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1. Agriculture in Malaysia
- Palm oil and rubber

2. Agriculture Institution in Malaysia
- FELDA, FELCRA, RISDA

3. What is FAMA
- Federal Agricultural Marketing Authority
- Responsibile for supervision, coordination, regulation and improvement of the marketing of agricultural products for domestic, export and import markets.

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1)Characteristic of Malaysian Agriculture.
-ESTATE is more commercialized than SMALLHOLDER.
-ESTATE land is larger than 40.5 ha while average SMALLHOLDER faram size is 1.45 ha

2)Industrial Crops
1-Oil Palm
2-Rubber
3-Rice
4-Coconut
5-Cocoa

3) Agricultural Marketing
*Export crop sector
(Oil Palm :-
-Independent Smallholder
-Development Scheme
-Private Estate
*Food Sector
-Characterized by size
-Marketing through middleman
-Intervention, process and planning

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Palm oil is one of the most famous industrial crop in Malaysia. As I am also very lightly involved and have some experience with the palm oil farm, I understood that the palm oil industry is never easy and hence I would like to share some applications and products of palm oil in our daily lives so we can all appreciate them.

What is palm oil used for?

Semi-solid at room temperature, palm oil and palm kernel oil are among the world’s most versatile raw materials. Their functional product properties remain one of the main drivers behind the rise in demand for palm oil since the 1980s.

Crude palm oil, also known as red palm oil. The orange colour is due to the high beta carotene content. Western markets refine, bleach and deodorise crude palm oil, removing the beta carotene colour and flavour.

Industries using palm oil
Palm oil and palm kernel oil based ingredients are found in approximately 50% of products on supermarket shelves, including food and non food items. Palm oil in many countries is used as a simple frying oil, but many other markets make use of both palm and palm kernel oil:

Consumer retail food and snack manufacturers

Personal care and cosmetics (mainly palm kernel oil)

Biofuel and energy

Animal feed (palm kernel expeller)

Pharmaceutical

Industrial

Foodservice/service industry

Palm kernel and palm oil uses are widely varied because they can be processed and blended to produce a vast range of products with different characteristics. The below ingredient names are found on the packaging of 50% of the products stocked on most supermarket shelves, being either palm oil or palm kernel oil based.

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LIVESTOCK

1.Non-ruminant:Poultry and swine
-Highly commercialized-Large
corporations
-High technology-Closed housing,
computerized ration formulations,
feeding method
-Contribute to country’s livestock
production

2.Ruminant:Cow, dairy and goat
-Smallholders and low technology
-Contribution is 8% in livestock
production
-Self-sufficiency level is not
achieved which are 28% for beef,
10%for mutton, 5% for milk
-The method is integrating cattle
in farm and use feedlot system

3.Fisheries and Aquaculture
-Aquaculture is farming of aquatic
organisms including fish,
mollusks, crustaceans and
aquatic plants
-Important supplier of animal
protein
-Important commodity: Prawn &
seaweed

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AHMAD NURFARHAN SAUQI BIN JAFRY HAMDAN 199074

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AHMAD NURFARHAN SAUQI BIN JAFRY HAMDAN 199074

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What is FAMA ?
FAMA is Federal Agricultural Marketing Authority (FAMA)

VISION
The leading authority on food and agricultural marketing.

MISSION
To develop an efficient and effective food and agricultural marketing chain to increase customer value.

OBJECTIVES
-Realisation of the Natural Vision and the National Agricultural Policy to make Malaysia a major world producer of food through the efficient and effective marketing of food and agricultural products.
-Development of a marketing infrastructure and a marketing supply chain system that is effective and efficient.
-Improving the marketing and increasing the demand of food and agricultural products in the domestic and international markets.
-Leading human resource capacity building in agriculture marketing based on the latest knowledge and technology.

FUNCTIONS
- To coordinate agricultural marketing activities involving both the private sector and the government department agencies.
- To improve the marketing system and to expand as well as develop new markets for agricultural produce of Malaysia.
- To collaborate with the private sector and government department / agencies in creating an efficient and effective agricultural marketing system.
- To develop and enhance efficient management in the agricultural industry related to marketing activities or processing of agricultural products.
- To be directly involved in the agricultural industry, especially in marketing activities or processing of agricultural products.

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INDUSTRIAL CROPS
1. Palm Fruit
-  Fruit’s pulp (palm oil) & kernel (palm kernel oil)
-  For every 100kg of fruit bunches, typically 22kg palm oil & 1.6kg palm kernel oil can be extracted
- Contribute 10% of Malaysia’s total export value

2. Rubber
-  Introduced in 1877, from Amazon Basin of Brazil
-  Second major crop in the country
-  Factors causing a switch to oil palm: • Declining price • Increasing production cost • Declining labour availability

3. Rice
-  3 rd largest planted crop in the country
- Rice is a crucial part of everyday Malaysian diet.
- Malaysia still only produces eighty percent of what it needs to support itself and must import the rest.

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example of agriculture estate

super fruits valley
https://www.superfruitsvalley.com/

focusing on super fruits such as figs, yellow lemons, gac fruits and passion fruits
50 hectares

9 Superfruits
40 greenhouses

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MINDMAP OF GROUP 6
AGRICULTURAL MARKETING

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Aquaculture is the controlled process of cultivating aquatic organisms, especially for human consumption.
The reason why aquaculture is important is it supplies animal protein. For your information, fish has highest protein retention compared to chicken, pork and beef.
For better understanding about aquaculture, i will attach a link from youtube about it

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What is aquaculture and why do we need it?

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Agricultural marketing in malaysia.
1)Export crop sector
Oil palm:
-Independent small holder: produce low and sell through middleman
-Producer in land development scheme: production controlled and helped under parent institutions like FELDA, RISDA and FELCRA.
-Private estates: very organised and maintaining the grade of the yield.

2)Food sector
Characteristics:
-Small farm size with minimal involvement of private or cooperate sector
-Marketing through middleman
-Got a lot of government intervention except for rice
-Interventions include input subsidies, cheaper water irrigation rates, price subsidies, government-owned milling activities, price control and monopoly of rice imports.

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DHANIYAH NUR AMIRAH BINTI AZHARSHAH (209032)(LIVESTOCK)

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DHANIYAH NUR AMIRAH BINTI AZHARSHAH (209032)(LIVESTOCK)

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Individual Task
1. What is NKEA?
NKEA is  an important driver of economic activities that potentially and directly contributes towards the Malaysian Economic Growth measurable by the National Gross Income (GNI) indicator.
NKEA also creates opportunity and attracts the best talents.

2. Historical Development of Malaysian Agriculture
-Pre-Independence ( Rubber, coffee, tea and paddy plantation.)
-Post-Independence
FELDA and FELCRA
New Economy Policy
-The expansion of FELDA and FELCRA
-Rubber smallholding by RISDA
-Set-up own rice mills by Lembaga Padi dan Beras Negara.
National Agro-Food Policy
-Ensure adequate food security that is safe to eat.
-To increase agro-based entrepreneur's level of income
To make agro-food industry as a competetive industry

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WAN NUR ADLYN AKRAM WAN MOHD KHAIRUDIN (207157)

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WAN NUR ADLYN AKRAM WAN MOHD KHAIRUDIN (207157)

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CHAPTER 5 :
AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN MALAYSIA

What are the five main major planted crops in Malaysia?

1.      oil palm

2.      rubber

3.      rice-which is highly subsidized

4.      coconut

5.      cocoa

What is the ECER Herbal Plantation Project for?

The purpose of East Coast Economic Regional (ECER) Herbal Plantation Project is to present a strategic investment opportunity, both from an economic and social point of view due to the growing demand in healthcare services and also the increasing affluence of the public. The production of health, food, cosmetics and personal care require greater natural ingredients which the ECER is aiming to capitalize on. The government is targeting a large scale herbal plantation and the ECER has been earmarked as a key implementer to develop the herbal industry. Example plants that have been planted under this project are Dukung anak, Mas Cotek, Tongkat Ali, Hempedu Bumi, Kacip Fatimah, Misai Kucing and Pegaga.

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GROUP TASK ( NEW SOURCES OF GROWTH FOR MALAYSIAN AGRICULTURE)

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GROUP TASK ( NEW SOURCES OF GROWTH FOR MALAYSIAN AGRICULTURE)

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new source of growth for malaysian agriculture

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Syed Muhammad Fikri Bin Syed Ahmad Kamarul Arifin (205451)

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Syed Muhammad Fikri Bin Syed Ahmad Kamarul Arifin (205451)

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What is Felcra Berhad ?

- Is a corporate organisation owned bye the Malaysian Government(Minister of Finance)

- started off and initially established as a statutory body in 1966 with the name Federal Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority (Felcra)

- the objective :

o to develop rural areas by helping the rural community to join in economic activities

o to improve their living standards

- Its goal is to create a dynamic, attractive and profitable rural sector.

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Livestock farming in Malaysia

Non-ruminant (poultry & swine)
- highly commercialized and high technology
- contributed 72% in country livestock production

Ruminant (cow, dairy & goat)
- smallholders and low technology
- contributed 8% in livestock production.

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What are some benefits of herbs in ECER Herbal Plantation Project?

1.Dukung Anak:
-Treat Diabetes,Treat Kidney Stone,Treat Malaria,Treat Asthma,Reduce Hypertension Increase Appetite, Treat Itchiness.

2.Mas Cotek:
-Help womb contraction,reduce cholesterol and blood sugar level,Aphrodisiacs.

3.Tongkat Ali:
-Treat Malaria, Treat Diabetes, Aphrodisiacs, Antimicrobial.

4.Hempedu Bumi:
-Treatment for Gastro-intestinal tract,Fever, herpes, sore throat.

5.Kacip Fatimah:
-Facilitate childbirth,Post-partum medication, Treat Rheumatism.

6.Misai Kucing:
-Analgesic, diuretic substance,
Treat Bronchitis, small pox and
diarrhea.

7.Pegaga:
-Heal wounds, Improve mental
clarity, Treat skin, high blood
pressure, rheumatism and fever.

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What is an agricultural estate?
-  A land larger than 40.5 ha for commercialized plantations
- Examples of crops are palm oil and rubber
-  Owned by private companies or public land development agencies with efficient management.

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Characteristics of Malaysia agriculture

1. Estate
• highly commercialised
• managed by professionals
• owned by private company or public land development
• example : palm oil , rubber and cocoa
2. Smallholder
• Less commercialised
• Average farm size 1.44 ha
• Crops : rice , fruits , vegetables

Livestock
1. Ruminant
• Cow , dairy , goat etc .
• smallholder and low technology
2. Non-ruminant
• Swine and poultry
• high technology

Agriculture marketing
1. Export crop sector
• Oil palm
2. Food sector

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NUR ATHIRAH BINTI ZULKIFLI

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Estate characteristic:
Highly commercialized
• Efficiently managed by professionals • Land larger than 40.5 ha
• Owned by private companies or public land development agencies
• Palm oil, rubber & cocoa

small holder characteristic:
• Less commercialized
• Average farm size 1.45 ha
• Crops: rice, fruits and vegetables

industrial crop : palm oil, rubber, rice, coconut, cocoa, value added product, coffee, sugarcane, tea and some fruits such as durian and etc

Non-ruminant: Poultry and swine :
• Highly commercialized = large corporations
• High technology = Closed housing, computerized ration formulations, feeding method
• Contribute to country’s livestock production
• More than sufficient to meet domestic demand

Ruminant: Cow, dairy, goat etc.
• Smallholders and low technology  • Contribution: 8% in livestock production
• Self-sufficiency level is not achieved – 28% for beef, 10%for mutton, 5% for milk
• Government target - 40% SSL by 2015
• How? Integrating cattle in farm and use feedlot system

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MUHAMAD AMMAR SYAZANI BIN AZREE (205727)

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MUHAMAD AMMAR SYAZANI BIN AZREE (205727)

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Individual Task

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Historical Development of Malaysian Agriculture

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Chapter 5; Agricultural practices in Malaysia

MAIN INDUSTRIAL CROPS;
1. Oil Palm:
- largest planted crop in Malaysia
- 60% grown by large plantation companies,40% smallholders

2. Rubber:
- second major crop in the country
- 97% planted by smallholder
- declining price. increasing product cost are the factors causing a witch to oil palm

3. Rice
- 3rd largest planted crop in Malaysia

4. Coconut:
- 4th largest crop in the country
- low income, limited labour requirement are the factors for declining area

5. Cocoa:
- 5th largest cocoa processor in the world
- Planting sector has been slowing down but the processing is increasing

OTHER INDUSTRIAL CROPS:
1. Coffee:
- smallholder in Johor and Selangor
-types: Liberica, Robusta, Arabica

2. Sugarcane:
- Perlis and Kedah
- distinct dry season

3. Tea:
- Cameron Highland, Selangor, Perak
- Type: Assam

4. Pineapple:
- areas are declining

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National Key Economic Area(NKEA)
-Important driver for economics activities that potentially amd directly contributes toward the Malaysian Economoic growth measurable by the National Gross Income (GNI) indicator
- provides job opportunities and attracts best of talents.
-boost nation foundation
- give the local a support to join the sectors in NKEA

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National Agricultural Policy
1. 1st National Agricultural Policy (NAP) (1984- 1991)
-  Objective: Linkage of agricultural production with agro-based industries
2.  2nd National Agricultural Policy (NAP2) (1992-2010)
- Issues: labour and capital competition with other sectors
- To increase efficiency and productivity
3.  3rd National Agricultural Policy (NAP3) (1998-2010)
- it is revised to NAP2
- Introduce product-based approach and ensuring food security
6.4 million ha for agriculture
1) 61% for oil palm
2) 20% for rubber

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Characteristic of Malaysian Agriculture
-estate
-smallholder

LIVESTOCK
Non-ruminant: Poultry and swine
• Highly commercialized (large corporations)
• High technology
-Closed housing
-Computerized ration
formulations
-Feeding method
• Contribute to country’s livestock production
• More than sufficient to meet domestic demand

Ruminant
(Cow, goat etc.).
• Smallholders and low technology
• Contribution: 8% in livestock production
• Self-sufficiency level is not achieved – 28% for beef, 10%for
mutton, 5% for milk
• Government target - 40% SSL by 2015
• How?
Integrating cattle in farm and use feedlot system

The difference between Ruminant and Non-Ruminant

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The main difference between ruminant and non-ruminant animals is that ruminant animals are herbivores whereas non-ruminant animals are omnivores or carnivores. Thus, ruminant animals have a complex rumen to digest plant material while non-ruminant animals have a simple stomach since their food is easy to digest.

Ruminant and non-ruminant animals are two types of animals with different digestive purposes. Apart from that, the general anatomy of both digestive system is similar.

Key Areas Covered

1. What are Ruminant Animals
- Definition, Features, Examples
2. What are Non Ruminant Animals
- Definition, Features, Examples
3. What are the Similarities Between Ruminant and Non Ruminant Animals
- Outline of Common Features
4. What is the Difference Between Ruminant and Non Ruminant Animals
- Comparison of Key Differences
Key Terms: Digestive System Components, Non Ruminant Animals, Ruminant Animals, Rumination, Stomach
What are Ruminant Animals

Ruminant animals are herbivores with a complex stomach called a rumen. Some examples of ruminant animals are cattle, sheep, goats, buffalo, deer, elk, giraffes and camels. One of the most significant features of the ruminant digestive system is the presence of a complex stomach with four compartments. They are rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. The first three compartments, the rumen, reticulum, and omasum break down plant fibers by fermentation with the help of microflora. This fermentation results in volatile fatty acids such as acetate, butyrate, and propionate. Hence, this process is called the foregut fermentation. The forth compartment secretes digestive enzymes.

Also, these animals ruminate or completely digest the food by chewing the cud. The four processes of rumination are;

1. Regurgitation: Vomiting the cud from the stomach to the mouth

2. Re-mastication : Biting and grinding food inside the mouth

3. Re-salivation : Secretion and mixing of saliva with the food

4. Re-swallow : Taking back the food to the stomach

What are Non Ruminant Animals

Non-ruminant animals are omnivores or carnivores with a single stomach compartment within the digestive system. Hence, the digestive system of the non-ruminant animals is called monogastirc. Some examples of non-ruminant animals are human, horse, swine, fowl, dog, and rabbit. The components of the non-ruminant digestive system are mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum.

Non-ruminant animals do not chew the cud. Also, they do not digest the plant materials such as cellulose through fermentation.

Similarities Between Ruminant and Non Ruminant Animals

Ruminant and non-ruminant animals have a complete digestive system.

The digestive system of both consists of a mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and a rectum.

Both eat throughout the day and constantly lose energy.

Difference Between Ruminant and Non Ruminant Animals

Definition

Ruminant animals refer to animals that chew and regurgitate their food more than once, and digest it multiple times in different stomachs while non-ruminant animals refer to the animals that digest food in one stomach.

Type of Diet

Ruminant animals are herbivores, which consume plant material as food while non-ruminant animals are either omnivores or carnivores, thus consuming both plant and animal materials.

Stomach

Ruminant animals have a complex stomach with four compartments while non-ruminant animals have a simple stomach with a single compartment.

Length

Ruminant digestive system is long while non-ruminant digestive system is short. Furthermore, the length of the small intestine and the colon is higher in ruminant animals.

Enzymes to Digest Proteins

Ruminant animals do not produce enzymes for protein digestion while non-ruminant animals have such enzymes.

Canines

Ruminant animals have two blunt canines while non-ruminant animals have four sharp canines.

Premolars and Molars

The premolars and molars of the ruminant animals move in the lateral direction while they move in the vertical direction in non-ruminant animals.

Saliva

Ruminant animals produce more saliva with no carbohydrate digestive enzymes while non-ruminant animals produce less saliva with carbohydrate digestive enzymes.

Regurgitation

Ruminant animals undergo regurgitation while non-ruminant animals do not undergo regurgitation.

Liver

The liver of the ruminant animals is large while the liver of the non-ruminant animals is comparatively small.

Time Taken to Digest Food

Ruminant animals take a longer time to digest plant material while non-ruminant animals take comparatively less time for their digestion. Also, ruminant animals digest all plant carbohydrates including cellulose while non-ruminant animals do not digest cellulose.

Examples

Some ruminant animals include cattle, sheep, goats, buffalo, deer, elk, giraffes and camels while non-ruminant animals include human, horse, swine, fowl, dog, and rabbit.

Conclusion

Ruminant animals chew the cud in a process called rumination. But non-ruminant animals do not undergo rumination. Also, ruminant animals have a stomach with four compartments while the stomach of non-ruminant animals is composed of a single compartment. Furthermore, ruminant animals digest plant materials such as cellulose through fermentation while non-ruminant animals eliminate cellulose as an undigested material. The main difference between ruminant and non-ruminant animals is the type of digestion and the structure of the digestive system.

Reference:

1. "ANIMAL NUTRITION." Research Themes in Animal Bioscience | Animal Biosciences, Available Here

Image Courtesy:

1. "Anatomy and physiology of animals The rumen" By The original uploader was Sunshineconnelly at English Wikibooks. - Transferred from en.wikibooks to Commons by Adrignola using CommonsHelper. ( CC BY 3.0) via Commons Wikimedia
2. "Diagram showing the parts of the stomach CRUK 336" By Cancer Research UK - Original email from CRUK ( CC BY-SA 4.0) via Commons Wikimedia

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Difference Between Ruminant and Non Ruminant Animals - Pediaa.Com

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The main difference between ruminant and non-ruminant animals is that ruminant animals are herbivores whereas non-ruminant animals are omnivores or carnivores. Thus, ruminant animals have a complex rumen to digest plant material while non-ruminant animals have a simple stomach since their food is easy to digest.

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Historical development of Malaysian agriculture

1. Pre-independence

-rubber plantations

-Tea, cocoa, coffee

-rice, fruits

2. Post-independence(1957-1970)

ELDA and FELCRA

Characteristic of Malaysian agriculture

Agriculture in Malaysia makes up twelve percent of the nation's GDP. Sixteen percent of the population of Malaysia is employed through some sort of agriculture. Large-scale plantations were established by the British. These plantations opened opportunity for new crops such as rubber (1876), palm oil (1917), and cocoa (1950). A number of crops are grown for domestic purpose such as bananas, coconuts, durian, pineapples, rice and rambutan. Exp: estate ,smallholder

ECER Herbal Plantation Project

1.Dukunganak                      2.KacipFatimah

3.Mas Cotek
4.MisaiKuching

5.TongkatAli
6. Pegaga

7.HempeduBumi

Federal Agricultural Marketing Authority (FAMA)

The Federal Agricultural Marketing Authority, better known as FAMA is a statutory body under the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industries. FAMA's responsibility is to improve the marketing of agro food products such as vegetables, fruits and agro-based industry products.

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MUHAMMAD ZAKWAN SYAHMI BIN NOOR MOHD EMRAN (208064)

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MUHAMMAD ZAKWAN SYAHMI BIN NOOR MOHD EMRAN (208064)

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CHAPTER 5 AGRICULTURE PRACTICES IN MALAYSIA
CHARACTERISTIC OF MALAYSIA AGRICULTURE

1) Estate:
-highly commercialized
-efficiently managed by professional
-  >40.5 ha land size
-owned by private company or public land development agency
-oil palm, rubber, cocoa

2)Smallholder
-less commercialized
- 1.45 ha farm size (average)
-rice, fruit, vegetable

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MUHAMMAD ASYRAF SALHI BIN SOBRI (206221)

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MUHAMMAD ASYRAF SALHI BIN SOBRI (206221)

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TOPIC 5 AGRICULTURE PRACTICES IN MALAYSIA
Characteristics of Malaysian Agriculture
1. ESTATE
-highly commercialized
-efficiently managed by professionals
-land larger than 40.5ha
-owned by private companies or public land development agencies
-palm oil, rubber and cocoa

2. SMALLHOLDER
-less commercialized
-average farm size 1.45ha
-crops: rice, fruits and vegetables

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NUR SYAFIQAH HUSNA BINTI HUSSIN (206203)

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NUR SYAFIQAH HUSNA BINTI HUSSIN (206203)

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LIVESTOCK
* providing gainful employment and producing useful animal
protein food for the population.
* It contributes about 18 percent to the total Food
Sector Agriculture Value Added and export earnings (NAP, 1998)
1.Non-ruminant
-Non-ruminant livestock are typically fed harvested and processed feeds that can be controlled in terms of both quantity and quality.
-Within a relatively short period of time the pig and poultry
industries have been able to transform themselves from backyard subsistence levels
to highly modern, commercial and efficient production systems
-Example: Poultry, swine
2.Ruminant
-A ruminant is a mammal that digests plant-based food by initially softening it within the animal's first compartment of the stomach, principally through bacterial actions, then regurgitating the semi-digested mass, now known as cud, and chewing it again.
-Example: cattle, sheep, buffalo, deer

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Chapter 5 Agriculture Practices in Malaysia

Historical Development of Agriculture

Humans invented agriculture between 7,000 and 10,000 years ago.

Humans invented agriculture between 7,000 and 10,000 years ago.

Agricultural communities developed approximately 10,000 years ago when humans began to domesticate plants and animals.

Characteristics of Malaysian Agriculture

The main food crop, rice, is grown on small farms.

Rubber and palm oil are the dominant cash crops.

The extensive forests of both Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia are heavily exploited for their timber.

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Industrial Crops Examples:

1. Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis)
-The largest planted crop in Malaysia
-Biggest foreign exchange earner
-First planted in Malaysia in 1917
-This plant has an economic life of about 25 years and is ready for harvest just 30 months after field planting.

2. Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis)
-Malaysia is the leading producer of natural rubber in the world.
-The seedlings were brought from the Amazon Basin in 1877 and were planted here on a experimental basis.

3. Rice (Oryza sativa)
-It is the third most important crop in Malaysia after oil palm and rubber
-Being a key part of everyday Malaysian food.

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ABDULLAH SALAM MUHSEIN BIN SAHIR (205742)

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ABDULLAH SALAM MUHSEIN BIN SAHIR (205742)

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individual task

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Agricultural activities in Malaysia  declined  because it transformed into industrial country.
Characteristics of Malaysian agriculture is estate and smallholder
1)estate :
- highly commercialized
- efficiently managed by professionals
- land larger than 40.5 ha
-owned by private companies or public land development agencies
-eg: palm oil,rubber & cocoa
2) smallholder :
- less commercialized
- average farm size 1.45 ha
- eg: rice,fruits, and vegetables

ECER Herbal Plantation Project such as Dukung anak like treating kidney stone, malaria, treat diabetes and itchiness.
Tongkat Ali is a anti- malarial and anti diabetic medicines
Hempedu Bumi, Kavip Fatimah and Pegaga plantation projects that contribute to human's Health.

Agricultural marketing
1) export crop sector
2)food sector

FAMA
- responsibilities on supervision, coordination,regulation and improvement of the marketing of agricultural products for domestic, export and import markets.
- contribute some marketing strategies

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What is ECER Herbal Plantation project?
-ECER stands for East Coast Economic Region. The government is aspiring to make the East Coast Economic Region (ECER) into a major herbal industry hub in the region due to growing demand in healthcare services.

Type of herbs in the ECER project?
-Dukung Anak, Mas Cotek, Tongkat Ali, Hempedu Bumi, Kacip Fatimah, Pegaga, Misai Kucing

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Chapter 5 mind map (characteristic of malaysian agriculture)

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Chapter 5 mind map (characteristic of malaysian agriculture)

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1. MUHAMMAD HAZIQ BIN MOHD HASHIM

2. MUHD HAZIQ AMZAR BIN PISAL

3. RAZIF BIN JEMIAN

4. MOHAMAD NORHAFISHAM BIN JAILANI

5. ALIF BIN ISMAIL

6. MOHAMMAD AMIR ADHA BIN MAHZAN

7. MUHAMMAD NAJMUDDIN BIN BAHARUDDIN

8. MUHAMMAD HAFIZ HAKIMI BIN JAMIL

9. MUHAMMAD LUTFI BIN SALIM

10. LUQMAN HAKIM BIN MUSA

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SITI CAMELIA BINTI MOHAMAD SHANI (207131)

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SITI CAMELIA BINTI MOHAMAD SHANI (207131)

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New source of growth for Malaysian agriculture
-Herb and spices
-Pharmaceuticals
-Natural products
Some of the ECER Herbal Plantation Project are:
-Dukung Anak
-Mas Cotek
-Tongkat Ali
-Hempedu Bumi
-Kacip Fatimah
-Misai Kucing
-Pegaga

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Muhammad Zulfaiz Bin Mohammad Zakaria(205489)

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Muhammad Zulfaiz Bin Mohammad Zakaria(205489)

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Industrial Crops In Malaysia

1.Oil Palm
-largest planted crop in Malaysia
-origin in South Africa
-harvested in 25-30 years
-every 100kg fruit, it composed 22kg oil palm and 1.6 palm kernel oil
2.Rubber
-2nd largest crop in Malaysia
-origin species in Brazil
-97% planted by smallholder with guided by GLC
3.Rice
-3rd largest planted in Malaysia
-mainly in Peninsular Malaysia
-most valuable plant for country food security
4.Coconut
-4th famous crop in Malaysia
-less attention to it because of other crop is more valuable.
-many invention to build coconut industry such as produced a cosmetics supplement
5.Cocoa
-5th largest crop in Malaysia
-mainly in Sabah but manufacturing in Peninsular Malaysia

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What are the industrial crops in Malaysia ?

- Oil Palm (the biggest one)
-Rubber
-Rice
-Coconut
-Cocoa
-Coffee
-Sugarcane
-Tea

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FLORICULTURE
NORAZALINA IZZATI BINTI MOHD SHAH
203724

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LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURE
-the raising and maintaining livestock for the purposes of producing meat, milk and eggs.
- also includes wool and leather production.

2 Categories:
Ruminant & Non-Ruminant

Ruminant
- the ruminant livestock use feedlot system which  is an intensive production system with the goal of growing and or fattening the livestock until they reach slaughter weigh.
-example: cows, sheep, dairy and goats
-smallholders and low technology

Non-ruminant
-it is highly commercialized by large corporation
-examples: poultry and swine
-use closed house system (animals reared in an enclosed building with controlled ventilation), computerized ration formulation, feeding method
-contribute to country's livestock production
-more sufficient to meet domestic demand

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what the type of agricultual marketing?
1. export crop sector such oil palm
2. food sector
> characterized by small farm size with minimal involvement of the private or corporate

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Industrial Crop
Why it is important to Malaysia?

Improve modern and precise agriculture practices that hold the potential in creating a change and expanding its variety

To achieve a circular-economy approach which is zero waste by maximizing the uses of parts or ingredients from the crops. For example, people use empty fruit bunches to create biofuel pellets, an alternative to charcoal or to produce plywood and fiber mats

Boost economy and revenue in Malaysia by exporting crops to other countries and leads to a reduction in poverty rate and at the same time, increase the value of ringgit.

Increase the productivity of the crop through technology and thus reduce the dependency on foreign labor

Encourage farmers to utilize idle agriculture lands and make use of them to bring the most desirable effect in agriculture without deforestation

Decline the needs of importing foods and other goods

Strengthen the competitiveness of Malaysian agriculture

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Mohamad Azmir Bin Mohamad Tamim (205688)

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Mohamad Azmir Bin Mohamad Tamim (205688)

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Chapter-5

❖ Agricultural marketing is a process which starts with a decision to produce a saleable farm commodity, involves all the aspects of market structure or system.

• Agriculture generally means growing and/or raising of crops and livestock
• marketing encompasses a series of activities involved in moving the goods from the point of production

Importance of Agricultural Marketing

1. Optimization of Resource use and Output Management

2. Increase in Farm Income

3. Widening of Markets

4. Growth of Agro-based Industries

5. Price Signals

Difference in marketing agricultural and manufactured products

1. perish abiloty of product
2. seasonality of production
3. bulkiness of product
4. variation in quality
5. processing

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What is the advantage of aquaculture?

the increased production of food for human consumption;

the opening of commercially viable business opportunities;

the creation of employment, especially in rural areas;

increased national exports

the substitution of imports by local production.

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chapter 5: Agriculture Marketing(muhamad syafiq bin muhidin 209049)

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chapter 5: Agriculture Marketing(muhamad syafiq bin muhidin 209049)

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what is defination of agriculture marketing?
Agricultural Marketing is a process which starts with a decision to produce a saleable farm commodity, and it involves all the aspects of market structure or system, both functional and institutional, based on technical and economic considerations, and include pre- and post-harvest operations, assembling, grading, storage, transportation and distribution.

3 type oil palm producer for export crop sector in agriculture marketing:
1.independent small holders which is low productivity and sell through middleman.
2.Produces in land development scheme which is production and marketing follow the parent institution like FELDA,FELCRA,RISDA.
3.Private estates which is very organized and processed own produces.

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What is New Economy Policy ?
It is a policy which address income disparity between races where it emphasize smallholder agriculture development . It was announces in 1970 .

One of the purpose of New Economy Policy is to intensify and expand FELDA & FELCRA program that specifically emphasize on oil palm .Also . is to fund to setup of own rice mills by Lembaga Padi & Beras Negara and not to forget rubber smallholding that is organized by RISDA. In 1984 , Malaysia became o top producer for natural rubber at 39.8% and palm oil at 58.8% thanks to New Economy Policy.

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Chapter 5- Historical development of agriculture

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Chapter 5- Historical development of agriculture

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1. Estate
Estate is highly commercialized other than smallholder. it is also efficiently managed by professionals . The total area of estate is more than 40.5 ha. Usually estate owned by private companies or public land development agencies. For example palm oil, rubber and cocoa.

2. Smallholder
Smallholder is less commercialized than estate and the average farm size is 1.45 ha. Usually the smallholder is among village people that have their own land. For          example is rice, fruits and vegetables.

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High value herbs that are planted under the ECER Herbal Plantation Project:
-Tongkat Ali
-Lemongrass
-Hempedu Bumi
-Asam Gelugur
-Roselle
-Kacip Fatimah

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Dear all, please use the lecture and Practical time for today activity. I will monitor from here. Thanks

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Aquaculture (Murni Nur Izzati binti Hairullizam 206681)

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Aquaculture (Murni Nur Izzati binti Hairullizam 206681)

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Pros of Aquaculture:

the increased production of food for human consumption

the opening of commercially viable business opportunities

the creation of employment, especially in rural areas

increased national exports

the substitution of imports by local production

Cons of Aquaculture:

the propagation of invasive species

threat to coastal ecosystem

contaminates water and threatens health

affect wild fish population

harmful effect on the local envirionment

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What was the main purpose of New Economic Policy (NEP) in Malaysia?

Malaysia's New Economic Policy (NEP) was announced in 1970 as part of a package of measures introduced after the political crisis of May 1969. It seeks to ‘eradicate poverty’ and ‘restructure society to eliminate the identification of a nation with economic function’ to create conditions for national unity.

What are the major industrial crops in Malaysia?

Oil palm, rubber, cocoa and rice have been and continue to be the major industrial crops grown by the private and public sectors.

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Topic 5 - Agricultural marketing (NURUL AINAA BINTI JENIMEN 205271)

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Topic 5 - Agricultural marketing (NURUL AINAA BINTI JENIMEN 205271)

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what is agricultural marketing ?
Agricultural marketing is performance of business activities that involved in the movement of farm produced foods from raw materials  to the final consumer and  involves all the aspects of market structure or system .

2 type of sector in agricultural marketing :
i) export crop sector
for example oil palm that has continued to contribute significantly to the national economy.
there are 3 type of oil palm producers :
- Independent small holders with low productivity.
- Producers in land development scheme
- Private estates to make it more organized.
ii) food sector
- designated by small farm sizes with least involvement of the privates and corporate sectors
-  Interventions include input subsidies, cheaper water irrigation rates, price subsidies, government-owned milling activities, price control, monopoly of rice imports

importance of Agricultural marketing

1) optimization of resource use and output management.
2) increase in farm income
3) widening of markets
4) growth of Agro-based industries

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Oil palm, rubber, cocoa and rice have been and continue to be the major crops grown by the private and public sectors. Meanwhile, the other crops such as coconut, tropical fruits, vegetables, flowers, annual crops are being grown by the smallholders, estates and the private sector.
What is top industrial crops in Malaysia?
1. Oil palm
2.Rubber
3.Rice
4.Coconut(Johor)
5.Cocoa(Sabah)
6.Coffee(Johor, Selangor)
7.Sugarcane(Perlis, Kedah)
8.Tea(Pahang, Selangor)

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What is the content of National Agrofood Policy?
1)  Ensure adequate food security that is safe to eat
2)  To make agro-food industry as a competitive & sustainable industry
3)  To increase agro-based entrepreneur's level of income

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The percentage of contribution of agriculture sector to the national GDP dropped as Malaysia begins to transform into an industrial country.

National Key Economic Area (NKEA) represents the 12 economic sectors that are able to lead the way to a high income country status.

New Economic Policy, NEP (1957-1983) is a policy to minimize the disparity of income between races.

National Agricultural Policies (NAP1, NAP2 and NAP3) are established during the period of 1984 to 2010. The policies are mainly focused on the income imbalance issue, increasing production and ensuring food security respectively.

National Agro-Food Policy, NAP4 (2011-2020) is to ensure food security, the competitiveness of the agro-food industry and to modernize the industry.

Estate, a highly commercialized planting area that is managed by professionals to ensure the highest output of crops.

Smallholder, a less commercialized and smaller sized farm managed by local farmers.

Major crops in Malaysia
1. Oil Palm
2. Rubber
3. Rice
4. Coconut
5. Cocoa

East Coast Economic Region (ECER), an economic region covering Kelantan, Pahang and Terengganu state.

ECER Herbal Plantation Project, a new source of growth of agriculture in Malaysia, mainly focused on herbal industry.

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What is Centre of Origin?

a geographical area where a species (domesticated or wild), first developed its distinctive properties

what is  Vavilov Centre ?

it is known as Vavilov Centre of Diversity and it is a region of the world indicated by Dr. Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov to be an original centre for the domestication of plants. also known as  centre of origin.  Vavilov centres are regions where a high diversity of crop wild relatives can be found, representing the natural relatives of domesticated crop plants

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What is biological diversity?
Biodiversity is the variety and variability of all the living organisms species that live on Earth.

Why is biodiversity important?
Biodiversity is one of the most important things for humans health by supporting the body needs including food, energy, proteins, or medicines and pharmaceuticals.

How if we lose biodiversity?
Losing biodiversity has significant direct human health impacts, which might make big problems hardly, solve. Changes in ecosystem services affect livelihoods, income. Besides, it might even cause or exacerbate political conflicts on occasion.

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Example of genetic resources application:
1)Genes from resistant plants can be used in breeding to produce hybrids with stronger resistance
2) Foreign genes such as from Bacillus thuringiensis can
produces an insect killing toxin, has been transferred into maize

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1. What is genetic resources ?

- Any material of plant, animal, microbial or other origin containing functional units of heredity.

2. Why need to apply genetic resources in Agriculture ?

- Genetic resources for food and agriculture are the raw materials upon which the world relies to improve the productivity and quality of domesticated plant and animal populations, as well as to maintain healthy populations of wild species, including those used in forestry and fisheries.

3. What the benefits of cutting ?
A new plant grown from a cutting will frequently mature faster & flower sooner than a plant grown from a seed.

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NUR KHAIRINA BINTI KHAIRIL ANWAR (205786)

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NUR KHAIRINA BINTI KHAIRIL ANWAR (205786)

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Centre of Diversity
- also known as Vavilov Centre of Diversity
-  a region of the world indicated  to be an original centre for the domestication of plants
-  The centre of origin is also the centre of diversity
- Vavilov centres are regions where a high diversity of crop wild relatives can be found, representing the natural relatives of domesticated crop plants

Quality of planting materials used:
1.  True seeds >> genetic purity,  Free from mixture with other crops or cultivars
2.  Free from diseases >>  Disease free plants , seed treatment
3.  Damage free >> injury on seed tissue
4.  Vitality >>  Capable to germinate, emerge from media and produce seedlings

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new Economic Policy   zhangjiajun   204771

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new Economic Policy   zhangjiajun   204771

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Malaysia's New Economic Policy, which was implemented in 1970 and ended in 1990, lasted for 20 years.

The new Economic Policy is not only a medium - and long-term economic development strategy formulated and implemented by the Malaysian government, but also a relatively complete and comprehensive social policy.

The new Economic Policy, also known as the "Aboriginal-first Policy", aims to redistribute wealth in favor of The Malays, with the elimination of differences in the economic strength of the ethnic groups as the main theme.

Although it is called "economic policy", its content and implementation process go far beyond the scope of economic policy and involve non-economic fields such as education, language, culture and religion. But it is still centred on a range of policies in the economic sphere.

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Syed muhammad fikri bin syed ahmad kamarul arifin 205451

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Syed muhammad fikri bin syed ahmad kamarul arifin 205451

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There are 4 type of germplasm :
1-Backup collections
2-Active collections
3-Breeders collections
4-Base collections

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Types of Tissue Culture
1.Seed culture
Seeds are cultured in vitro to cultivate healthy plants or seedlings.

2.Meristem culture
Apical meristem from angiosperm and gymnosperm shoots are cultured to produce plants that are largely free from disease and contamination. Contamination is one of the greatest obstacles to effective tissue culture. For this reason, meristem culture is often preferred as the lack of vascular tissues ensures that contamination and spread of disease is limited. Most DIY tissue culture and home tissue culture labs will use this method. Together with high-quality PPM™ and strict hygiene control, plants propagated with meristem culture are least likely to carry diseases.

3. Callus culture
A mass of cells gathered from any part of the plant material are cultured under in vitro conditions. No specific section of the plant matter is used.

4.Bud culture
Bud culture is separated into single node culture (stem node is used) and axillary bud method (where axillary buds are separated from the leaf axils and placed in high cytokinin concentration).

5.Anther culture
This type of plant tissue culture is known as haploid production and typically uses pollen culture for production.

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1. Centre of origin:
Area which a species first develop their special properties
2.Wild (without human involvement) VS Domestication (Human were involve during the process)
3. Germplasm :
Collection of genetic resources for an organism.
4. 3 Aspect of Biodiversity :-
-Genetic Diversity
-Species Diversity
-Ecosystem Diversity
5. Conservation of Genetic Resource through
- In situ (on-site; protect animal/plant in their natural habitat.
-Ex situ (off-site; Move the endangered species to new location with human care)

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MUHAMMAD ASYRAF SALHI BIN SOBRI  (206221)

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MUHAMMAD ASYRAF SALHI BIN SOBRI  (206221)

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THREE ASPECTS OF BIODIVERSITY
1. ecosystem diversity
- variety of habitats, biotic     communities and ecological processes in the ecosystem.
2. genetic diversity
- sum total of all the genetic information carried by individual organisms.
- variation of genes within a species.
3. species diversity
- the variety of living organisms

TECHNIQUE TO CONSERVE GENETIC RESOURCES
1. in situ = on-site conservation
2. ex situ = off site conservation

PLANT PROPAGATION
1. macro-propagation
- cuttings
- storage organs
2. micro-propagation
- tissue culture
- regenerate from explants

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Centre of Origin

A centre of origin (or centre of diversity) is a geographical area where a group of organisms.

They are also considered centers of diversity. Centers of origin were first identified in 1924 by Nikolai Vavilov.

The origin of cultivated wheat is located in the Ancient Mediterranean.

Germplasm

Germplasm is living tissue from which new plants can be grown.

Germplasm contains the information for a species' genetic makeup.

Several kinds of germplasm collections have evolved over the years in response to particular needs.

Biological Diversity

Biological diversity, or biodiversity, is the variety of life on earth.

It comprises variability within species, among species, and of ecosystems.

Biodiversity provides functioning ecosystems that supply oxygen, clean air and water, pollination of plants, pest control, wastewater treatment and many ecosystem services.

Many recreational pursuits rely on our unique biodiversity.

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What are significance of biodiversity?
1. Indicates healthy functioning of Earth's many ecosystems.
2. Economic benefits with respect to crops, livestock,medicines,natural products (wildlife,fish,timber).
3. Provides humans with aesthetic benefits.

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What is center of origin?
A geographical area where a species first developed its distinctive properties.

Wild : Species experience their full life cycles without human intervention.
Domestication : Process of taming a population of animals.

There are 6 independent center of crop origin:
1.Mesoamerica
2. Andes and South America
3. Southeast Asia
4. China
5. Africa
6. Southwest Asia

What is germplasm?
Its a term used to describe genetic resources or the DNA of an organisms and collection of materials.

What are the aspects of biodiversity?
Genetic diversity
Species Diversity
Ecosystem diversity

Plant Propagation is divided into 2:
Macro-propagation and Micro-propagation

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THREAT TO DIVERSITY AND GENETIC RESOURCES

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THREAT TO DIVERSITY AND GENETIC RESOURCES

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Threat to diversity and genetic resources (1)

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Topic 5 Agricultural practices in Malaysia

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Topic 5 Agricultural practices in Malaysia

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Please read and do the same exercise for Topic 5

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MUHAMAD AMMAR SYAZANI BIN AZREE (205727)

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MUHAMAD AMMAR SYAZANI BIN AZREE (205727)

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Individual task

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MUHAMAD AMMAR SYAZANI BIN AZREE (205727)

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MUHAMAD AMMAR SYAZANI BIN AZREE (205727)

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Individual task

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Threats to diversity and loss of genetic resources

What are the threats to diversity and loss of genetic resources?

·         Human population growth.

·         Unsustainable resource use.

·         Most significant causes of extinctions are habitat loss.

·         Introduction of exotic species.

·         Overharvesting.

·         Climate change is predicted to be a significant cause of extinctions in the coming century.

·         Natural extinctions.

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hye guys, i would like to share something fun which is history of tissue culture. So, i already summarize the history into point form. Enjoy;)

Tissue culture is the name given to the in vitro method of cultivating cells, organs, and tissues (whether animal or plant) with a nutrient solution in stringent lab conditions

Another name that refers to tissue culture may be sterile culture.

We are able to raise new plants outside of the original host body. The artificial medium is usually gathered from the tips of shoots and roots as well as minuscule parts of the seed, callus, ovule, cell, pollen grain, or embryo.

began in 1832 when a man by the name of Theodor Schwann presented the crazy idea that you can grow cells outside of an original host body

Wilhelm Roux proved the theory in 1835. Roux successfully performed the culture of embryonic chicken cells by using salt solution as his medium

In 1907, Ross Granville Harrison, an American zoologist, was able to culture the nerve cells from a frog in solidified lymph. Because of his contributions to the tissue culture method, Harrison now has the title of Father.

In 1929, the first organ culture was successfully performed in England by a fellow named D.H Fell.

Gottlieb Haberlandt, a German Botanist, made the first attempt to use the in vitro method when grow plant tissues

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DHANIYAH NUR AMIRAH BINTI AZHARSHAH (209032)

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DHANIYAH NUR AMIRAH BINTI AZHARSHAH (209032)

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GENETIC RESOURCE APPLICATIONS

Ø  Agriculcuture production increased because of improved genetic resources.

Ø  Increase in yield, pest and disease resistance, ecological tolerance.

6 CATEGORIES OG GENETIC RESOURCES

1. Wild relatives

-From the same genes of the livestock

2. Weedy relatives

-Wild relatives link with domesticated species

-Neglected variaties involved to adapt the natural growing environment

-More hardy and a good competitoras wild type.

3. Primitive cultivars/landraces

-Cultivars = earlier times

4. Modern cutivars

-Improved strains bred from primitive cultivars

5. Advance breeding lines

-Superior germsplasm that selected from the modern cultivars

6. Genes from other species

-Contain specific desired genes from other species

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Tissues Culture (micro-propagation)
As we decided to choose tissues culture as our practical topic, so I would like to share some information about this technique. Tissue culture is a part of micro-propagation which develops high-quality clone plants on a large scale. It is a technique in which a small fragments of a plant (explant) are introduced into an artificial, nutrient medium to allow its functioning or growth.

There are 4 stages to micro-propagation through tissue culture
Stage 1 - Establishment
Stage 2 - Multiplication
Stage 3 - Rooting
Stage 4 - Acclimatization
The details about these 4 stages will be explained painstakingly in mind map we attached.

What is the offspring of a clone in tissues culture?
-Clones are micro-propagated from the mother plant, so they have an identical genetic profile as the mother plant. By this way, it can ensure the genetics of the plants they are growing.

Why tissue culture is being in high-demand nowadays?
-High speed which takes short amount of time to grow
-Healthy as they are cloned from healthy mother plant and prevent spreading virus or disease among the plants
-Flexibility without considering the season and weather
-Produce new type of plant which boosts the variety
-Does not require a large space as planters can grow ten times the plants in one-tenth the space of traditional growing operations

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Biological Diversity & Seed Propagation (Mind Map)

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Biological Diversity & Seed Propagation (Mind Map)

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BIODIVERSITY

1.Genetic diversity
-The sum total of all the genetic
information carried by
individual organisms
-Variation (diversity) of genes
within a species
-Example:eye colour, skin colour,
susceptibility to cancer

2. Species diversity
-The variety of living organisms
-Estimated 5 and 50 million or
more

3. Ecosystem diversity
-An area that contains
organisms.Example are plants,
animals and bacteria interacting
with one another and their
nonliving environment
-Can be of any size.Example are
forest, meadow and log
-Variety of habitats, biotic
communities, and ecological
processes in the ecosystem

QUALITY OF PLANTING MATERIALS USED

1.True seeds
-Genetic purity
-Free from mixture with other
crops or cultivars

2.Free from diseases
-Disease free plants or production
area.Example are bacteria and
virus
-Seed treatment (heat and
chemicals)

3.Damage free
-Injury on seed tissue

4.Vitality
-Able to germinate, emerge from
media and produce seedlings

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notes:
what is biological diversity?
variability among living organisms that forms within a ecosystem for the entire earth where it affects human need for survival such as food,water,shelter and air.
Three aspects of biodiversity:
a) ecosystems diversity: an area contains animals,plants and bacteria that interact with one and another like forest and log.
b) genetic diversity: variation of genes within a species such as eye colour, skin colour and susceptibility to cancer.
c) specific diversity: estimated variety of living organisms
Amali :
two types of plant propagation:
a) macro propagation:
-cuttings (for semi soft & soft cuttings like leaf and stem) such as cekur manis and kangkung
-storage organs such as (tuber) potato, (roots) sweet potato, (rhizome) ginger
b) micro propagation :
-tissue culture technique ( regenerate from ex plants single cells or callus,shoot,epical meristem and so many).

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WAN NUR ADLYN AKRAM WAN MOHD KHAIRUDIN (207157)

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WAN NUR ADLYN AKRAM WAN MOHD KHAIRUDIN (207157)

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Planting materials and propagation

How to propagate plants by using macro-propagation?

There are variety of ways to propagate a plant through macro-propagation technique. The first method is by cuttings leaf and stem. Secondly, storage organs technique can be used like tuber, roots, rhizome and bulbs.

Genetic Resources in Agriculture

What is the difference between wild and domesticated species?

Wild is a species that experience their full cycles without deliberate human intervention while domesticated is a species or varieties that are bred and raised under human control for many generations and are substantially altered as a group in appearance or behavior.

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MOHAMAD AZMIR BIN MOHAMAD TAMIM (205688)

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MOHAMAD AZMIR BIN MOHAMAD TAMIM (205688)

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What is Livestock ?

- helps on food supply, family nutrition, family income, asset savings, soil productivity and others.

- sustainable agricultural production, community employment, and agricultural diversification.

Livestock Production

sustainability through use of uncultivable land for food production

protein sources that cannot be used by humans into highly nutritious animal-sourced food

generating income and supporting livelihoods of millions of people

Benefit of Livestock
1)offers the greatest potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture

2)helps us develop valuable skills

3)can provide a boost to our local economy

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NUR SYAFIQAH HUSNA BINTI HUSSIN (206203)

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NUR SYAFIQAH HUSNA BINTI HUSSIN (206203)

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1.biological diversity
-biodiversity-variability among living organisms
-three aspects of biodiversity
*species diversity
-the variety of living organisms
*ecosystem diversity
-variety of habitats, biotic communities, and ecological processes in the ecosystem.
*genetic diversity
-the sum total of all the genetic information carried by individual organisms
-variation(diversity) of genes within a species

2.The advantages of micropropagation
-the production of many plants that are clones of each other.
-produce disease-free plants
-a greater number of plants can be produced per square meter

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What 3 aspect of biodiversity?

1. Ecosystem diversity
- variety of habitats, biotic communication and ecological processes in ecosystem.
-ecosystem is an area that contains organismsinteracting with one another and their non living environment

2. Species diversity
- the variety of living things
- estimated 5 or 50 millions or more

3. Genetic diversity
- sum total of all the genetic information carried by individual organisms
- variation of genes within a species

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There are some threats to diversity and loss of genetic resources
1.   Domestication and use of modern varieties.
2. Irresponsible and thorough wide spread, and often concentrated habitat destruction. Natives species often lost and habitat invaded by exotic weeds.
3. Natural extinctions as a result of competition and natural disasters due to human activities.

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MUHAMMAD ZULFAIZ BIN MOHAMMAD ZAKARIA (205489)

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MUHAMMAD ZULFAIZ BIN MOHAMMAD ZAKARIA (205489)

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GERMPLASM
-Germplasm mean a collection of genetic resources such a cell, seeds or tissue for each organism
-It stored in a specific place to do some experiment or for breeding to get varieties of plant.
-This method are very essential for worldwide to maintain some species  to become extinct.
-It involved any important part of the organism which can breeding by itself.
-Svalbard Global Seed Vault is a large storage seed from around the world to protect genetic agriculture diversity and protecting our food supply if some trouble around world.

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What is centre of origin?
a geographical area where a species (domesticated or wild),first developed its distinctive properties

Locating the origin of crop plants is basic to plant breeding. This allows one to locate wild relatives, related species, and new genes (especially dominant genes, which may provide resistance to diseases). Knowledge of the origins of crop plants is important in order to avoid genetic erosion, loss of habitat(such as rainforests), and increased urbanization.

Seed propagation
What are the good quality seeds?
-Genetic purity
-free from seed-borne disease
-free from damages
-vital(able to emerge and produce seedlings)

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Seed is a basic input in agriculture. Strictly speaking seed is an embryo, a living organism embedded in the supporting or the food storage tissue. In seed, the importance is given to the biological existence whereas; in grain the importance is given to the supporting tissue the economic produce.

As per Seed Act (1966) seed includes

Seed of food crops including edible oil seeds and seeds of fruits & vegetables.

Cotton seeds

Seeds of cattle fodder

Jute seeds

Seedlings, tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, roots, cuttings, all types of grafts and other vegetatively propagated material for food crops (or) cattle fodder

Importance of quality seed

Ensures genetic and physical purity of the crops

Gives desired plant population

Capacity to withstand the adverse conditions

Seedlings produced will be more vigourous, fast growing and can resist pest and disease incidence to certain extent

Ensures uniform growth and maturity

Development of root system will be more efficient that aids absorption of nutrients efficiently and result in higher yield.

It will respond well to added fertilizer and other inputs.

Good quality seeds of improved varieties ensures higher yield atleast 10 - 12 %

Major seed quality characters

Seed quality is the possession of seed with required genetic and physical purity that is accompanied with physiological soundness and health status. The major seed quality characters are summarized as below.

1. Physical Quality: It is the cleanliness of seed from other seeds, debris, inert matter, diseased seed and insect damaged seed. The seed with physical quality should have uniform size, weight, and colour and should be free from stones, debris, and dust, leafs, twigs, stems, flowers, fruit well without other crop seeds and inert material. It also should be devoid of shriveled, diseased mottled, moulded, discoloured, damaged and empty seeds. The seed should be easily identifiable as a species of specific category of specific species. Lack of this quality character will indirectly influence the field establishment and planting value of seed. This quality character could be obtained with seed lots by proper cleaning and grading of seed (processing) after collection and before sowing / storage.

2. Genetic purity: It is the true to type nature of the seed. i.e., the seedling / plant / tree from the seed should resemble its mother in all aspects. This quality character is important for achieving the desired goal of raising the crop either yield or for resistance or for desired quality factors.

3. Physiological Quality: It is the actual expression of seed in further generation / multiplication. Physiological quality characters of seed comprises of seed germination and seed vigour. The liveliness of a seed is known as viability. The extent of liveliness for production of good seedling or the ability of seed for production of seedling with normal root and shoot under favorable condition is known as germinability. Seed vigour is the energy or stamina of the seed in producing elite seedling. It is the sum total of all seed attributes that enables its regeneration of under any given conditions. Seed vigour determines the level of performance of seed or seed lot during germination and seedling emergence. Seed which perform well at sowing are termed as quality seed and based on the degree of performance in production of elite seedling it is classified as high, medium and low vigour seed. The difference in seed vigour is the differential manifestation of the deteriorative process occurring in the seed before the ultimate loss of ability to germinate. Difference in seed vigour will be expressed in rate of emergence, uniformity of emergence and loss of seed germination. Hence it is understood that all viable seeds need not be germinable but all germinable seed will be viable. Similarly all vigourous seeds will be germinable but all germinable seed need not be vigourous. Physiological quality of seed could be achieved through proper selection of seed (matured seed) used for sowing and by caring for quality characters during extraction, drying and storage. Seed with good vigour is preferable for raising a good plantation as the fruits, the economic come out are to be realized after several years. Hence selection of seed based on seed vigour is important for raising perfect finalize plantation.

4. Seed Health - Health status of seed is nothing but the absence of insect infestation and fungal infection, in or on the seed. Seed should not be infected with fungi or infested with insect pests as these will reduce the physiological quality of the seed and also the physical quality of the seed in long term storage. The health status of seed also includes the deterioration status of seed which also expressed through low vigour status of seed. The health status of seed influences the seed quality characters directly and warrants their soundness in seed for the production of elite seedlings at nursery / field.

Hence the quality seed should have

High genetic purity

High pure seed percentage ( physical purity)

High germinability

High vigour

Higher field establishment

Free from pest and disease

Good shape, size, colour etc., according to the specification of variety

High longevity / shelf life.

Optimum moisture content for storage

High market value

Characteristics of good quality seed

Higher genetically purity:

Breeder /Nucleus - 100%

Foundation seed - 99.5%

Certified seed - 99.0%

Higher physical purity for certification

Maize , Bhendi - 99%

All crops ( most) - 98%

Carrot - 95%

Sesame, soybean & jute - 97 %

Ground nut - 96 %

Possession of good shape, size, colour, etc., according to specifications of variety

Higher physical soundness and weight

Higher germination ( 90 to 35 % depending on the crop)

Higher physiological vigour and stamina

Higher storage capacity

Free from other crop seeds ( Expressed in number /kg) - Other crop seeds are the plants of cultivated crops found in the seed field and whose seed are so similar to crop seed that is difficult to separate them economically by mechanical means. Eg. Mixtures of Wheat, oats seeds in barley.

It should be free from objectionable weed seeds -These are plants of weed species which are harmful in one or more of the following ways.

The size and shape of their seeds are so similar to that of the crop seed that is difficult to remove their seed economically by mechanical means.

Their growth habit is detrimental to the growing seed crop due to competing effect.

Their plant parts are poisonous or injurious to human and animal beings

They serve as alternate hosts for crop pests and diseases.

It should be free from designated diseases - It refers to the diseases specified for the certification of seeds and for which certification standards are to be met with . These diseases would cause contamination, when they are present in the seed field or with in the specified isolation distance ( eg. loose smut of wheat). For this the the certification distance has been prescribed as 180 meters.

It should have optimum moisture content for storage - Long term storage - 6 - 8 % , Short term storage - 10 - 13%

It should have high market value

Source : TNAU Agritech portal

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Seed is a basic input in agriculture. Strictly speaking seed is an embryo, a living organism embedded in the supporting or the food storage tissue. In seed, the importance is given to the biological existence whereas; in grain the importance is given to the supporting tissue the economic produce.

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Practical - Propagation of Plant by System

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Practical - Propagation of Plant by System

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MUHAMMAD HAZIQ BIN MOHD HASHIM
MUHD HAZIQ AMZAR BIN PISAL
RAZIF BIN JEMIAN
MOHAMAD NORHAFISHAM BIN JAILANI
ALIF BIN ISMAIL
MOHAMMAD AMIR ADHA BIN MAHZAN
MUHAMMAD NAJMUDDIN BIN BAHARUDDIN
MUHAMMAD HAFIZ HAKIMI BIN JAMIL
MUHAMMAD LUTFI BIN SALIM
LUQMAN HAKIM BIN MUSA

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1)Why need plant cuttings?
Because some precious plants reproduce asexually, plant cuttings are needed to ensure that the plants are not extinct.
What to pay attention to for plant cuttings？
It is necessary to ensure sufficient moisture and air for the plants, and rooting powder can be used if possible..

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What techniques are used ton conserve genetic resource?

1) In-situ
-  On-site conservation
-  It is the process of protecting an endangered plant or animal species in its natural habitat.

2) Ex-situ
- Off-site conservation
- Process of protecting an endangered species of plant or animal by removing part of the population from a threatened habitat and placing it in a new location, which may be a wild area or within the care of humans.

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MUHAMMAD ZAKWAN SYAHMI BIN NOOR MOHD EMRAN (208064)

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MUHAMMAD ZAKWAN SYAHMI BIN NOOR MOHD EMRAN (208064)

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1) What is germplasm?
- a collection of genetic resources for an organism
-for plants may stored as seed collection and for tree as nursery
-term that used to describe DNA of an organism

2) What are the three aspect of biodiversity?
-genetic diversity
-ecosystem diversity
-species diversity