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The functional group for carboxylic acid is C double bond O, O-H.

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Carboxylic acid, any of a class of organic compounds in which a carbon (C) atom is bonded to an oxygen (O) atom by a double bond and to a hydroxyl group (―OH) by a single bond. A fourth bond links the carbon atom to a hydrogen (H) atom or to some other univalent combining group. The carboxyl (COOH) group is so-named because of the carbonyl group (C=O) and hydroxyl group.
Carboxylic acid derivatives have varied applications. For example, in addition to its use as a disinfectant, formic acid, the simplest carboxylic acid, is employed in textile treatment and as an acid reducing agent.

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- to obtain an isomer, bring the functional group to a different carbon atom
-carboxylic acids react with alcohols to form esters, a sweet smelling, insoluble, colourless and neutral liquid. water is also produced as a results
- ester linkage: o=c-o

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Esters are used as solvents for glue,artificial favouring and also in cosmetics

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1.Isomers are different chemical compounds as they have different structures.
2.Isomers is the same homologous series have the same chemical properties but different physical properties (b.p of butane is -0.5 degrees while that of methypropane is 11.7 degrees.)

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Alcohol is made by two methods , chemical and biological methods . The chemical method is addition of steam to alkene , condition of the reaction is concentrated H3PO4 , 300°C and 60 atm . the advantage of the chemical method is that 100% of alcohol is produced . the biological method is the fermentation of gulcose , the conditions are 37°C,yeast and absence of oxygen . However , only 10% od alcohol is produced as the alcohol produced will denature the yeast , preventing any further fermentation of glucose.

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Alcohols and carboxylic acids are both homologous series. Alcohol contain OH group (hydroxyl group) as the functional group while carboxylic acids contain the COOH group (carboxyl group) as the functional group.

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carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol to produce ester, in presence of heat and concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst.

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Alcohols have a general formula of CnH2n+1OH whereas carboxylic acids have a general formula of CnH2n+1COOH.
Alcohols undergo combustion and oxidation reactions and esterification.
Carbolyxic acids undergo acid reactions as well as esterification.

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Carboxylic acids undergo Acid Reactions as a weak monobasic acids. Generally, it reacts with reactive metals, bases and metal carbonate like an acids.
Carboxylic acids also undergo Esterification Reaction. It reacts with alcohols in the presence of heating and concentrated sulfuric acid, to produce esters. This is a reversible reaction.

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There are 2 ways to produce alcohol.
1) Chemical method (Addition of Steam to Alkene) with conditions of: conc. H3PO4, 300°C, 60atm
2) Biological method (Fermentation of Glucose) with conditions of: 37°C, Yeast, In the Absence of Oxygen

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as the size and mass of the molecules (carboxylic acids) increase, the melting and boiling point increase

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Alcohol undergo oxidation by O2 or KmnO4 to form carboxylic acid
Alcohol react with Carboxylic acid in the present of heating and conc H2SO4 to produce esters

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Carboxylic Acid undergoes combustion, acid reactions (with metal/metal carbonate/bases), as well as esterification.

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Alcohol is oxidised by oxygen or KMnO4 or K2Cr2O7 to form carboxylic acid.

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Esters are sweet-smelling, colourless and neutral liquids, insoluble in water, usually found as natural flavours and smells in flowers and fruits and also found in vegetable oil and synthetic polyesters.

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Carboxyl group is made up of a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group.

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Alcohol has a general formula of CnH2n+1OH and Carboxylic acid has a general formula of CnH2n+1COOH.

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Esterification involves reaction between alcohol and carboxylice acid in the presence of an acid catalyst.It is a reversable reaction

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Alcohol reacts with carboxylic acid to produce ester and water, with an condition, i.e. concentrated sulfuric acid. When removing one water molecule from the structural formula of alcohol and carboxylic acid, no complete functional group should be removed. Ester produced has ester linkage -C=O(-O, to carbon). To name the ester, (name of alcohol but ending with 'yl') (name of carboxylic acid but ending with 'oate'). However, the molecular formula of ester is written the other way round, i.e. C(n)H(2n+1)COO[From carboxylic acid]C(n)H(2n+1)[From Alcohol]

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Esterification is formed using alcohol and carboxylic acid. In this process, ester and water is produced.

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Alcohol has hydroxyl group for functional group

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Carboxylic acid has a carboxyl group as the function group.

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Carboxylic acid can be obtained through oxidation of alcohol

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