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Synonyms are word or phrases that have similar meanings. Writers often use synonims to avoid overusing words in a text. Ofyen, an important word is explained, defined, or repeated as a synonyms. If you don't know the meaning of a word, try to find its synonyms in the text. If you can't find a synonyms, try to guess its meaning from context. Something, you will need to look up the word in a dictionary.

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Text about science often examine the reasons (or cause) why somethings happens and what happens as a result (or effect). These cause and effect are usally clearly indicated by signal words such as because, because of, cause, due to, a reason, result in. For example:

cause                                    effect
His experiments resulted in | a thick, cloudy liquid.
Something the cause and effect are reversed:

cause                                               effect
You can't make it at home |  because the recipe is still a secret.

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To identify the main ideas of a text, first look at the title, introduction, and any headings. These will give you clues about the topic and the main ideas. Then skim quickly over each section, paying particular attention to the first sentences. Make a note of the main ideas and look back at these notes after you have read the text again.