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Powerpoint presentation (Art and architecture)

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Powerpoint presentation (Art and architecture)

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Social strata

Brahmin(teachers/priest)
- before the british ruled india, the brahmin were respected by the indian society.
-when the british came, there were several brahmins that were corupted and some became traders.

Kshatryia(warriors/kings)
-warriors forced to work under the british
-kings have to take advice from the british

Vaishya( merchants/land owners)
-main character of the storyline
-sells products to the british, where the kshatryia are the middle man

Sudra(commoners/workers)
-works for the vaishyas
-misused by the vaishyas as there are treated as slaves instead of workers

Untouchables
-any tiers of people who disobey the rules of the government are thrown into this tier of the society
- killed when they touch the higher tier society

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Indian art and craft during British rule were extremely praiseworthy in the attempts made by both British talents and later by educated natives. The overwhelming participation and amount of interest shown by British rulers in Indian art and craft was surprising in its inaugural issues. The British even displayed such enthusiasm as to build up schools precisely for the specified purpose. Schools and exhibitions were established in the primary cities of Chennai, Kolkata and even Lahore. The oriental look had much appealed the western tastes of the British, taking pride place in British museums.

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Later Development of British Architecture of India 

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Later Development of British Architecture of India 

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During 19th century, Architectural developments in India by British consisted of the rise of bungalow styled architecture from a plain native styled common thatched hut. 19th century was a significant advancement in British Empire, making way for such improvisations. The classical, the gothic look was heavily witnessed in every English creation. As such, hill stations started gaining momentum as admired outings.  British military monuments in India were predominated with a lone guiding factor, that being the sublime increase in military monuments. The churches of Kolkata and Chennai were the foremost cities where such buildings took place. Exquisite etchings of slain soldiers and officers still do commemorate these churches erected by the British.

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Architectural developments of Chennai, formerly Madras, during British rule in India comprised a massive overhaul in every Christian architectural creation that was present in the port city. Churches were primarily considered, giving them a clean English look, deriving inspiration from their London counterpart. Even bungalows were rebuilt in certain areas to suit the high-flying style. Massive banquet halls came into being for official evening functions, every nook emoting out a classical feel.

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Architectural developments of New Delhi during British rule in India were tremendous still to this day, if one leaves aside the Mughal architectures. The pace and momentum with which British generals took up the task to reconstruct Delhi was indeed praiseworthy. As New Delhi was declared the capital city after Kolkata, the imperial city was never the same again, adopting a perfect colonial appearance. War memorials were built up in honour; churches of gothic architecture came into being. Architects were called from England for this sole purpose of supreme importance to generals.

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Architectural developments of Mumbai, formerly Bombay, during British rule in India were significant, standing tall in their regal and neo-classical look. Churches, town halls and several other structures, bearing semblance with England counterparts paved a fresh way for Mumbai. Mumbai completely metamorphosed into a polished city, much to intimidate Kolkata.

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Architectural developments of Mumbai, formerly Bombay, during British rule in India were significant, standing tall in their regal and neo-classical look. Churches, town halls and several other structures, bearing semblance with England counterparts paved a fresh way for Mumbai. Mumbai completely metamorphosed into a polished city, much to intimidate Kolkata.

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Architecture during early British rule in India comprised colossal stone and wood structures, erected during the 17th century. In the emerging stages, British viceroy-generals like Robert Clive managed huge efforts to build such architectural wonders in the essential port cities of India. Early British architectural design composed of charts and outlined plans already erected successfully back in England. This period witnessed the shipping of skilled British architects and young men, equipped with clever motives to make Indian artistic design much like western modes. Indian educated class or the comparatively poorer class did not possess the amount of talent that their English masters were looking for. As such, architectures were planned by the already utilised British structural wonders.

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Painting during early British rule in India looked towards gifted Englishmen arriving to the country in search of solid footage and princely patronage. These men had a primary intention to please and pacify Indian, as well as British upper society. Such paintings had a common theme of royalist touch in every brush stroke these painters made. Numerous prized collections were later accumulated in the name of these famed English painters, making such creations a magnum opus affair.

Sculpture during early British rule was perhaps the most telling and excellent work of art that attracted numerous Indians and English alike. Church and finery works were primarily looked after, including perfect carvings of funeral epitaphs. Just like in other spheres, English sculptors also arrived in India in search of regal sponsorship and make their talent known to people on the other side of the globe. Benevolent British officers inaugurated a passionate theme of work, at times even dedicated to Indian men. War was also a common theme, which made way for these sculptors to render masterpiece work.

Natural history and art during British rule in India was momentous for its scholarly attempts by Englishmen to educate Indians in science, plant and animal life. Art had developed through such attempts, like painting by noted English people, resolved to make an educative endeavour in India. Dissertation papers had come up from British scholars, alongside naturalistic paintings and further enhancement of flora and fauna.

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Art and architecture during British Rule in India were the most touched and significant areas, which developed to the maximum and witnessed a pan Indian sweeping growth. Art, architecture, culture and social reformation were some of the primary areas that always had made an impact on Indian population. British Empire had arrived at the country long back in the early 16th century, when Mughals still ruled in glory and admiration. British culture, architecture and artistic developments paved a fresh innovative path, looking towards westernization in every sphere. However, with each passing century, British rule became ruthless and more painful, keeping aside the positive sides of the few generals or lords.

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The British Raj was by far the biggest technological advancement in Indian history. This period started at about 1,500 C.E. This is the time when the British came over to India, like the British with the early America.

The means of transport in India at that time were bullock carts, camels and pack animals. England on the other hand needed railways that connected the raw material producing areas with the exporting ports and to facilitate the movement of British goods to different parts of the country as well as bring raw materials to the ports. The vast network of railways that you witness today was pioneered during the latter half of the 19th century.

This opened avenue for British bankers and investors to invest surplus wealth and material in the construction of railways. Railways benefited the British capitalists in two important ways.

(a)    First, it made trading in commodities much easier and profitable by connecting the internal markets with the ports.

(b)   Secondly, the rail engines, coaches and the capital input for building of rail lines came from Britain. The British capitalists who invested in railways were also guaranteed a minimum profit of 5% by the government. These companies were also given free land with a lease of 99 years.

Although the railways were set up for the advantage of British trade, they also played an important role in the national awakening of the country. Though the British had never anticipated, the extensive transport network and improved education brought people and ideas closer. During British rule, India took ideas of liberty, equality, human rights, science and technology from the West. This accelerated the process of modernisation. Now we will read about the impact of modern idea on Indian society.

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The varied and rich wildlife of India has had a profound impact on the region's popular culture. Common name for wilderness in India is Jungle which was adopted by the British colonialists to the English language. The word has been also made famous in The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling. India's wildlife has been the subject of numerous other tales and fables such as the Panchatantra and the Jataka tales.

In Hinduism, the cow is regarded as a symbol of ahimsa (non-violence), mother goddess and bringer of good fortune and wealth. For this reason, cows are revered in Hindu culture and feeding a cow is seen as an act of worship. Therefore beef remains a taboo food in mainstream Hindu and Jain society.

Even now, cow remains a divisive and controversial topic in India. Several states of India have passed laws to protect cows, while many states have no restrictions on the production and consumption of beef.

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Indian food is as diverse as India. Indian cuisines use numerous ingredients, deploy a wide range of food preparation styles, cooking techniques and culinary presentation. From salads to sauces, from vegetarian to meat, from spices to sensuous, from breads to desserts, Indian cuisine is invariably complex. Harold McGee, a favourite of many Michelin-starred chefs, writes "for sheer inventiveness with milk itself as the primary ingredient, no country on earth can match India."

India is known for its love for food and spices. Indian cuisine varies from region to region, reflecting the local produce, cultural diversity, and varied demographics of the country. Generally, Indian cuisine can be split into five categories – northern, southern, eastern, western, and north-eastern. The diversity of Indian cuisine is characterised by the differing use of many spices and herbs, a wide assortment of recipes and cooking techniques. Though a significant portion of Indian food is vegetarian, many Indian dishes also include meats like chicken, mutton, beef, pork and fish, egg and other seafood. Fish-based cuisines are common in eastern states of India, particularly West Bengal and the western state of Kerala

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Indian women perfect their sense of charm and fashion with makeup and ornaments. Bindi, mehendi, earrings, bangles and other jewellery are common. On special occasions, such as marriage ceremonies and festivals, women may wear cheerful colours with various ornaments made with gold, silver or other regional stones and gems. Bindi is often an essential part of a Hindu woman's make up. Worn on their forehead, some consider the bindi as an auspicious mark. Traditionally, the red bindi was worn only by married Hindu women, and coloured bindi was worn by single women, but now all colours and glitter has become a part of women's fashion.

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Illustration of different styles of Sari, Gagra Choli and Shalwar Kameez worn by women in India.

Traditional clothing in India greatly varies across different parts of the country and is influenced by local culture, geography, climate and urban settings. Popular styles of dress include draped garments such as sari for women and dhoti, lungi or panche for men. Stitched clothes are also popular such as churidar or salwar-kameez for women, with dupatta (long scarf) thrown over shoulder completing the outfit. Salwar is often loose fitting, while churidar is a tighter cut

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(b)Marriage
-Moreover, typically within the Caste System, marriage was between those in the same class. However, the British who worked for the East India Trading Company were basically given a wife and many mistresses, yet this violated typical marriage arrangements because although the marriages were arranged they were within the same class.

-In the case of the British, they married women regardless of class further disrupting the traditional Caste. The lack of the regard of the Hindu tradition is evident since “one’s obligation regarding one’s position in society, that is, class, and obligation to one’s stage of life. This model of living in this Hindu model is commonly referred to as varnasrama-dharma, which under traditional Hindus is the essential way to live.

-The British colonization of the Indian Hindu culture abruptly stopped the pure tradition which happened daily. Another effect of said colonization by the British had an unexpected positive by-product.

-A rather new, modern Hindu movement is the women’s voice within the Hindu culture is finally being heard to reach equality on that level. Many have felt that Hinduism is inherently patriarchal although not lacking female gods, because of their typically passive and nurturing characteristics.

-However, in the time of early British rule in India, when the British men married native women they treated them with respect as well as considering their children and marriages legitimate although they were native. The British men with these wives and children would go as far as to leave their property and possessions to their native spouses and children. Women were held in regard in Hinduism in terms of motherhood, giving birth, and many other aspects, however these early British workers simply sped up the process for women to be more equal to men. The British Colonization of India was mostly negative to the traditional way of Hindu living, however there is an indirect positive which was the reinforcement of having respect for women.

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How British Colonization Affected Hinduism

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How British Colonization Affected Hinduism

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-The subcontinent of India is now a large country was once a colony possession of the British Empire. The main religion practiced in India is Hinduism, which is comprised of many different aspects and customs.

The British Colonization of India had many effects on these beliefs. These effects ranged from a different use of the Caste System and how it was practiced, or, on a larger scale where many Hindus converted due to the many circumstances surrounding the conversion. The British Raj lasted from 1848 to 1947, however the effects of the colonization deeply impacted Hinduism.

(a)Impact on Caste System
-The British rule of India truly first impacted the Caste System when many British working for the British East India Trading Company started to assimilate into the native Indian society. This process also known as sankritization where people of a lower class emulate the behaviours of an upper class in order to assimilate.

-The Hindu tradition in this instance was forever changed because now the Caste System which was a traditional and vital part of the culture was swiftly changed by the British by reasons of economic and political power. The British however thought of themselves in a higher manner than that of even their native Kshatriyas. Traditionally however, the Brahmin who were the highest class in the caste typically, were held in a lower regard than the Kshatriyas because the British valued royalty over the actual religious and cultural aspects of the Caste System.

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Northwest India was home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, the Indus valley civilisation. Today, India is home to around 90% of the global population of Hindus. Most Hindu shrines and temples are in India, as are the birthplaces of most Hindu saints. Allahabad hosts the world's largest religious pilgrimage, Kumbha Mela, where Hindus from across the world come together to bathe in the confluence of three sacred rivers of India: the Ganga, the Yamuna, and the Saraswati. The Indian diaspora in the West has popularised many aspects of Hindu philosophy such as yoga, meditation, Ayurvedic medicine, divination, karma, and reincarnation. The influence of Indian religions has been significant all over the world. Several Hindu-based organisations, such as the Hare Krishna movement, the Brahma Kumaris, the Ananda Marga, and others have spread Indian spiritual beliefs and practices.

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Religion in India is characterized by a diversity of religious beliefs and practices. The Secularism in India means treatment of all religions equally by the state. India is a Secular State by the 42nd amendment act of Constitution in 1976. The Indian subcontinent is the birthplace of four of the world's major religions; namely Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. Throughout India's history, religion has been an important part of the country's culture. Religious diversity and religious tolerance are both established in the country by the law and custom; the Constitution of India has declared the right to freedom of religion to be a fundamental right .

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Period: 1848-1947

After 1858, Great Britain ruled India formally as a colony without the veil of the Company or the Mughal crown. Both the English East India Company and the Mughal Empire came officially to an end. The British Raj—Hindi for “rule” or “reign”—in India would last another 90 years.

Queen Victoria became the Empress of India and in her Proclamation of 1858, she announced that all Indians would be treated equally under British law regardless of race or religion. Failure of the Raj to live up to her promises would later become fodder for Indian national movements. The stark contrast between British wealth and Indian poverty continued. In 1877, the year Queen Victoria lavishly celebrated her title as Empress of India, famine killed approximately 4 million Indians.

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Inspired by Roti

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Progress (20/12)