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The amazing history of the Incas are right in Peru! 

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The amazing history of the Incas are right in Peru! 

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Smithsonian Magazine |

Mysteries of the Incas remain, but we continue to learn about their great civilization. Though the 16th-century Spanish conquistador invasion ended the Inca Empire, the legacy of the Incas lives on in their architectural triumphs-precise, remarkably engineered stoneworks rising high in the Andes-and in the cultures of their descendants.

Earthquake-resistant masonry, sophisticated urban drainage systems and accurate astronomical observations are some of the achievements revealed in the ruins at Machu Picchu, the royal Incan retreat and religious shrine. Machu Picchu was only one of many cities, provincial supply centers and seats of government that were connected by one of the most astounding accomplishments of its time, the Inca Road. On a recent trip to Peru, National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI) colleagues and I saw this great road firsthand; it will be the focus of a NMAI exhibition, tentatively scheduled for 2015.

The Inca Road was built by engineers and laborers working with bronze and stone tools and llamas. At the height of the Inca Empire, it integrated nearly ten million people from a hundred nations. Today, much of the 24,000-mile network is still used by South America's indigenous peoples. The road's backbone, the 3,700-mile Qhapaq Ñan, runs the length of the Andes, connecting Santiago, Chile, to Quito, Ecuador.

Our own journey began at Cuzco, one of the highest cities in the world and the Inca Empire's former capital. We traveled from there to Machu Picchu and then to Ollantaytambo, a central administrative center and a kind of gateway to Machu Picchu. The people of the colorful market town of Pisac welcomed us, as did the textile weavers in the Andes village of Chawaytiri (altitude: 12,000 feet), whose citizens graced us with generous hospitality. We participated in the village's Procession of the Llama and walked with these Inca descendants along a section of the Inca Road. This area was named the Sacred Valley by the Incas because they saw its abundant, sustaining water sources-rivers, rain and snow-as an affirmation of the connectedness of all life.

NMAI archaeologist Ramiro Matos has described the Inca Road as "threads interwoven to form the fabric of the physical and spiritual world." The road unified disparate beliefs, cultures and nations-as does the Smithsonian. I hope that you will visit NMAI's Inca Road exhibition online or in person, and that this ancient engineering marvel will spark your sense of wonder as much as it did mine.

G. Wayne Clough is the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

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About G. Wayne Clough

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Smithsonian Magazine | Mysteries of the Incas remain, but we continue to learn about their great civilization. Though the 16th-century Spanish conquistador invasion ended the Inca Empire, the legacy of the Incas lives on in their architectural triumphs-precise, remarkably engineered stoneworks rising high in the Andes-and in the cultures of their descendants.

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Explore this amazing festival that happens in Peru!

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The town of Santo Tomas is 12,000 feet above sea level, nestled cozily in the vertiginous Peruvian Andes.

Hill dwellers and mountain folk alike have had a reputation for hardiness and endurance ever since ancient Greek geographer Strabo described the Thracian people as a "tough bunch of customers."

Being raised on the side of a cliff anywhere tends to favor the strong, sure-footed and stocky, and the environment of the Andes is a particularly punishing place to grow up. The slopes are craggy, storm-blasted and steep, and food is pretty much limited to potatoes and whatever animals you can chase up a 50-grade incline without falling down the adjacent precipice.

On top of that, altitude sickness generally kicks in around 8,000 feet-setting up house anywhere higher is pretty much relegating yourself to a semi-permanent hangover. Maybe you see where I'm going with this, but people in these hills sometimes get a little bit testy. Just being a farmer here is like living your entire life getting ready to fight.

Regions across the Peruvian and Bolivian Andes have traditional fighting festivals and ceremonies as an outlet for this type of mountain-born aggression. Rules about who fights whom and what weapons you can use (if any) vary from place to place, but the general gist remains the same, as does the expected goal of social catharsis and the collective venting of pent-up steam. In Santo Tomas, the festival is known as Takanakuy, everybody fights everybody, and it happens bright and early Christmas morning.

After a few days of preliminary drinking and dancing in costumes that combine the best aspects of traditional Andean horse-riding gear with the most nightmarish aspects of traditional acid trips, the residents of Santo Tomas wake up and head to the local bullfighting ring to beat each other silly.

Men, women, children, the elderly, the infirm and (especially) the inebriated -- they all pair off, wrap their bare hands with scarves, and give each other a friendly hug before walloping each other full-force in the face. While there are local referees with Roman-style whips to keep the fights from getting too one-sided and an entire crowd to rush in if anybody hits someone on the ground, the level of violence is still miles beyond what goes on in the average boxing or UFC ring. And often with good cause.

The same rugged mountains that imbue the Santo Tomasans with their sturdy physiques and penchant for hitting each other also separate the town from the rest of the country.

The geographical department of Chumbivilcas, for which Santo Tomas serves as the capital, is historically one of the poorest in Peru and cut off not only geographically from the power centers and financial interests of the Pacific coast, but most resources and government services thereof.

The Chumbivilcas police force boasts a whopping three officers, and the nearest courthouse to Santo Tomas is a nauseating, 12-hour car ride on the windiest, most rock-strewn South American road this side of William Friedkin's "Sorceror." The Peruvian legal system basically doesn't extend into the hills of this region, so instead of packing into a van every time they've got a beef with their neighbor, the residents of Chumbivilcas save up their grievances all year then take justice into their own fists at Takanakuy.

Property disputes, stolen girlfriends, stolen boyfriends, stolen sheep, spilled beer -- all issues big and small fall within the bounds of Takanakuy's physical jurisprudence.

While not everyone fights over a serious legal matter -- the better part of combatants just do so for sport or because they're drunk -- those who do so are bound by the results of the match and are generally satisfied by them win or lose (although there have been occasional, impromptu "appeals").

I went to last year's Takanakuy in Santo Tomas and the nearby village of Llique, where I met a legal student from Lima who'd made the same tortuous trek as I had to watch the fighting.

"The average villager in this region has basically no access to lawyers or courts, and even if they travel to a place where they do, odds are the ultimate judgment will not be in their favor. Using violence as a means of solving disputes may seem barbaric to people in the cities, but as you can see, the fighting here is all carefully controlled and the people involved get an immediate and cathartic result," he told me as we watched two teenage girls pounding each other's visibly contused eye sockets with their bleeding fists.

"I've also found that what we're witnessing right now holds closer to the true spirit of English common law than the Roman-influenced court system that the Spanish brought over."

Not exactly sure how accurate that is, but still, hell of a nice way to spend your Christmas.

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takanakuy: the fighting festival of peru - cnn

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By Thomas Morton, VICE Magazine and Lele Saveri, Photographer

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Takanakuy: The fighting festival of Peru

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The town of Santo Tomas is 12,000 feet above sea level, nestled cozily in the vertiginous Peruvian Andes. Hill dwellers and mountain folk alike have had a reputation for hardiness and endurance ever since ancient Greek geographer Strabo described the Thracian people as a "tough bunch of customers."

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Machu Picchu is one of the top tourist locations in Latin America.

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The symbols  represent Peru's abundant animal, plant, and mineral resources

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The amazing food in this delightful country will satisfy anyone's stomach