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https://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Alzheimers-disease/Pages/Symptoms.aspx

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Alzheimer’s Association Report2015 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures.

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Alzheimer’s Association Report2015 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures.

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information about Alzheimer's disease, such as mortality, prevalence etc.

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What are the particular challenges for adaptation?

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What are the particular challenges for adaptation?

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 Keeping things in balance: Family experiences of living with Alzheimer's disease (Esandi et al. 2017) 

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 Keeping things in balance: Family experiences of living with Alzheimer's disease (Esandi et al. 2017) 

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Three main stages to the experience of early AD, along with their associated processes.
1. what’s going on here and the processes of noticing, suspecting, and confirming.
2. our life is changing underpinned by the processes of watching and redefining.
3. keeping things together and its associated balancing process.

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From ‘needing to know’ to ‘needing not to know more’: an interpretative phenomenological analysis of couples’experiences with early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (Wawrziczny et al.2015)

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From ‘needing to know’ to ‘needing not to know more’: an interpretative phenomenological analysis of couples’experiences with early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (Wawrziczny et al.2015)

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"Indeed, the first signs mark the beginning of a period of doubt and a search for under- standing. This pursuit of knowledge progresses to the recognition of more intense and severe signs that encour- age couples to seek medical attention. Both reassuring and destabilising, the diagnosis is a breaking point that modifies how the changes and painful effects associated with disease are experienced. Couples employ strategies to minimise their suffering and consequently their knowledge about the disease."

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What evidence is there of stress management interventions?

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What evidence is there of stress management interventions?

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Primary Care Interventions for Dementia Caregivers: 2-Year Outcomes From the REACH Study (Burns R1, Nichols LO, Martindale-Adams J, Graney MJ, Lummus A.)

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Primary Care Interventions for Dementia Caregivers: 2-Year Outcomes From the REACH Study (Burns R1, Nichols LO, Martindale-Adams J, Graney MJ, Lummus A.)

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-A study that tested a 24month intervention on ease the psychological distress that the caregivers where dealing with
-The interventions for the first group where targeted on behaviour managament only while the other group received interventions that focused on behaviour management and sterss coping.
-The hypothesis was that the addition of the stress coping component would improve caregiving outcomes, and therfore gain the patient
-Results showed that during 24 months, Behavior Care caregivers, who only received information about managing the care recipient's behavioral problems, compared with Enhanced Care caregivers, who had information both about managing the care recipient's behavioral problems and about their own coping, had significantly greater distress
-Results both suggest that it is important to address the caregiver's own issues as well as to provide skills to manage disease-related behaviors.

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Benefits of Mindfulness Training for Patients With Progressive Cognitive Decline and Their Caregivers (J.D.Creery et al.  2015)

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Benefits of Mindfulness Training for Patients With Progressive Cognitive Decline and Their Caregivers (J.D.Creery et al.  2015)

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-Patients participated together with caregivers in weekly group sessions over 8 weeks. An assessment battery was individually administered before and after the program.
-This training was designed to decrease levels of stress, improve mood, and lessen tendencies to habitually react in maladaptive ways
-The procedures can readily be implemented in various community contexts at a low cost (elderly might not be able to affor expensive treatments etc.) and with low risk of negative consequences
-Caregivers may find it easier to attend regular sessions when they can bring the patient along, participating together may turn out to be an enjoyable group activity, and caregiver support with practicing skills between sessions may increase patient compliance and success
-improved patient–caregiver interactions
- Such individuals may learn to regard distressing thoughts in a detached and nonjudgmental manner, leading to decreased depression and anxiety due to an improved sense of self-efficacy,14 in keeping with interventions previously found to combat caregiver stress.
-improvements in quality of life and depression

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What does research show about coping with Alzheimer?

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What does research show about coping with Alzheimer?

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Alzheimer aggression; influences on caregiver coping among resilience (Wilks et al. 2011)

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Alzheimer aggression; influences on caregiver coping among resilience (Wilks et al. 2011)

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-resilience implies adaptational success. characteristic of psychological well-being, ability to recover from negative life events, leading to hope.
-coping stratify can be a prominent, protective factor of resilience.
-caregivers who use the task-focused coping generally perceive themselves as more resilient across the various caregiving situations they encounter.
-results also indicated that as aggression increases caregivers tend to fall back on emotion and avoidance style coping strategies
-caregivers using emotion or avoidant strategies reported feeling increased burden and perceived themselves as less resilient.

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Stress and coping in older people with Alzheimer's disease (Caramelli et al. 2008)

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Stress and coping in older people with Alzheimer's disease (Caramelli et al. 2008)

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-the conflict between demands and the effort needed is called coping.
-aim of the study; to analyze the characteristics of stress indicators and coping styles in older subjects with midl AD, and to compare them with cognitively healthy older individuals
-predominance of emotion-oriented coping in individuals with AD and problem-oriented coping in the control group
-patients with AD probably have difficulty in selecting strategies to control or solve the problems. thus, they try to control the emotion which arises from the stressful situation as a form of adaptation strategy
-conclusion: interventions for older people with AD should consider the cognitive performance of these individuals before planning support care.

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What are the health or illness behaviors that characterize Alzheimer's disease?

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What are the health or illness behaviors that characterize Alzheimer's disease?

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Knowledge and beliefs about help-seeking behavior and helpfulness of interventions for Alzheimer's disease (Blay et al. 2008)

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Knowledge and beliefs about help-seeking behavior and helpfulness of interventions for Alzheimer's disease (Blay et al. 2008)

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-public opinions can affect help-seeking behaviors for AD in various ways.
-this study investigated the lay public's attitudes toward help-seeking and preferences for treatment of AD
-cross-sectional population-based random sample. face-to-face interviews, case vignette of a person with AD.
-96% of respondents favored the use of psychotherapy, 70% supported natural procedures (eating better, keeping your mind busy, going to church, taking a vacation etc.)
-limited education, younger age and experience with psychiatric problems are associated with the medical intervention model. female sex and middle age are associated with alternative interventions.

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Delayed help-seeking behavior in dementia care: preliminary findings from the clinical pathway for alzheimer's disease in China (Zhao et al. 2016)

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Delayed help-seeking behavior in dementia care: preliminary findings from the clinical pathway for alzheimer's disease in China (Zhao et al. 2016)

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-576 persons with dementia and their informants reported the estimated time from symptom onset to first medical visit seeking diagnosis.
the study examined the potential factors associated with the delayed diagnosis seeking.
-factors that contributed to delay; negative perception of dementia, personal fear of AD, scared family members, family history, less education
-the symptoms of AD develop insidiously and may not be easily recognized

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Adherence to Cholinesterase Inhibitors in Alzheimer's Disease: A Review (Brady et al. 2013)

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Adherence to Cholinesterase Inhibitors in Alzheimer's Disease: A Review (Brady et al. 2013)

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-Background/Aims: Treatment adherence is a major problem in numerous medical conditions, and is a particular challenge in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD).
- Methods: This non-systematic review summarises the current literature on factors that affect adherence to cholinesterase inhibitors, the mainstay of AD treatment. Articles listed on PubMed and published during the last 10 years were included.
-Results: Intentional factors affecting adherence include patient, caregiver and prescriber beliefs about therapies and the disease itself. Unintentional factors include tolerability, physical limitations of the patient and caregiver burden. Interventions aiming to improve adherence include educational programmes and new drug delivery methods.
-Conclusion: Due to the high level of caregiver involvement in the care of patients with AD, strategies that address caregiver concerns may improve adherence.

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Self-management group interventions for people with MCI or dementia ( Quinn et al. 2014) (relevant when deciding on the interventions!)

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Self-management group interventions for people with MCI or dementia ( Quinn et al. 2014) (relevant when deciding on the interventions!)

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-This review aimed to explore whether group-based psychosocial interventions developed for people with dementia or MCI incorporated elements of self-management
- Fifteen interventions were included in the review. The majority of the interventions were specifically designed for people with dementia, with only two interventions designed for people with MCI
-he most commonly included components were information provision, communication and social support, and skills training
-The findings of this review indicate that several components of self-management have been incorporated into group-based interventions for people with dementia or MCI. This review offers preliminary evidence to suggest that these interventions can be beneficial.
-Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) may be a precursor to dementia, and therefore, early intervention may help people to adapt to changes in memory and other abilities, potentially stabilizing functioning and hence delaying further pro- gression
- Martin, Turner, Wallace 2013 highest SM and the only one to be based on a theory related to SM! look it up...
-Social cognitive theory may provide the best starting point in developing interventions, it specifies techniques to use in interventions!

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Conceptualisation of self-management intervention for people with early stage dementia (Martin, Turner, Wallace 2013)

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Conceptualisation of self-management intervention for people with early stage dementia (Martin, Turner, Wallace 2013)

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Self-management can be defined as a person’s ability to manage the symptoms, treatment, physical, psychological, social and lifestyle changes, and consequences of chronic illness (Department of Health 2005)

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Sex differences in the prevalence of behavioral and

psychological symptoms of dementia (Lövheim et al. 2009)

Alzheimer's disease facts & figures (Alzheimer's Association)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2017.02.001

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Social impairments in Alzheimer patients

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Social impairments in Alzheimer patients