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Take a look at these resources and use the additional links to do further reading.  Some sites have videos that may or may not work; please use your headphones for watching videos. You may choose the topic that interests you the most and create a 1-pager to show your research.

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Take a look at these resources and use the additional links to do further reading.  Some sites have videos that may or may not work; please use your headphones for watching videos. You may choose the topic that interests you the most and create a 1-pager to show your research.

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This is a good page to start your learning path.

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As one of the greatest civilizations the world has ever seen, the Ancient Egyptians are responsible for many of the ways we live today. Some of these include their inventions in medicine, music, the calendar and farming. The Egyptian Empire lasted from 3,150 B.C. to 30 B.C. and saw many different pharaohs during the three kingdoms called the Old Kingdom, Middle and New Kingdom.

Ancient Egypt History Timeline

3,500 B.C.: The first hieroglyphic symbols are used by craftsmen

2,500 B.C.: The Great Pyramid at Giza and The Great Sphinx are built.

1,550 B.C. - 332 B.C.: The New Kingdom Pharaohs are buried in the Valley of the Kings.

1,351 B.C.: Akhenaten, "Heretic King" starts a religious revolution within Egypt.

1,325 B.C.:King Tut (son of Akhenaten) is buried in the Valley of the Kings.

30 A.D.: Egypt becomes part of the Roman Empire.

Ancient Egypt's Greatest Pharaohs

There were a lot more pharaohs in ancient Egypt, who reigned from 3100 BC until 30 BC, more than 3000 years! They were thought to be descendants of the gods.
Click here to learn more about The Ancient Egyptian Pharaohs (for Kids)
© Jan - 17th Dynasty Diadem

Ancient Egypt's Greatest Structures

The greatest of all the structures in ancient Egypt are the pyramids. The very first pyramids were called step pyramids, and weren't smooth on the sides, but rather had "steps." An example of this type is the First Pyramid of Djoser.

Some of the most famous construction of ancient Egypt are located at Giza:

The Great Pyramid of Giza stands 480 feet tall. It was the tallest man-made structure in the world until the construction of the Lincoln Cathedral in the UK in 1311 A.D. It is the only remaining Wonder of the Ancient World.Click here to learn more about The Great Pyramid

© Never House - The Great Pyramid of Giza

The Great Sphinx of Giza was carved around 4,500 years ago. It stands 241 feet long, 66 feet high and 20 feet wide. The face on the sphinx was made to resemble Pharaoh Khafra.Click here to learn more about The Great Sphinx

© Jack Versloot - The Great Sphinx at Giza

Click here to learn more about The Pyramids of Ancient Egypt
Pyramids were built as tombs to house the dead pharaohs. They were stocked with treasures and items they would need in the afterlife such as food, amulets, scarabs, masks and sacrificial objects.
Click here to learn more about The Ancient Egyptian Gods
Ancient Egypt's Most Important Gods
Click here to learn more about The Nile River (for Kids)

Ra the Sun God. As the creator of all forms of life and the absolute ruler of all the other gods, Ra had a pretty major role in the god pantheon. He was depicted with a hawk head, headdress and sun disc. At one point, he combined with Amun to create an even more powerful god called Amun-Ra.

Osiris. The husband of Isis and father to Horus. Osiris ruled the underworld and was god of the dead.

Isis. A true mother goddess. She protected people in need and empowered women with knowledge.

Horus. The son of brother and sister, Osiris and Isis, Horus ruled the sky. The living pharaoh was thought to be the embodiment of Horus.

River Nile

The Nile played a key part in the development of Ancient Egypt. It provided direct means of transportation across the country, often carrying the materials many constructions were made of. Not only did it become an important trade route, but its recurrent, predictable floods transformed the dry lands into fertile soil. The thriving crops and the abundance of fish in the water supported life in the otherwise barren sands of the African deserts.

Hieroglyphs
Click here to learn more about Egyptian hieroglyphics
The ancient Egyptian civilization lasted for thousands of years. Culturally and religiously it changed very little, but from it came incredible inventions and insights that we still use today.

One of the most famous symbols of ancient Egypt is the hieroglyphic writing.

Egyptians developed three types of writing, which were used for papyrus documents and engraved on walls.

People had to follow specific training in order to learn how to write and were named scribes.

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As one of the greatest civilizations the world has ever seen, the Ancient Egyptians are responsible for many of the ways we live today. Some of these include their inventions in medicine, music, the calendar and farming. The Egyptian Empire lasted from 3,150 B.C. to 30 B.C.

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A clickable map to investigate

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Ancient Egypt Google Slides Presentation

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Ancient Egypt Google Slides Presentation

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https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/10Ww_dvDgugiAcDH0Rpnr_nxrtbdcRh5dA-N00Hxo-54/edit?usp=sharing

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Instructions for the afterlife...

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Ani's Book of the Dead, found in his tomb in Thebes, is lauded for its vivid illustrations and colorful vignettes. Sir Wallis Budge purchased the papyrus in 1888 for the British Museum's collection and divided the 78-foot scroll into 37 sheets for easier reading. You can read Budge's translation of the Papyrus of Ani
Though the name is a bit confusing, the Egyptian Book of the Dead is not a bound book but rather a collection of funerary texts written on papyrus scroll. The scrolls were individualized based on people's wealth and personal preferences. Though the most expensive ones included customized texts and images, people could also purchase cheaper pre-made Books and scribes would only write the name in. Explore this website to learn about how the funerary texts evolved to be accessible to everyone, not just the royals. A Book of the Dead was crucial for any Ancient Egyptian trying to reach the afterlife. They contained spells to use in the Underworld - view the formulas and enchantments from Iufankh's Book of the Dead here - and Negative Confessions for the Hall of Ma'at (view the 42 Negative Confessions from the Papyrus of Ani here). Books of the Dead also feature pictures of the deceased person in different scenes, foretelling success in these areas. The journey from death to the afterlife is long and complex, leaving a multitude of avenues to explore.

Mummification alone took seventy days. Embalmer-priests did everything from washing the body with wine to tossing out "useless" organs (such as the brain) to adorning the corpse with jewelry. Only the heart was left in the body, but the lungs, liver, stomach, and intestines were preserved in canopic jars and placed in the tomb. Still curious? Watch Len Bloch's excellent TED-Ed video to learn about how the Ancient Egyptians protected the mummies from decomposition. You can also read Aliki's book Mummies Made in Egypt for the specific steps of the mummification process.

While mummification was the first challenge of the body, the Underworld was the first challenge of the spirit. A particularly thorny obstacle was Apep (also known as Apophis), the snake god of destruction and evil. Apep's body is so lengthy that hieroglyphic artwork shows it wound into loops or coils. Check out this website for more information about Apep and the dangers he posed.
In the Hall of Ma'at, a person's character determines his or her worthiness to enter the afterlife. You can read Chapter 125 from the Papyrus of Ani which lists the names of each of the Assessor Gods and the corresponding Negative Confessions. Following the Negative Confessions was the Weighing of the Heart Ceremony, and the heart was weighed against a special feather called the Feather of Truth. Thoth, the ibis-headed god of sacred writings and wisdom, recorded the results of each judgment.
The afterlife itself was a heavenly place identical to the world of living people. Read this article about the Ancient Egyptians' joy of living and the quality of the afterlife in their eyes.

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The Egyptian Book of the Dead: A guidebook for the underworld - Tejal Gala

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Ancient Egyptians believed that in order to become immortal after death, a spirit must first pass through the underworld - a realm of vast caverns, lakes of fire, and magical gates. Needless to say, one needed to come prepared. But how?

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Amazing!

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The Temple of Hatshepsut is not only a memorial temple that honors Queen Hatshepsut, it is also one of the greatest Egyptian architectural achievements. Designed by Senenmut (Hatshepsut's steward and architect), this mortuary temple closely resembles the classical Greek architecture of 1,000 years later.

Located on the west bank of the Nile, opposite the city of Luxor ( ancient Thebes), Hatshepsut's temple is part of the Theban Necropolis. Built in a half circle of cliffs, this memorial temple marks the entrance to the Valley of the Kings. Djeser Djeseru (holy of holiest) is the name of the main building of the temple of Hatshepsut.

Construction of Hatshepsut's Temple

Hatshepsut constructed many monuments and buildings. She also had many statues of herself erected at the sites of these monuments and buildings to impress upon the ancient Egyptian people her standing as a great leader and Pharaoh. Hatshepsut's Temple at Deir El Bahri is her greatest achievement. It took 15 years to complete. The site was chosen because of its prime location. The ancient Egyptians considered this valley to be sacred for its connection to the funerary goddess Hathor.

© Charlie Phillips - The Temple of Hatshepsut

The First Level

The Temple of Hatshepsut has three levels. Leading up to the temple is a 100 foot causeway that in ancient Egyptian times was probably lined with sphinxes. During that time, the first level boasted exotic trees and shrubbery like Frankincense from Hatshepsut's trading expeditions to the land of Punt (Punt is likely Ethiopia, Eritrea or northern Somalia today). A colonnade existed with square pillars that were home to many intricate and exquisite reliefs. Many of these reliefs depicted Hatshepsut on her many trips to Punt. Unfortunately, after her death, these were all destroyed. All that remains are reliefs depicting Thutmose III, and scenes of the ancient Egyptians quarrying and then transporting two large obelisks down the Nile River.

Layout of the Temple of Hatshepsut

The Second Level

One of the significant aspects of the second level is that it contains one of the first ever recorded pictorial documentations of a trade expedition. Specifically, the relief retells Hatshepsut's high official, Pa-nahsy's journey to Punt which lasted from 1482 BC to 1479 BC.

© Ian Gampon - Reliefs at the Temple of Hatshepsut

Here, there is a shrine for the Goddess Hathor. She is depicted with a woman's face and with cow's ears and is holding a musical instrument. Hatshepsut's birth is depicted on this level as well. It is sometimes called the Birth Colonnade. To validate her rule over Egypt even during Thutmose III's ascension into adulthood, she claimed to be the divine daughter of Amon Ra. In these reliefs, Amon Ra impregnates Queen Ahmose and discloses that Hatshepsut will rule over Egypt.

© isawnyu - Reliefs on the Birth Colonnade

The keeper of the Theban Necropolis, Anubis (the god of mummification and afterlife), has a special chapel dedicated to him on the northern end of the colonnade.

The Third Level

Statues of Horus, in falcon form, flank the ramp that leads from the second courtyard to the third level. This third level houses a portico with dual rows of columns that face the front. Behind this is a courtyard and several chambers running off of it. Enormous statues of Hatshepsut made up the outlying columns, with octagonal shaped columns along the inside.

© Ray Euden - Osiris statues of Hatshepsut

Quick Facts About The Temple of Hatshepsut

Reliefs abound in this temple. Some are of Hatshepsut's birth and her visit to Punt. Others exist of marine fauna with clear zigzag lines representing water. Still others exist of people reaching their tree houses by ladders.

Both the leader of Punt's wife and Hatshepsut are obese in the reliefs. Corpulence in the days of ancient Egypt was quite rare.

Thutmose III ordered Hatshepsut's name and image chiseled from the walls after her death. He built his own temple directly to the west of hers, across the Nile.

Even though Thutmose III was responsible for much of the damage and desecration of Hatshepsut's likeness, even more damage was caused by Akhenaten, an 18th dynasty heretic who only allowed images of the Aten, the sun god.

From the third level (which is off limits to the public) a doorway leads to two chapels, one dedicated to the Royal cult, and the other dedicated to the solar cult. Here, all images of Hatshepsut that were destroyed were replaced with images of Thutmose III.

Pointing directly toward Hatshepsut's tomb, the Sanctuary of Amun lies behind the third level courtyard.

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The Temple of Hatshepsut is not only a memorial temple that honors Queen Hatshepsut, it is also one of the greatest Egyptian architectural achievements. Designed by Senenmut (Hatshepsut's steward and architect), this mortuary temple closely resembles the classical Greek architecture of 1,000 years later.

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This is a great Indiana Jones-style story of an ancient temple that was built, lost, found, and moved piece by piece to a new location.

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Abu Simbel | History Of The Temples Of Ramses II

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Discover all about Abu Simbel, the two temples built by Ramses II, now one of the most renowned ancient Egyptian landmarks.

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Egyptian Gods

Ancient Egyptian Gods and Goddesses

For all ancient people, the world was filled with mystery. Much of what they experienced in the world around them was unknowable and frightening. The ancient Egyptian gods and goddesses represented aspects of the Egyptians' natural and "supernatural" surroundings and helped them understand its many aspects.

Demons

Demons were more powerful than human beings but not as powerful as gods. They were usually immortal, could be in more than one place at a time, and could affect the world as well as people in supernatural ways. But there were certain limits to their powers and they were neither all-powerful nor all knowing. Among demons the most important figure was Ammut - the Devourer of the Dead - part crocodile, part lioness, and part hippopotamus. She was often shown near the scales on which the hearts of the dead were weighed against the feather of Truth. She devoured the hearts of those whose wicked deeds in life made them unfit to enter the afterlife. Apepi, another important demon, (sometimes called Apophis) was the enemy of the sun god in his daily cycle through the cosmos, and is depicted as a colossal snake.

Ancient Egyptian Gods and Goddesses

Most Egyptian gods represented one principle aspect of the world: Ra was the sun god, for example, and Nut was goddess of the sky. The characters of the gods were not clearly defined. Most were generally benevolent but their favor could not be counted on. Some gods were spiteful and had to be placated. Some, such as Neith, Sekhmet, and Mut, had changeable characters. The god Seth, who murdered his brother Osiris, embodied the malevolent and disordered aspects of the world.

The physical form taken on by the various Egyptian gods was usually a combination of human and animal, and many were associated with one or more animal species. And an animal could express a deity's mood. When a god was angry, she might be portrayed as a ferocious lioness; when gentle, a cat. The convention was to depict the animal gods with a human body and an animal head. The opposite convention was sometimes used for representations of a king, who might be portrayed with a human head and a lion's body, as in the case of the Sphinx. Sphinxes might also appear with other heads, particularly those of rams or falcons.

Many deities were represented only in human form. Among these were such very ancient figures as the cosmic gods Shu of the air, Geb of the earth, the fertility god Min, and the craftsman Ptah. There were a number of minor gods that took on grotesque forms, including Bes, a dwarf with a mask-like face, and Taurt, a goddess whose physical form combined the features of a hippopotamus and a crocodile.

Nut, Shu and Geb

Nut was the mother of Osiris, Isis, Seth, and Nephythys, Nut is usually shown in human form; her elongated body symbolizing the sky. Each limb represents a cardinal point as her body stretches over the earth. Nut swallowed the setting sun (Ra) each evening and gave birth to him each morning. She is often depicted on the ceilings of tombs, on the inside lid of coffins, and on the ceilings of temples.

Shu was the husband of Tefnut and the father of Nut and Geb. He and his wife were the first gods created by Atum. Shu was the god of the air and sunlight or, more precisely, dry air and his wife represented moisture. He was normally depicted as a man wearing a headdress in the form of a plume, which is also the hieroglyph for his name.

Shu's function was to hold up the body of the goddess Nun and separate the sky from the earth. He was not a solar deity but his role in providing sunlight connected him to Ra. Indeed, he was one of the few gods who escaped persecution under the heretic king Akhenaten.

Geb was the father of Osiris, Isis, Seth, and Nephythys, and was a god without a cult. As an Earth god he was associated with fertility and it was believed that earthquakes were the laughter of Geb. He is mentioned in the Pyramid Texts as imprisoning the buried dead within his body.

Amun

Also Known as Amen, Amun, Ammon
Amun was the chief Theban deity whose power grew as the city of Thebes grew from an unimportant village, in the old Kingdom, to a powerful metropolis in the Middle and New Kingdoms. He rose to become the patron of the Theban pharaohs and was eventually combined with sun god, Ra who had been the dominant deity of the Old Kingdom to become Amun-Ra, King of the Gods and ruler of the Great Ennead.

Amun's name means "Hidden One, Mysterious of Form," and although he is most often represented as a human wearing a double plumed crown, he is sometimes depicted as a ram or a goose. The implication is that his true identity can never be revealed.

Karnak was Amun's chief temple, but his fame extended well beyond the boundaries of Egypt. His cult spread to Ethiopia, Nubia, Libya, and through much of Palestine. The Greeks thought he was an Egyptian manifestation of their god Zeus. Even Alexander the Great thought it worthwhile consulting the oracle of Amun.

Anubis

Protector of the Dead
Anubis is shown as a jackal-headed man, or as a jackal. His father was Seth and his mother Nephythys. His cult center was Cynopolis, now known as El Kes. He was closely associated with mummification and as protector of the dead. It was Anubis who conducted the deceased to the hall of judgment.
Egyptian Hieroglyphs for Windows and MAC
Bastet

Bastet is depicted as a woman with a cat's head or simply as a cat. Originally an avenging lioness deity, she evolved into a goddess of pleasure.
Her cult center was in the town of Bubastis in the Western delta. Many cats lived at her temple and were mummified when they died. An immense cemetery of mummified cats has been discovered in the area.

Bes

Unlike the other gods, Bes is represented full face rather than in profile, as a grotesque, bandy-legged, dwarf with his tongue sticking out. He was associated with good times and entertainment, but was also considered a
guardian god of childbirth. Bes chased away demons of the night and guarded people from dangerous animals.

Hapi

Hapi was not the god of the river Nile but of its inundation. He is represented as a pot-bellied man with breasts and a headdress made of aquatic plants. He was thought to live in the caves of the first cataract, and his cult center was at Aswan.

Hathor

Hathor was the daughter of Ra and the patron goddess of women, love, beauty, pleasure, and music. She is depicted in three forms; as a cow, as a woman with the ears of a cow, and as a woman wearing the headdress of a cow's horns. In this last manifestation, she holds the solar disc between her horns. She was the consort of Horus, and her name actually means "House of Horus." She had many temples the most famous of which is at Dendara.

There was a dark side to Hathor. It was believed that Ra sent her to punish the human race for its wickedness, but Hathor wreaked such bloody havoc on earth that Ra was horrified and determined to bring her back. He tricked her by preparing vast quantities of beer mixed with mandrake and the blood of the slain. Murdering mankind was thirsty work, and when Hathor drank the beer she became so intoxicated that she could not continue her slaughter.

Each year the goddess Hathor visited her husband the god Horus at Edfu temple to celebrate the feast of the Divine Union

Horus

Horus was the son of Osiris and Isis and the enemy of the wicked God Seth. He is depicted as a hawk or as a man with the head of a hawk. Sometimes he is shown as a youth with a side lock, seated on his mother's lap. He was the god of the sky and the divine protector of kings.

Horus was worshipped throughout Egypt and was particularly associated with Edfu, the site of the ancient city of Mesen, where his temple can still be seen.
There are many stories of his wars against his uncle Seth, who murdered his father and usurped the throne. Eventually Horus defeated Seth and became the king of Egypt.

Isis

A very important figure in the ancient world, Isis was the wife of Osiris and mother of Horus. She was associated with funeral rites and said to have made the first mummy from the dismembered parts of Osiris. As the enchantress who resurrected Osiris and gave birth to Horus, she was also the giver of life, a healer and protector of kings.

Isis is represented with a throne on her head and sometimes shown breastfeeding the infant Horus. In this manifestation she was known as "Mother of God." To the Egyptians she represented the ideal wife and mother; loving, devoted, and caring.

Her most famous temple is at Philae though her cult spread throughout the Medi-terranean world and, during the Roman period, extended as far as northern Europe. There was even a temple dedicated to her in London.

Khepre

Also known as, Khepri, Khepra, Khepera, Khepre was a creator god depicted as a Scarab beetle or as a man with a scarab for a head. The Egyptians observed young scarab beetles emerging spontaneously from balls of dung and associated them with the process of creation. Khepre was one of the first gods, self-created, and his name means "he who has come into being," Atum took his form as he rose out of the chaotic waters of the Nun in a creation myth. It was thought that Khepre rolled the sun across the sky in the same way a dung beetle rolls balls of dung across the ground.

Khnum

Khnum, was depicted as a ram-headed man. He was a god of the cataracts, a potter, and a creator god who guarded the source of the Nile,. His sanctuary was on Elephantine Island but his best-preserved temple is at Esna. The "Famine Stele", which is a carved stone tablet, contains appeals to Khnum during a famine caused by a low inundation of the Nile.

Khonsu

Also known as Khons Khensu, Khuns
Khonsu was the son of Amun and Mut, with whom he formed the Theban triad. He was a moon god depicted as a man with a falcon-head wearing a crescent moon headdress surmounted by the full lunar disc. Like Thoth, who was also a lunar deity, he is sometimes represented as a baboon. Khonsu was believed to have the ability to drive out evil spirits. Rameses II sent a statue of Khonsu to a friendly Syrian king in order to cure his daughter of an illness.

His temple was within the precincts of Karnak.

Ma'at

Ma'at was the goddess of truth and justice, embodying the essential harmony of the universe. She was depicted as a seated woman wearing an ostrich feather, or sometimes just as the feather itself. Her power regulated the seasons and the movement of the stars. Ma'at was the patron of justice and the symbol of ancient Egyptian ethics, so the Vizier who was in charge of the Law Courts went by the title Priest of Maat.

Ma'at was the ultimate judge in the afterlife, and the heart of the newly deceased was weighed against her feather in the Hall of Two Truths. Ammut, devourer of the dead, ate those who failed her test.

Montu

Montu was a warrior god who rose to become the state god during the 11th dynasty. He was associated with king Montuhotep I ("Montu is satisfied"), who reunited Upper and Lower Egypt after the chaos of the First Intermediate Period.

During the Twelfth Dynasty Montu was displaced by the rise of Amun, but he took on the true attributes of a war god when warrior kings such as Thutmose III and Rameses II identified themselves with him.

Mut

Mut formed part of the Theban Triad. She was one of the daughters of Ra, the wife of Amun, and mother of Khonsu. She was the Vulture goddess and is often depicted as a woman with a long, brightly colored dress and a vulture headdress surmounted by the double crown. In her more aggressive aspect she is shown as a lion-headed goddess.

Like Isis and Hathor, Mut played the role of divine mother to the king. Her amulets, which depict her as a seated woman suckling a child, are sometime confused with those of Isis.

Nephythys

Daughter of Geb and Nut, sister of Isis, wife of Seth and mother of Anubis, Nephythys is depicted as a woman with the hieroglyphs for a palace and 'Neb' (a basket) on her head. She is thus known as "Lady of the Mansions" or "Palace." Nephythys was disgusted by Seth's murder of Osiris and helped her sister, Isis, against her husband, Seth. Together with Isis she was a protector of the dead, and they are often shown together on coffin cases, with winged arms. She seems to have had no temple or cult center of her own.

Osiris

Osiris was originally a vegetation god linked with the growth of crops. He was the mythological first king of Egypt and one of the most important of the gods. It was thought that he brought civilization to the race of mankind. He was murdered by his brother Seth, brought back to life by his wife Isis, and went on to become the ruler of the underworld and judge of the dead.

He is usually depicted as a mummy holding the crook and flail of kingship. On his head he wears the white crown of Upper Egypt flanked by two plumes of feathers. Sometimes he is shown with the horns of a ram. His skin is depicted as blue, the color of the dead; black, the color of the fertile earth; or green, representing resurrection.

Osiris's head was thought to have been buried at Abydos, his main cult center. Each year, during his festival, there was a procession and a reenactment of his story in the form of a mystery play.

Ptah

Ptah was a creator god, said to have made the world from the thoughts in his heart and his words. He was depicted as a mummy with his hands protruding from the wrappings and holding a staff. His head was shaven and he wore a scull cap. Ptah was associated with craftsmen, and the High Priest of his temple at Memphis held the title Great Leader of Craftsmen.

Ra

Also known as Re
The supreme sun god was represented as a man with the head of a hawk, crowned with a solar disk and the sacred serpent. However, in the underworld through which he passes each night, he is depicted as ram-headed.
Each day Ra traveled across the sky in the form of the sun, riding in his solar boat, and each night he journeyed through the underworld where he defeated the allies of chaos. He was reborn each morning in the form of the sunrise. His influence on the other gods was so strong that he subsumed many of their identities. Thus Amun became Amun-Ra, Montu became Montu-Ra and Horus became Ra-Horakhty. Pharoah Akenaten's god, the Aten, was another form of Ra, the solar disk.

The Egyptian kings claimed to be descended from Ra, and called themselves "The Son of Ra." His cult was very powerful during the period of the Old Kingdom,when Sun Temples were built in his honor. His cult center was at Heliopolis, which nowadays is covered by the northern suburbs of Cairo.

Sobek

Sobek was a crocodile god, depicted as a crocodile on an altar or as a man with a crocodile head wearing a headdress in the form of the sun disk with upright feathers and horns. Sobek's main cult centers were at Medinet el Fayum and at the temple of Kom Ombo, which he shared with Horus and which still exists today. There was a pool at Kom Ombo containing sacred crocodiles and it is still possible to see original mummified crocodiles at the temple.

Seth

Also known as Set, Setekh, Suty and Sutekh
Seth was the son of Geb and Nut, and the evil brother of Osiris. He was the god of darkness, chaos, and confusion, and is represented as a man with an unknown animal head, often described as a Typhonian by the Greeks who associated him with the god Typhon. He is sometimes depicted as a hippopotamus, a pig, or a donkey. Seth murdered his brother and usurped the throne of Egypt and most of the other gods despised him.

Horus eventually defeated Seth, but it was thought that their battle was an eternal struggle between good and evil. Although Seth failed to keep the throne of Egypt he continued to be a companion of Ra. He sometimes accompanied Ra across the sky in his solar boat, causing storms and bad weather.

Seth was venerated by some, and his main cult center was at Naqada. Some kings would liken themselves to Seth in battle, but for the most part the people loathed him and his defeat by Horus was regularly celebrated.

Tefnut

Tefnut was the wife of Shu and mother of Nut and Geb. She and her husband were the first gods created by Atum. She was the goddess of moisture or damp, corrosive air, and was depicted either as a lioness or as a woman with a lioness's head.

Thoth

Thoth was the god of writing and knowledge, and was depicted as a man with the head of an ibis holding a scribe's pen and palette, or as a baboon. The Greeks associated him with Hermes and ascribed to him the invention of all the sciences as well as the invention of writing. He is often portrayed writing or making calculations.

Thoth stands apart from most of the other gods. He was as old as the oldest gods and often acted as an intermediately between gods. He was associated with the moon, and is sometimes shown wearing a moon disk and crescent headdress. One of his most important roles was to record the deeds of the dead at the day of their judgment and is often seen doing this in the Book of the Dead. His main temple was at Hermopolis in Middle Egypt.

Egyptian Hieroglyphics 2018

This is a brand new version that now works on Windows 10, MAC, iPad, Android and all mobile phones.
There are more than 1100 Hieroglyphic illustrations including 450 Egyptian word examples and over 650 hieroglyphs from the Gardiner list.
Egyptian Hieroglyphics includes detailed information on the history of Egyptian writing and mathematics, the use of the different types of symbols, how to write your name, how to recognize kings names and the story of the scribe with a video showing how papyrus is made.

Kids can quickly write names and short secret messages and then select print from the menu.

Ancient Egyptian Gods and Goddesses

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Ancient Egyptian Gods and Goddesses Nut Shu Geb Amun Anubis Bastet Hathor Horus Isis Osiris Ptah Ra Sobek Seth Thoth Ma'at Montu Tefnut Nephythys Mut Khonsu

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Ancient Egypt for Kids, Achievements & Inventions - Ancient Egypt for Kids

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CALENDAR: The ancient Egyptians created a calendar based on the farming season. There were 3 seasons - the flooding season, the planting season, and the harvest season. Each season was 3 months long. That added up to 360 days. The ancient Egyptians noticed they needed a few more days to fit the seasons.

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How did archaeologists learn how to read hieroglyphics?

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Without the Rosetta stone, we would know nothing of the ancient Egyptians

Beginning with the conquest of Alexander the Great in 332 BC, Greek was the language of the governing elite in Egypt. These Greek rulers could neither speak the language of the people nor read hieroglyphs, and this fueled resentment amongst the population. By Ptolemy V's reign in 205 BC the country was in open revolt and the Rosetta stone was one of many that Ptolemy commissioned as a piece of political propaganda in 196 BC, to state publicly his claim to be the rightful pharaoh of Egypt.

Without the Rosetta stone, we would know nothing of the ancient Egyptians, and the details of their three thousand years of history would remain a mystery. It was discovered by a French captain named Pierre Bouchard in AD 1799, during the Napoleonic wars. Captain Bouchard was supervising the restoration of an old fort near the town of Rosetta when he found a block of basalt 3 ft 9 in. (114 cm) high and 2 ft 4½ in. (72 cm) wide inscribed with three different types of writing.

The Rosetta stone is written in two languages; Egyptian and Greek and three writing systems; hieroglyphic, demotic, and Greek.

Captain Bouchard immediately realized its importance to the scholars who had accompanied the French army to Egypt. In fact the Rosetta Stone is probably the most important archaeological artifact in the world today.

After the French surrender of Egypt in 1801, it passed into British hands and is now in the British Museum. The content of the inscriptions is not what makes the stone important; the text is simply a decree listing benefits bestowed on Egypt by King Ptolemy V. But so that all the people could read and understand its content it was written in two languages, Egyptian and Greek. It was also written in three writing systems, hieroglyphic, demotic, and the Greek alphabet and this is what makes the Rosetta stone such an vital discovery.

Since we have never lost our understanding of ancient Greek, the Greek inscriptions provided a key to decoding their Egyptian equivalents. The last sentence of the Greek text says, "Written in sacred and native and Greek characters." Scholars were quick to figure out that this meant that the same text was set down in three scripts, and that the "sacred" referred to the hieroglyphic system, while the "native" referred to the demotic script of the ordinary Egyptians.

Young's work was invaluable but he had many other projects on his vigorous mind, and it became clear that the job of cracking the hieroglyphic code called for someone who could focus entirely on the task. That person was Jean-François Champollion, the founder of scientific Egyptology. An historian and brilliant linguist, by the age of sixteen Champollion had mastered not only Latin and Greek but six ancient Oriental languages, including Coptic, the late form of ancient Egyptian that was written phonetically in Greek.

The work of these two men, especially Champollion, established the basis for the translation of all Egyptian hieroglyphic texts. He cracked the Hieroglyphic code and instigated the science of Egyptology; enabling us to know the lives of pharaohs as well as ordinary Egyptians who's letters, written on papyrus, have survived thousands of years in Egypt's dry climate.

More than 1000 glyphs including 400 Egyptian word examples and over 500 hieroglyphs from the Gardiner list. The history of Egyptian writing and mathematics, the use of the different types of symbols, how to write your name, how to recognize kings names and the story of the scribe.

All content can be printed including typewriter and calculator functions. There are also navagation and search text functions. You can quickly write names and short secret messages and then select print from the menu.

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Beginning with the conquest of Alexander the Great in 332 BC, Greek was the language of the governing elite in Egypt. These Greek rulers could neither speak the language of the people nor read hieroglyphs, and this fueled resentment amongst the population.

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Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic writing, numerals and mathematical problems using the ancient numbers and the Rosetta stone.

Champollion & Egyptian Hieroglyphic Writing

Ancient Egyptian history covers a continuous period of over three thousand years. To put this in perspective - most modern countries count their histories in hundreds of years. Only modern China can come anywhere near this in terms of historical continuity.

Egyptian culture declined and disappeared nearly two thousand years ago. The last vestiges of the living culture ceased to exist in AD 391 when the Byzantine Emperor Theodosius I closed all pagan temples throughout the Roman Empire.

Hieroglyphs were called, by the Egyptians, "the words of God" and unlike the simple elegance of modern writing systems, this early attempt at recording words, used a number of techniques to convey meaning. The picture symbols represent a combination of alphabet and syllabic sounds together with images that determine or clarify meaning and depictions of actual objects which are the spoken word of the thing they represent.

All writing systems probably evolved in this way but their original forms were lost as pictures were refined to a simple abstraction making writing an efficient tool for day to day business. Indeed, the ancient Egyptian Hieratic script served this function but the Egyptians deliberately preserved Hieroglyphs, in their original forms, because they believed them a gift from the gods which possessed magical powers. So they inscribed them on temple walls, tombs, objects, jewellery and magical papyri to impart supernatural power not for mundane day to day communication.

It was not until Napoleon's invasion of Egypt in 1798 that the wonderful artefacts of the Egyptians were seen in Europe and their ancient culture began to awaken from its long slumber. In 1799 a French captain named Pierre Bouchard discovered the Rosetta Stone which was carved with the same text in two languages, Egyptian and Greek, and three writing systems, hieroglyphic, demotic, and the Greek alphabet.

This was a tremendous piece of luck because it enabled scholars to unlock the hieroglyphic code and without the stone, we would know nothing of the ancient Egyptians, and the details of their three thousand years of history would remain a mystery.

The man who did more than any other to recover the words of the ancient Egyptians was Jean-François Champollion. He was an historian and brilliant linguist and by the age of sixteen had mastered not only Latin and Greek but six ancient Oriental languages, including Coptic, which was the late form of ancient Egyptian.

Champollion had a unique advantage over others in the task of cracking the hieroglyphic code. Because he understood Coptic he was able to translate the meanings of the ancient Egyptian words.

In the 1820s, Champollion established an entire list of Egyptian symbols with their Greek equivalents and was the first Egyptologist to realize that the symbols were not only alphabetic but syllabic, and in some cases determinative, meaning that they depicted the meaning of the word itself.

Egyptian Hieroglyphic Writing

Hieroglyphic symbols are pleasing to the eye; everyone wants to see their name in hieroglyphs. But understanding the ancient script is difficult and, unless you're interested in the finer points of Egyptian religion, make tedious reading (the contents of hieratic papyri are far more fascinating). However, gaining some understanding of the hieroglyphic writing system can be fun as well as instructive. With a bit of study it is possible to quickly gain enough knowledge to recognise the names of pharaohs - useful if you are planning a trip to Egypt.
Egyptian Hieroglyphic Alphabet Egyptian Mathematics Numbers Hieroglyphs Mystery of the Rosetta Stone Egyptian Hieroglyphic Typewriter

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Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic writing, numerals and mathematical problems using the ancient numbers and the Rosetta stone. Ancient Egyptian history covers a continuous period of over three thousand years. To put this in perspective - most modern countries count their histories in hundreds of years.

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Ancient Egyptian History: Geography and the Nile River

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Learn about Ancient Egyptian Geography and the Nile River. The Nile provided fertile land, transportation, and building materials for Egypt.

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Follow a team as they reconstruct how the pyramids of Egypt were built on NOVA's "This Old Pyramid."

On this Web site, wander through the chambers and passageways of the Great Pyramid, and learn about the pharaohs for whom these monumental tombs were built. You can also follow the 1997 field season of a team of archaeologists as they excavated the bakery that fed the pyramid builders.

Photo: Aaron Strong

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Major funding for NOVA© is provided by Google. Additional funding is provided by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, and public television viewers.

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Follow a team as they reconstruct how the pyramids of Egypt were built on NOVA's "This Old Pyramid." On this Web site, wander through the chambers and passageways of the Great Pyramid, and learn about the pharaohs for whom these monumental tombs were built.

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The Discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb for Kids

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The most well known Egyptian Pharaoh today is, without doubt, Tutankhamun.

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Interactive!

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Embalm your own mummy with this Flash game

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It was very important to ancient Egyptian religious beliefs that the human body was preserved. A method of artificial preservation, called mummification was developed by the ancient Egyptians. Mummification was a complicated and lengthy process which lasted up to 70 days.

What are mummies?

A mummy is the body of a person (or an animal) that has been preserved after death.

Who were the mummies?

They were any Egyptian who could afford to pay for the expensive process of preserving their bodies for the afterlife.

Why did the Egyptians make mummies?

The Egyptians believed in life after death. They believed that they had to preserve their bodies so they could use them in the afterlife.

What is the afterlife?

The Egyptians believed that when they died, they would make a journey to another world where they would lead a new life. They would need all the things they had used when they were alive, so their families would put those things in their graves. Egyptians paid vast amounts of money to have their bodies properly preserved. Egyptians who were poor were buried in the sand whilst the rich ones were buried in a tomb.

What was the name of the process the Egyptians used to preserve their bodies?

It was called mummification.

How were mummies made?

It took a very long time, from start to finish, it took about 70 days to embalm a body. The priest in charge would wear the mask of a jackal representing the god Anubis.

1. The body was washed and purified.
2. Organs were removed. Only the heart remained.
3. The body was filled with stuffing.
4. The body was dried by covering it with a substance called natron*. This substance absorbed all the moisture from the body.
5. After 40 - 50 days the stuffing was removed and replaced with linen or sawdust.
6. The body was wrapped in strands of linen and covered in a sheet called a shroud.
7. The body was placed in a stone coffin called a sarcophagus.

The mummy was now ready for its journey to the afterlife.

*What is natron?

Natron is a natural salt, composed of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate with traces of sodium chloride and sodium sulfate. It was used by the ancient egyptians to dry out the bodies.

Why did they leave the heart in the body?

The Egyptians thought the heart was the centre of intelligence and emotion.

Who was the god of mummification?

Anubis was the god of mummification. He had a human body and the head of a jackal. His job was to prepare the bodies of the dead to be received by Osiris.

What objects did they put in Egyptian Tombs?

Ancient Egyptians were buried with their belongings and the tomb walls were painted with scenes from the dead persons life. The objects included furniture, games and even food was placed in the tombs for the long After Life journey!

What are canopic jars?

Canopic Jars were used by ancient Egyptians to hold mummified remains.
Find out more

Where were Egyptians who were poor buried?

The poor Egyptians were buried in the sand. Only the rich ones were buried in a tomb

Where were the pharaohs buried?

In the Old and Middle Kingdoms (2628-1638 BC), Egyptian kings were buried in pyramids. About 50 royal pyramids have survived. They were built on the desert edge, west of the ancient capital of Memphis.

What are pyramids?

The pyramids are the stone tombs of Egypt's kings - the Pharaohs.
Find out more about pyramids

Why did the Ancient Egyptians build pyramids?

The Egyptians believed that if the pharaoh's body could be mummified after death the pharaoh would live forever. The tombs were designed to protect the buried Pharaoh's body and his belongings.
Further Information
Prepare a Mummy
A fun interactive online activity.

Interesting facts about Mummies
Making a Mummy
Learn to make a mummy and prepare the pharaoh for his tomb.s

You wouldn't want to become an Egyptian Mummy -
Disgusting things you'd rather not know!
All about Egyptian Mummies
MummificationSee the pictures of the materials and tools used in mummification.

Animal Mummies - Compass Site ( The British Museum )
Why did the ancient Egyptians mummify their cats, dogs, crocodiles, birds, even eels? Follow this tour to find out.
Death and the Afterlife by Mark Telford, Aged 8yrs
The Egyptians believed that when they died they would make a journey to another world where they would lead a new life. They would need all the things they had used when they were alive, so their families would put those things in their graves. Egyptians paid vast amounts of money to have their bodies properly preserved - trained undertakers treated the body with chemicals and wrapped it in tight bandages to keep it in shape.
Read more ....

Click able Mummy
Click on different parts of the Mummy you will see, to view interesting facts and information about the mummification process.

Mummification
In order to go to the underworld, you had to be mummified......

Make your own Mummy
Instructions on how to make your own Mummy.

Mummies of Ancient Egypt
What are mummies?
How are mummies made?
Who were the mummies?

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Ancient Egypt Mummies and the Afterlife for Kids

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It was very important to ancient Egyptian religious beliefs that the human body was preserved. A method of artificial preservation, called mummification was developed by the ancient Egyptians. Mummification was a complicated and lengthy process which lasted up to 70 days. What are mummies?

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25 Fascinating Facts About Egyptian Pyramids You May Not Know

beverlyo on November 10 2017

Most people just know the Egyptian pyramids are big, impressive structures built very long time ago in the Ancient Egypt. It is also generally known that the pyramids served as monumental burial sites where the Pharaohs, the Ancient Egyptian kings, were buried. But in fact, there is a lot more interesting things and little known curiosities about these fascinating structures. To expand your knowledge on the Egyptian pyramids, check out these 25 fascinating facts about Egyptian pyramids you may not know.

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The three pyramids in Giza Necropolis are the most famous Egyptian pyramids but in fact, as many as about 140 pyramids in total have been discovered in the area of the Ancient Egypt.

The oldest Egyptian pyramid is believed to be the Pyramid o

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Most people just know the Egyptian pyramids are big, impressive structures built very long time ago in the Ancient Egypt. It is also generally known that the pyramids served as monumental burial sites where the Pharaohs, the Ancient Egyptian kings, were buried.

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Ancient Egypt for Kids - Myths and Legends - Ancient Egypt for Kids

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It stands as tall as a six-story building and is the length of a jumbo jet. Egypt's Great Sphinx is the biggest single stone statue in existence, and the mysteries surrounding it are equally sizable. When was the monument built, and why?

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It stands as tall as a six-story building and is the length of a jumbo jet. Egypt's Great Sphinx is the biggest single stone statue in existence, and the mysteries surrounding it are equally sizable. When was the monument built, and why?

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She's missing in action!

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The first infrared scans of the tomb of Tutankhamun could indicate a hidden chamber behind a wall, Egypt's minister of antiquities announced this week, raising hopes that the crypt of Queen Nefertiti could be found.

Representatives of the ministry of antiquities and a team of international archaeologists " started the first experiment using infrared thermography to map out the temperature of the walls of Tutankhamun's tomb", minister Mamduh al-Damati said in a statement.

"The preliminary analyses have shown differences in the temperatures registered on different parts of the northern wall" of the tomb, he said.

Al-Damati added that the team would need to verify the early findings with several more tests and analyses. The first experiment kept researchers in the tomb for 24 hours; the scientists will need a week or more to confirm the results.

Temperature variations on the northern wall could indicate one or more hidden chambers, their presence reflected in the heat (or lack thereof) of pockets of air behind painted plaster. The northern wall of Tutankhamun's burial chamber appears to show the king, who died aged 19 in 1324BC, in rituals of passage to the afterlife.

Tutankhamun ascended at nine years old, after his father Akhenaten, who was called the " heretic king" for abolishing the Egyptian pantheon in favor of a single sun deity. Tutankhamun's mother was also his aunt - DNA analysis suggests he was a sickly king - and though not believed to be Nefertiti, her identity is unknown.

Where her tomb lies is also a mystery. In August, University of Arizona archaeologist Nicholas Reeves published a paper arguing that Tutankhamun's tomb has two hidden doorways: one leading to a store room and the second to Nefertiti's sarcophagus.

Reeves wrote that Tutankhamun's small but rich chamber resembles the antechamber of some larger complex, not a major burial room itself. Given the young king's unexpected death, he was buried in haste and in an already occupied tomb, Reeves argued, its doorways plastered shut and coated in paint.

But the murals also hold hints of Nefertiti, Reeves wrote. He argued that one image does not show Tutankhamun but rather Nefertiti. The figure has the "somewhat scooped brow and nose and a straight jawline with gently rounded chin" that appears in her portraits, according to Reeves. He also wrote that he believes about 80% of the burial equipment in Tutankhamun's tomb was made for someone else.

Nefertiti died about seven years before Tutankhamen and loomed large over her era of Egyptian history. She supported her husband's conversion of Egypt, presided over a period of striking art - some of its most famous works are sculptures of her -and may have ruled the kingdom alone in the years after Akhenaten's death.

Reeves subscribes to the theory that Nefertiti ruled as her husband's successor - but as Smenkhkare, the name of an enigmatic pharaoh who briefly ruled after Akhenaten.

Nefertiti's burial place has eluded archaeologists, and some note that her mummy may have been found but left unidentified for lack of DNA or identifying evidence.

In September, al-Damati said preliminary study of Tutankhamun's tomb made him confident a royal sepulchre would turn up adjacent to it, though the minister speculated it might belong to Kiya, another of Akhenaten's wives.

"I am now 70% certain that we are going to find something," he said.

Other archaeologists have cautioned that the chambers, if they exist, may hold only objects or nothing at all.

Reeves, who has for years maintained that Nefertiti is somewhere in the Valley of the Kings, told National Geographic this fall that he could barely register the excitement.

"To be honest, I feel numb," he said. "This has been part of my life now on a daily basis for more than a year."

Tutankhamun's tomb was found in 1922 in the Valley of the Kings, north of Luxor, a city known to the ancient Egyptians as Thebes.

The archaeologists plan to announce more findings about the broader project, which is also scanning the pyramids and other tombs, on Monday.

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Is Egypt closer to unlocking the mystery of Queen Nefertiti in King Tut's tomb?

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The first infrared scans of the tomb of Tutankhamun could indicate a hidden chamber behind a wall, Egypt's minister of antiquities announced this week, raising hopes that the crypt of Queen Nefertiti could be found.

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Scroll and click your way around this Google Maps site. This is super cool (even though the thumbnail does NOT match for some reason!)

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The Great Pyramid

The Great Pyramid, built by Khufu, was the first and largest pyramid at Giza. Standing 139 meters high (455 ft), it was the tallest man-made structure on Earth for nearly 4,000 years. The pyramid is aligned with the cardinal directions, and faces almost exactly due north, a confounding architectural feat.Next to the Great Pyramid is the Khufu ship, a fully intact solar boat intended to transport the pharaoh to the afterlife.
Explore this place

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Discover the world with Google Maps. Experience Street View, 3D Mapping, turn-by-turn directions, indoor maps and more across your devices.

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A visual index of who is who In Ancient Egypt