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“Dining in Ancient Rome (Bible History Online).” Bible History Online, www.bible-history.com/sketches/ancient/romans-dining.html.

Brown, Shelby. “Reclining and Dining (and Drinking) in Ancient Rome.” The Getty Iris, The Getty, 28 June 2017, blogs.getty.edu/iris/reclining-and-dining-and-drinking-in-ancient-rome/.

Oulton, Randal. “Libum: Roman Cheese Bread.” CooksInfo.com, CooksInfo.com, 6 July 2005, www.cooksinfo.com/libum.

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Rich Dining:
Wealthy people had a more varied diet than that of the poor. For breakfast they would usually eat bread or wheat biscuits with honey and lunch consisted of eggs, cheese, cold meat and fruit. Many people also decided to eat very little during the day in order to save their appetite for a big dinner. The wealthy would often attend or host large, lavish dinner parties.
Poor Dining:
Poorer Romans and slaves had an extremely different dining lifestyle. They would eat more simple food such as bread, porridge, and stew for breakfast. The poor wouldn't have dinner parties either and often slaves would be serving food at them.
Wine:
Wine was by far the most popular beverage in Ancient Rome. Romans could decide between 200 different types of wine from across the Empire. Wine was usually spiced, or sweetened with honey and diluted with water. It wasn't a common or respectable occurrence for someone to drink undiluted wine. In the early days of the civilization when it was a republic, women were not allowed to drink wine. This rule was eventually changed during the Empire.
Dinner Parties:
A dinner party would usually begin in the early evening. The guests would remove their sandals at the door and have their feet washed by a slave. They were then announced by an usher and shown to their places. Their hands were then washed with perfumed water. Washing their hands was an important ritual as Romans usually ate with their fingers. Wealthy Romans reclined on three cushioned couches, or a triclinium, while dining. In the Roman Empire, only slaves and children sat on chairs while eating. Women and men ate together, with up to nine people lounging around a table. Between courses, guests were entertained by poets, conjurers, clowns, or musicians. After dinner, there would often be games. For example the host would pick a number and everyone would have to swallow that number of drinks. Some guest would also tickle their throat with a feather until they threw up so they could eat more. The writer Seneca wrote, "They vomit to eat and eat to vomit."

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Citations:
Davis, William Sterns. “Ancient History Sourcebook: Macrobius: Saturnalia Convivia, III.13: The Bill of Fare of a Great Roman Banquet, 63 BCE.” Internet History Sourcebooks, sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/macrobius-3-13.asp.
It is the first quote once you visit the page

Etiquipedia, Sterling. “Etiquipedia.” Etiquette of Roman Empire Dining, 1 Jan. 1970, etiquipedia.blogspot.com/2014/03/dining-etiquette-in-roman-empire.html.

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Libum was a type of bread in Roman times that was usually offered to Jupiter by spouses during weddings. More importantly it was a libation offered to the Gods  during a time of sacrifice. Libum comes from the Latin verb libare which means to make a libation. Also Libum is sometimes referred to as Cato's Libum because Cato, a Roman senator ended up writing a recipe book called "De Agricoltura" that included the recipe of Libum.

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Ingredients
- 1 - 1 1/2 Cups of graham cracker crumbs
- 3 Tbsp Sugar
- 1/3 Cup butter or margarine, melted
- 4 pkg (8 oz. each) Philadelphia cream cheese, softened
- 1 cup of sugar
- 1 tsp vanilla
- 4 eggs

Cheesecake
1. Preheat oven to 325 degrees
2. Combine graham crumbs, 3 Tbsp. sugar and butter; press onto bottom of 9-inch springform pan.
3. Beat cream cheese, 1 cup sugar and vanilla with mixer until blended. Add eggs, 1 at a time, mixing on low speed after each just until blended. Pour over crust.
4. Bake 55 min. or until center is almost set. Run knife around rim of pan to loosen cake; cool before removing rim. Refrigerate cheesecake 4 hours.

We were inspired to create a cheesecake from Libum because both of their main ingredients are cheese and bread. We thought cheesecake would represent a dessert version of the famous Roman food, Libum.

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LIBUM (SWEET CHEESECAKE)

Ancient Roman Libum Ingredients
- 1 cup of Flour
- 1 cup of ricotta cheese
- Honey
- 1 egg
- 4 Bay leaves

Ancient Roman Libum Recipe
1. Preheat oven to 425
2. Sift 1 cup of flour into a bowl
3. Place 8 ounces or 1 cup of ricotta cheese in separate bowl
4. Beat the ricotta cheese until soft
5. Add 1 egg to flour without mixing it
6. Add ricotta cheese to flour and egg
7. Mix all 3 together until soft
8. Put 4 bay leaves on greased baking pan
9. Divide the dough into 4 pieces in the shape of a bun
10. Place each dough bun on each leaf
11. Bake for 35 minutes or until golden brown
12. Place bottom of buns only in honey

*The Romans often covered their food while it was cooking with a domed earthenware cover called a testo. You can use an overturned, shallow clay pot, a metal bowl, or casserole dish as a brick.

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https://www.dropbox.com/home/earl%20and%20connor