh water.

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If the world were 100 people,15 would not have access to healthcare

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This leads to chronic illnesses and health problems.

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This leads to chronic illnesses and health problems.

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this leads to chronic illnesses and health problems.

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this leads to chronic illnesses and health problems.

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Across the globe, 1 in 3 city residents live in inadequate shelter. By the year 2030 40% of the world's population will not have sufficient access to housing. We thought, Will there be enough money to provide shelter for each other

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Building a Tepee Shelter the Easy Way

You don't need canvas, tarp or expertise to build a sturdy makeshift tepee. All it takes is a little bit of

practice, some wood, cordage and some natural material that's in the area. This time-honored and

practical shelter can be constructed in about an hour (less if you don't have to hunt for resources), and it

can be scaled to meet your needs. Take a look at the instructions below and discover how you can

throw one together in just a few steps.

The first thing you need is wood. Ideally, you want about 10-12 branches that are about six feet long

and two to three inches in diameter. To assemble the frame, take three branches and stand them up,

leaning each one into the other. Tie off the tops about two inches from the ends with some cordage by

looping the rope around each branch and then wrapping them all together. Add three more branches

between the first ones, lash and repeat once more.

You can continue to add branches to the frame until it is completely full, or you can leave gaps between

the wood if you have material that can act as a skin. Remember that you will need a door way, so leave

a gap wide enough for you to be able to enter and exit. If you do have canvas or tarp, then you can

simply wrap them around the frame until the ends meet at the opening. If you don't have material, you

can gather your own by using brush, moss or small branches with pine needles or other sturdy foliage.

Place the ends of the small branches underneath the cordage you used at the top of the tepee, layering

them until there are no gaps. Add some cordage about 12-18 inches below the top lashing and place

more branches under that rope as well. Repeat the process until the tepee is completely covered with

the branches. You can also use patches of moss, bark, grass or any other type of material that can be

held in place.

The next step is to decide whether or not you want to take some mud or pine resin and seal the gaps

between the wood around the frame. This will depend on whether or not you are using the tepee as a

more permanent shelter as well as if you expect rain to fall and leak into the inside. Both options

should be good enough to seal major gaps and minimize leaking. It will also promote greater insulation

and help to retain heat.

That's about it in terms of the fundamentals, and all you really need to decide is where to place the

tepee as well as its diameter. Keep in mind that the length of branches that you use will correlate with

the diameter of the interior. Longer branches will give you a space that is higher and wider than shorter

ones. However, if you build large tepees, it will be really beneficial if you have someone there to help

you get the basic frame set up. Smaller tepees are easy for one person to construct.

Use your resourcefulness and wilderness skills to modify and expand on this basic method in order to

create the right shelter for your needs. Remember that the material available will depend on your

particular location, so you will almost certainly need to make some improvisations as you go.

However, once you get the hang of it, you should be able to build one in less than an hour and give

yourself access to a sturdy and effective shelter without using a lot of resources or energy in the

process.

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You don't need canvas, tarp or expertise to build a sturdy makeshift tepee. All it takes is a little bit of practice, some wood, cordage and some natural material that's in the area. This time-honored and practical shelter can be constructed in about an hour (less if you don't have to hunt for resources), and it can be scaled to meet your needs.

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They can use a waste water stream to purify water, and use technology to make it really clean.

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thread world poor country's do not have the health care like we have in the U.S

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thread world poor country's do not have the health care like we have in the U.S

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Third world poor countries do not like we have in the us.

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Third world poor countries do not like we have in the us.