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1. Map of Arabian Peninsula  showing the ancient trade routes prior to the year 630 C.E.: Joseph Reyes

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1. Map of Arabian Peninsula  showing the ancient trade routes prior to the year 630 C.E.: Joseph Reyes

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2. Topography of the Arabian Peninsula: Joseph Reyes

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2. Topography of the Arabian Peninsula: Joseph Reyes

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The topography of the Arabian peninsula is very rich culturally with it's buildings and naturally with it's oils and other natural resources. Most of it's land is in a desert area filled with sand dunes and little water. It is also home to some of the biggest petroleum miner countries. A major religious building located in the Arabian peninsula is the great mosque of Mecca that contains the Ka'ba.

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3. Islam after Muhammad- 1st 4 Caliphs, names, dates, important events: Angelina Zhang

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3. Islam after Muhammad- 1st 4 Caliphs, names, dates, important events: Angelina Zhang

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The first 4 Caliphs were Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali
Abu Bakr was caliph from 632-634 CE before passing away. He was Muhammad's father-in-law
Umar was caliph from 634-644 CE. He was Muhammad's close friend and adviser.
Uthman was caliph from 644-656 CE.  He was chosen by the council set in place by Umar.
Ali was caliph from 656-661 CE because he was the obvious choice, as he was a blood relative of Muhammad, and he had participated in all the previous choosing of caliphs.

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4. Umayyad Empire: Important Dates and Events, Important Leaders, etc: Angelina Zhang

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4. Umayyad Empire: Important Dates and Events, Important Leaders, etc: Angelina Zhang

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The Umayyad Dynasty was started by Muawiya in 661 C.E. when the fourth caliph, Ali, got assassinated. Muawiya was only a political leader; he left the religious problems for religious leaders to solve.
The dynasty is split into two parts, the Sufyanids that reigned from 661 to 684 and the Marwanids that reigned from 684 to 750. The Sufyanids moved the capital city to Damascus. Muawiya appointed his son, Yazid, the next leader of the Umayyad Empire. Because of the deaths of Yazid(683) and Muawiya(684) because of civil war, the Sufyanid rule came to an end.
The Umayyad Empire reached it's peak under the rule of Abd al-Malik(685-705) when their armies conquered parts of India, Central Asia, and most of Spain. Arabic was also established as the official language.
The Umayyad Empire started to decline when the northern and southern Arab tribes' feuds turned into major revolts. In 749, the Hashimiyyah denied the legitimacy of the Umayyad rule. With the aid of the western tribes, they proclaimed a new caliph that became the first of the Abbasid Empire.

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5. Map of the Umayyad Empire at Its Height: Javyn 

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5. Map of the Umayyad Empire at Its Height: Javyn 

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7. Map of the Abbasid empire at its height: Kenneth Yang

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7. Map of the Abbasid empire at its height: Kenneth Yang

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9. The Ottoman Empire at It's Height: Angelina Zhang

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9. The Ottoman Empire at It's Height: Angelina Zhang

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6. Abbasid Empire Important Dates and Events: Javyn Royal

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6. Abbasid Empire Important Dates and Events: Javyn Royal

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The Abbasid Empire is the second out of the two great Muslim dynasties.  They overthrew the Umayyad Caliphs in 750 A.D..
1.755 A.D. revolt of Abdullah bin Ali.  Murder of Abu muslim.
2. 767 A.D. Haroon Rashid becomes Caliph
3. 792 A.D.  Invasion of France
4.800 A.D.  Algebra was invented by Al - Khawarizimi.
5. 814 A.D.A Civil war between Amin and Mamun. Amin was killed and Mamun became Khalifah. Bayt-ul-Hikmat is founded in his time.
6.  Baghdad is conquered by the Seljuk Turks. Abbasid-Seljuk rule starts,and it lasts until 1258 when Mongols destroy Baghdad.

7.1091 A.D.The Normans capture Sicily, ending Muslim rule there for good.
8. Muslims introduce negative numbers.
9. 1141 A.D. Imam-ud Din captures Edessa from Christians. Second crusade takes place.

10. 1258 A.D. Mongols sack Baghdad. Thousands of people killed and great libraries burned. Fall of Baghdad. End of Abbasid rule.

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Important Dates and Events, Important Leaders and Events including their downfall:
1200s: A group of Turks in the Northwest corner of Asia Minor begin to build a new empire. Osman was the ruler of these turks.
1453:Conquered most of the land that now is Turkey. Attacked the Byzantine Empire and seized Constantinople. Changed the city's name to Istanbul and made it the center of its empire.
1500s: Sulenian 1 was the most famous sultan. He was a brilliant general, and great architect that built many schools and mosques.
1600s-end of World War 2: The Ottoman Empire starts to weaken. They begin to lose their territory and finally collapse at the end of World War 2.