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1) Lots of pollution- The more people in one area the more damage is caused. For example, more cars will be used, resulting in air and noise pollution.
2) Overpopulation- Many people in a smaller area means that there may not be enough space or resources for all those people.
3) Crime- Due to high level of urban unemployment, it has brought about a high crime rate into urban areas because there is no economic security.
4) Flooding- This has become a very serious problem in urban areas over the past few years, especially during the rainy seasons. The drainage systems are poorly constructed, leading to difficulty in the access of roads.
-Floortje

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1. Impermeable rocks/surfaces - do not allow water to pass through the ground so the water from precipitation would be transferred to the river as surface run-off which will make the water enter the river quickly and therefore exceed the channel capacity.
2. Heavy rainfall - more water is transported to the river rapidly and causing a flood. Also, the ground would more likely be saturated since it would be full of water.
- Aisha

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1~Impermeable rocks- When the land is impermeable water cannot get through it, therefore it cannot be used to store or transport water underground. This increases the amount of surface runoff (transfer of water over the surface of the land to the sea) and can cause the river to overflow and flood

2~ Deforestation- If there isn't a lot of vegetation, transpiration cannot occur. This is the transfer of water from plants to the atmosphere, consequently less water will be stored and used by plants- increasing the amount of river discharge

- Romaisaa

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1.  Deforestation- Tree roots are unable to let any water soak into them so the soil becomes saturated with water and floods
2. Impermeable surface- the rain turns to surface runoff as it is unable to soak into the ground so it runs to the nearest river and causes a flood.
- Abbie

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Firstly, 1 cause of river flooding includes deforestation as when an area of land is cut, there is less  infltration by vegetation therefore more surface runoff will occur which could cause floodong
Secondly another cause of flooding is impermeable surfaces as when water isnt absorbed through permeable rock such as limestone, water is forced to create a runoff and the overflow of water could result in flooding

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1.

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Impermeable surface-
In the city the surface is made of concrete therefore it cannot absorbs water as good as soil in the countryside for example
Deforestation-
Less trees means there’s more water for the roots to have to absorb therefore the roots can’t absorb it’s all resulting in flooding
Samantha

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More jobs there are more jobs in the city whereas in rural areas there are less jobs due to the fact agricultural related jobs are becoming more modernization with an increase in technology resulting in less jobs available.
Samantha

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Population increase- more people than jobs in rural areas so people want to find employment in cities they migrate to cities in search of better economic opportunities or a better quality of life since most government investment is in urban areas.
This has increased rural to urban migration, especially in LICs.
Economic development has also increased urbanisation as there are now more businesses who require premises and want to be near to customers and competition which are, more often than not, in urban areas.

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Heavy Rainfall- When there is a lot of rainfall, it means that more water will enter the river and an increase in surface run-off will occur, causing it to overflow.
Impermeable Soil- This means that surfaces do not let water in and therefore will flow straight to the river over the surface of the land. This causes it to overflow.
-Floortje

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Urbanisation is the process of becoming more urban. mainly through more and more people living in towns and cities. One main cause of this is that there has been an increase in jobs in cities and a decrease in jobs in rural areas. This results in many people moving towards the CBD as they are looking for employment. Also, There are higher living standards in towns and cities. This includes things such as: a more reliable food supply, higher education and more hospitals.
-Floortje

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A tropical storm is an area of low pressure with winds moving in a spiral around the calm central point called the eye of the storm. Winds are powerful and heavy rainfall occurs. Many tropical storms occur in North America, Carribean, South America and Asia, in countries like: China, USA and Brazil. They often happen on coastal areas
-Floortje

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The Saffir-Simpson scale is a 1-5 rating scale on a hurricane's sustained wind speed. The scale can estimate property damage and flooding expected. If a hurricane is a category 3 or above, it is considered a major because of their estimated loss of life and destruction of property.
-Floortje

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Tropical storms can have speeds u two 119. They are usually named alphabetical. Many tropical storms are located in coastal areas for example the Caribbean, South America, North America and Asia. An example of a tropical storm is Hurricane Katrina. Tropical storms are named depending on the area this can be hurricanes located in North America and the Caribbean , Cyclones located in the south of the world including South America and Some of Asia and a typhoon in the rest of Asia
Sam

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Erosion is the act in which earth is worn away by natural processes , often by water, wind, or ice

Abrasion - The river bed and banks are worn away by rocks  being carried along the riverbed

Attrition - small rocks carried by the river smash together and break into smaller, smoother and rounder particles.

Hydraulic action - the force of the water against the banks  The pressure weakens the banks and gradually wears it away.

Solution - soluble particles dissolved into the river.

-Romaisaa

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Erosion is the wearing away of rock/land due to natural processess, usually wind, water or ice.
Hydraulic Action- the force of water hitting the bed and banks wearing it away.
Abrasion- the grinding of rock fragments carried by river against the river bed and banks.
Corrosion- when water reacts chemically with soluble minerals in the rocks and dissolves them
Attrition- when transported particles hit against each other making the particles smaller and more rounded.
-Floortje

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Erosion is the wearing away of rocks in the river due to the river.

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Erosion is the wearing away of rocks in the river due to the river.

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The 4 main types of erosion are:
1) Solution
This is when chemical reactions cause rocks to weaken and eventually crumble
2) Attrition
This is when rocks hit against each other causing them to become smaller and rounder
3) Hydraulic Action
This is caused by the force of the water hitting the river bed and channels. It is also when water seeps into cracks causing them to widen thus eventually breaking the rock.
4) Abrasion
This type of erosion occurs when rocks hit against the river bed thus eroding it as small fragments are scraped from it due to the movement of these rocks. Since this type of erosion involves rocks actually rolling across the river bed, this would tend to be more common in the upper course where the river load is larger and heavier as well as the energy level being higher.

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One cause of river flooding is the increase in humans creating buildings on soil/land making the surface impermeable, therefore unable to absorb the(excess) water from e.g. storms causing it to flood.

Another cause is natural disasters such as tsunamis and typhoons. As a result of these events, large amounts of water are released on to the surface in a short amount of time meaning the land is unable to absorb the water as it becomes over saturated, causing it to flood

- Abrevaa :)

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Urbanisation can be described as the process of becoming more urban and a growth in the percentage of the population living & working in cities, andone of the main causes of this is an increase in economic development in the larger cities/CBD. As these developments occur,  people become more attracted to migrating to these areas as there are usually more jobs available there. This could also mean higher standards of life, as a whole, as there are more facilities and services (such as schools and hospitals) in the larger cities that are often also better.

- Abrevaa :)

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Tropical storms are areas of low pressure with winds moving in a spiral around the eye of the storm, which is the central point, usually calmer. These occur in places where the sea temperatures are above 27 degrees Celsius and have wind speeds of 119 km/h. Tropical storms are called differently depending where you are, these are also where they most often happen in. They're called hurricanes in the United States and the Caribbean, tropical cyclones on the India Oceans and typhoons in the Pacific Ocean.

Abrevaa :)

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Volcanoes form when magma escapes through an opening in the Earth's crust, called a vent. Volcanoes often occur on constructive plate boundaries. Constructive plate boundaries happen when the plates move apart. Volcanoes are formed as magma rises up to fill the gap, and eventually this magma cools down and creates new crust, forming a volcano.
-Floortje

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Volcanoes can be formed at two types of plate boundaries: Constructive and Destructive

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Volcanoes can be formed at two types of plate boundaries: Constructive and Destructive

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1. Constructive plate boundaries:
This is where two plates are moving apart due to ascending convectional currents in the mantle. This creates a rift from which
magma rises and cools thus creating new crust and building a new volcano over time
Shield volcanoes are most common at these type of plate boundaries.
2. Destructive plate boundaries
This is where the tectonic plates crash into each other due to descending convectional currents in the mantle. The heavier plate is caused to subduct under the lighter and is hence forced in to the mantle where crust is destroyed. Molten rock then rises to the surface to form volcanoes.

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Water surplus is

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Difference between water surplus and water deficit

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Difference between water surplus and water deficit

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A water surplus area is where the supply of water exceeds the demand. In other words there is more water than is needed. Here the water balance is postive. This occurs in places such as, Scotland or Wales. A water deficit area is where the water demand exceeds supply, meaning there is not enough water to meet the demand. Another word for this is water stress. Here the water balance is negative. This occurs in places such as, Botswana.
-Floortje

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The Saffir-Simpson scale is used to measure the strength of a hurricane. It's a 1-5 scale, based by the intensity and speed of the winds of the hurricane. This is mostly used to predict the number of casualties, damage to property and intensity of the hurricane. Any hurricane above a category 3 is classed as a major hurricane due to the extents of damage.

Abrevaa :)

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Erosion is the wearing away/down of land by water, ice, wind, gravity and other natural factors.

The four main types are:

Hydraulic action - a process involving the force of water against the bed & banks.

Abrasion (Corrasion) - the process where the bed & banks are worn down by the river's load; rivers can throw these particles at high velocity.

Attrition -  the material/load carried by the river bump into each other & smoothed down and broken down into smaller pieces.

Corrosion - the chemical action of river water. The acids in the water slowly dissolve the bed and banks.

Abrevaa :)

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On constructive margins, volcanoes can occur when 2 plates move apart (due to convection currents) allowing magma to rise to the crust to fill the gap which then creates new crust as it cools. This is a continuous process, eventually creating a shield volcanoes. In destructive plate boundaries, the plates crash into each other, causing the heavier plate to subduct which then melts due to friction and heat from the mantle. The rising of molten rock to the surface allows the volcanoes to form.

Abrevaa :)

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In areas where water is surplus, the amount/supply of water exceeds the demand of the area, meaning there is more than enough water for the area . Here, the balance is positive e.g. in Greenland. However, in areas where water is deficit, the demands of water exceeds the supply, causing for there to not be enough water in the area. The balance here is negative. This usually occurs in LICs like Somalia.

Abrevaa :)

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A water surplus is when the amount of water exceeds the demand, such as in Greenland, while a water deficit is when there is more demand than there is water, such as Algeria
Note: If there is a surplus it means the water balance is positive  if there is a deficit the balance is negative

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A shanty town is an area of makeshift and unsanitary housing, often occupied by squatters (no legal rigt to occupy.) They can usually be found on the outskirts of the city and located on unwanted land. There are many problems in shanty towns, for example, there is a lack of education and sanitation. These kind of issues are slowly improving by the help of the government and charities. For example, in Kibera (shanty town situated in Nairobi, Kenya) a school has been opened called the 'Olympic school.' It was built by the governemnt and is free of charge. This allows for younger children to get an education, resulting in more oppurtunities later in life, breaking the cycle of poverty. Finally, sometimes the government provides locals with resources in order to improve their homes, this is called self-help.
-Floortje

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Waterfalls first form when falling water & rock particles of boulders loosen and wear away the softer rock that's underneath the thinner layer of hard rock/more resistant rock. This hard rock then becomes undercut as erosion of the soft rock continues.
Eventually, the hard rock collapses into the plunge pool to be broken up & washed away by the river. The position of the fall moves back as a result of this. As erosion continues, the waterfall slowly "eats" its way upstream, leaving a gorge behind.

Abrevaa :)

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In areas where water is surplus, the amount/supply of water exceeds the demand of the area, meaning there is more than enough water for the area . Here, the balance is positive, usually occurs in HICs e.g. in Greenland. However, in areas where water is deficit, the demands of water exceeds the supply, causing for there to not be enough water in the area. The balance here is negative. This usually occurs in LICs like Somalia.

Abrevaa :)

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Tropical Storms usually need these conditions to form:

- The temperature of the (surface) of the water must be at least/greater than 27 degrees celsius
- The warm water should be 200 feet deep
-  (Trade/tropical) winds that blow in opposite directions to cause the storm to begin to spin.
- Low air pressures

Abrevaa :)

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Some disadvantages of the Three Gorges Dam Project:

- Caused many small earthquakes and landslides near the river.
- 1.25 million people were forced to relocate.
- Farms, family sites and historic sites were also drowned,
- The dam stops fish and other animals that lived in the ecosystem from moving freely.
- Caused the extinction of the Yangtzee Dolphin.

Abrevaa :)

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Waterfalls are a sudden vertical drop of a river along it's course.
First, the soft rock is being eroded by water, this is called hydraulic action. When the soft rock is gone the hard rock above it collapses into the plunge pool. This forms a waterfall. If this proccess is repeated, a gorge is formed.
-Floortje

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These are some conditions neccesary for a tropical storm to form:
* The minimum water temperature needed for tropical storms to form is 27 degrees.
*  A place near to the equator
* Warm, moist air
* The ocean water should be at least 200 feet deep
* Winds moving in opposite directions
-Floortje

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Disadvantges of the Three Gorges Dam are:
- Over 1.3 million people have lost their home therefore migration problems occur as forced relocation has taken place
- More water pollution
- Many environmental problems: ruining land and killing marine life
- Increase in natural disasters: More small earthquakes and landslides.
-Floortje

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- Lack of employment. As there are a sudden surge in people going to one area looking for work,  the ratio of job openings per person becomes inadequate.

- Education. There may either not be enough schools to accommodate all the incoming students or the available schools becomes overcrowded, not creating a good learning environment, poor student to teacher ratio.

- Health. As the city becomes more and more crowded, the quality of the air decreases due to increasing pollution from cars, thus causing respiratory problems amongst others.

- Transport. Existing transport becomes overcrowded and overloaded, creates more traffic congestion on the roads.

Abrevaa :)

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1) Risk awareness- There may have been a lack of education for people to understand the risks.
2) Birthplace- People don't want to live elsewhere. This is their home and have never experienced a hazard.
3) Tourism- Many people live in high risk areas because they are popular tourist destinations, this provides money-making oppurtunities.
4) Volcanic soil- Lava forms nutrient soil (pottasium etc.) that can be cultivated to produce healthy crops.
-Floortje

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Why some people continue to live in high risk areas

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Why some people continue to live in high risk areas

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- Personal attachments. Some people may have lived in these areas, especially the elderly, and are resistant to relocating due to the sentimental values these areas have to them.

- Fertile Soil. The volcanic soil near volcanoes are often high in valuable nutrients, good for crops and farming.

- Circumstance. Due to their economic situation, some may be unable to move elsewhere as they simply do not have enough money to do so.

- Tourism. These areas often serve as a place of interest, attracting plenty of tourists annually, which could then lead to potential profit for surrounding businesses.

Abrevaa :)

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 Economic and social reasons why people live in areas of risk

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 Economic and social reasons why people live in areas of risk

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Economic reasons:
1) Many earthquakes areas are close to the coast, therefore the climate is good for things like fishing and farming, this creates jobs and therefore money, improving the economy.
2) Also, if people own land in a particular place and depend on it to feed themselves or sell their crops, it would be a pull factor because it provides an income.

Social reasons:
1) Sometimes the family will have lived there for generations through and therefore there could be a social attachement towards the location
2) The bigger earthquakes are infrequent so people believe they can easily manage. Some people may have never suffered a major tectonic hazard and are therefore convinced that it will never happen to them.
-Floortje

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Why are businesses moving out of the CBD?

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Why are businesses moving out of the CBD?

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1) Cheaper land- These locations often have cheaper land, meaning a business could save money, this money can then be spent on expanding the business or on new products, resulting in more customers, providing a higher profit
2) Easy accesibility- People will be able to reach the business from any direction as it will be situated in between cities. This results in more customers, meaning higher profit.
3) Nicer location- These places usually have pretty landscape and a better environment. This can lead to higher motivation, resulting in better products.
-Floortje

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Economic Reason - A main reason would be that some people that live in such areas already have property/investments made into that area, whether it be a business or land, causing them to be more reluctant to leave.

Social Reasons - Lack of education is one of the main reasons as many people, especially in HICs, may be less aware of what dangers tectonic hazards actually bring and of how likely it is to occur to them. Personal attachments to the area also causes people to continue to live in such areas.

Abrevaa :)

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Land - Not only is land cheaper in out of town retail and business parks, there's usually more space in these areas. Both of these factors allows businesses to expand and create more/larger buildings (as they have more funds and more space). These areas are usually less crowded as well, creating a better work environment.

- Transport links. As these are usually located near large roads/highways, meaning its easier to access, both for employees and suppliers. The lack in congestion in these areas could attract more customers and potential workers.

- Environment. These areas are often less densely populated, so it may have nicer views, which not only also improves the working environment and focus of employees, this could also act as a selling point to potential employees.

Abrevaa :)

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Biological- Diseases
Climatic- Tropical storms
Geological- Earthquake
Technological- Nuclear explosion
-Romaisaa

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Both human and physical factors can cause river flooding.
Physical features include the weather; as heavy rainfall can cause the river to overflow and burst its banks. Another physical factor is saturated wet soil. This means that when it rains there will be no infiltration as the ground is already very saturated, thus increasinng the amount of surface run-off and the risk of floodong. Moreover steep slopes and V-shaped valley are a major cause of flooding as they cause most inputs of the water cycle to end up in the river, because of their shape, leading to a very high discharge

However there are human factors that can cause flooding as well. One being deforestation, the cutting down of trees means that less water intercepeted by vegetation and released into the atmosphere by transpiration, leading to more water in the river. Furthermore the concreting/tarmacking of urban areas limits the amount of groundwater and throughflow due to the impermeable material, which also increases surface runoff.

In conclusion while there are many physical factors that can cause flooding, there are also several human factors that we should try to mitigate and avoid to decrease the risk of flooding

-Romaisaa

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A store is a place where the water is held in the water cycle while a flow is when the water is moving. For instance, surface run-off is an example of a flow and surface storage (things like puddles) is an example of a store.
-Floortje

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Difference between a store and flow in the water cycle

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Difference between a store and flow in the water cycle

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Store is where water is stored temporarily. there are 3 types of stores: atmosphere, land and sea.

Flow is where the water is moving / being transferred. There are eight flows in the water cycle: evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, condensation, surface run-off, infiltration and percolation, throughflow and ground.water flow
- Aisha

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Erosion is wearing away of land by water, ice, wind and gravity

1) Hydraulic action - the force of water hitting the bed and banks of the river, wearing it away
2) Abrasion/Corrasion - the grinding of rock fragments carried by the river against the river bed and bank
3) Solution/Corrosion - when water reacts chemically with the soluble minerals in the rock and dissolves
4) Attrition - when transported particles hit against each other making the particles smaller and more rounded
- Aisha

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Difference between water surplus and water deficit

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Difference between water surplus and water deficit

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Water surplus are areas where water supply exceeds water demand i.e. there is more water than needed. (the water balance here is positive)

Water deficit are areas where water demand exceeds water supply i.e. there isn't enough water to meet the demand. It is also known as water stress (the water balance here is negative)
- Aisha

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Formation of waterfalls in the upper course

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Formation of waterfalls in the upper course

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1) A band of hard rock lies on top of softer rock. The softer rock is eroded quicker than the harder rock by hydraulic action.
2) The hard rock is undercut and the hard rock begins to overhang.
3) At the bottom of the pool, a plunge pool is created by the force of water on the bed.
4) Eventually, the hard rock overhang collapses, adding large blocks of rock to the base of the waterfall. Abrasion occurs in the plunge pool.
5) The softer rock continues to be eroded, making the waterfall retreat upstream. This is repeated again and again, creating a steep-sided gorge.
- Aisha

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Shanty town: An area of makeshift and unsanitary housing, often occupied by squatters (no legal right to occupy)
Shanty towns develop due to the following reasons:
1) Lack of education
- Increase in child labour
- Can't get skilled jobs (highly paid)
- Preventable diseases spread because people don't know how it is spread

2) No sanitation
- raw sewage often runs down the middle of the streets. This spreads diseases such as cholera and typhoid
- attracts animals which spread disease such as rats and mosquitos (which spread malaria and dengue fever)

3) Lack of food and water supplies
-  lack of nutrition e.g. lack of vitamin C causes scurvey
- can cause people to die from starvation or dehydration
- not enough food to feed a whole family

-Aisha

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1) Access to water and electricity
The provision of basic services don't keep up with the rapid growth of population. Therefore, people have no option but to rely on  fires for cooking and lighting and on polluted streams for water and sewage disposal.

2) Traffic congestion and transport
The provision of proper roads and public transport lags behind the growth of urbanisation. This causes transport systems to be overloaded and overcrowded, which is a major problem to everyone - rich or poor.

3) Education
Lack of schools due to the rapid population growth. Most cities provide primary school but not all provide secondary school. Also, not all children go to secondary school, mainly because of the cost and because many children have to work to support their family

4) Housing
When people move in from the rural areas, there is nowhere for them to live, as most are looking for cheap and low-cost housing. Even if people can afford it, demand for housing exceeds supply. This caused many people to live in shantytowns and squatter settlements
- Aisha

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Biological- Diseases such as Malaria
Climatic- Hurricanes
Geological- Earthqaukes
Chemical- Nuclear explosions
-Floortje

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Is flooding more the result of physical or human factors?

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Is flooding more the result of physical or human factors?

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Human factors are things that are caused by us while physical factors are things that are caused by the environment. Therefore flooding is caused by both, human and physical facors.
Some physical factors are rainfall for example. Heavy rainfall can cause an area to overflow, especially if the soil is impermeable. Steep slopes are another cause of flooding as they cause inputs of the water cyle into the river. If the river cannot handle a lot of water, it will flood.
However, on the other hand, human factors cause flooding as well. For example, deforestation. This causes flooding because the trees won't be able to absorb the water anymore meaning there is chance of overflow. Another human factor consists of urbanisation. When an area becomes more urban, the gorund usually becomes concrete, meaning the soil can't abosrb the water, increasing chance of flooding.
In conclusion, i believe human factors increase the chance of flooding massively. Therefore we could mitigate the chances.
-Floortje

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Water surplus areas have a higher demand than supply
This balance is more or less the same in Water neutral areas
An area is water deficit if the demand for water exceeds the supply
Wardah

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1. Forced the relocation of 1.3 million people who had been living in the area for generations
not given ample compensation
some were left with as little as $7 per month
2. Caused the extinction of the Yangtze River Dolphin
3. The water behind the dam was still and thus provided an excellent breeding ground for pathogenic organisms like mosquitos
This caused diseases among fish rendering them dangerous for human consumption
This caused the fishing industry to suffer
4. Fertile farmland was built upon thus farmers lost their livelihood

Wardah

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Why people continue to live in high risk areas

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Why people continue to live in high risk areas

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1. They may be unaware of the risk or the magnitude of the risk
2. Some people are fatalistic and believe what happens will happen regardless of what they do
3. Some may not be able to afford to move
4. Some are emotionally attached to the area a

Wardah

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Store: Water is held here
Flow: Water is transferred/moved

In the water cycle, water flows between stores without leaving the system

Wardah

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1. Biological- Diseases
2. Climatic- Hurricanes
3. Technological- Terrorism
4. Chemical- Nuclear wars

wardah

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Biological - diseases, e.g. tuberculosis, that pose a threat to living organisms
Geological - extreme natural events (relating to the earth's crust)  that pose a threat to life and property, eg. avalanches
Chemical - Nuclear catastrophes
Climatic - Tropical cyclones

Abrevaa :)

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In the water cycle, a store is where the water is contained/kept in (which could be in the land, sea or atmosphere) and a flow is the processes where water is being moved/transferred, e.g. evaporation, transpiration and so on.

Abrevaa :)

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A store is where water is held for example a glacier
A transfer is where water is moved for example transpiration (when plants take in water from the atmosphere

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Earthquakes are usually distributed in narrow belts near tectonic plate boundaries such as the Pacific plate, which is also a part of the Ring of Fire. Another plate boundary also in this area is the Philippines plate. Some countries which are located in this area are Indonesia and the Philippines.

Abrevaa :)

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•Increase in rain falll with increase flooding
•impermeable ground

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Increase rainfall would result in more surface run off.

The permeability of land - the less the permeability the more surface run off.

-hamzeh

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• removed over 1 million people from their homes to construct
• Yangtze River dolphin bow extinct
•China is doesn’t know if the dam with stand through an earthqauke

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Biological - HIV

Technological-Terrorism

Chemical-Nuclear explosions

Climatic-Typoon

Samantha

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Water surplus is when the supply of water exceeds it demands
- water balance is positive

Water deficit is when the supply of water does not meet the demand
- water balance is negative

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Occur on plate boundaries for example the Eurasian plate, North American plate and the Caribbean plate. The ring of fire is around the pacific plate area

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Water surplus is when the water supply exceeds demand
Water defict is when the water demand exceeds supply

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two causes of river flooding is when there is an increase in rainfall and it causes flooding in areas or more water is added to the river, another cause is imperable surfaces that cannot absorb the rainfall

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Land- cheaper land will result in more profit for the business so they can make more products, they may also be closer to customers around the city

Transport- transport improvements means it's now easier for workers and customers to get to and from factories/work

-Amy

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Land- cheaper land will result in more profit for the business so they can make more products, they may also be closer to customers around the city

Transport- transport improvements means it's now easier for workers and customers to get to and from factories/work

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A waterfall  is a geological formation where flowing water rapidly drops in elevation as it flows over a steep region or a cliff

Stages
1. Falling water and rock particles or boulders loosen and wear away the softer rock
2. The harder rock above is undercut as erosion of the soft rock continues
3. The hard rock collapses into the plunge pool to be broken up and washed away by the river.
The position of the falls move back
4. Erosion continues and the waterfall slowly eats its way upstream leaving a gorge behind

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Impermeable surface
Increase in rainfall

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water surplus: when water demand exceeds original supply and the area has an increase in water.

water deflect: when water is decreased by original supply and is demanded alot more

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Birthplace people who are born there want to stay there
Tourism people egt money from the torism in the area
Fertile land the land here is very fertile which is good for agriculture
The people are simply unaware of the hazards

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Fertile soil- land in more hazardous areas can be more fertile
Birth place- many are attached to there place of birth
Expenses - some can’t afford to leave the area
Tourism - there can be large masses of tourists which increases income
Samantha

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- New economic developments
- High rates of natural increase in population
- Push and pull Factors increases migration from rural to urban

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a shanty town is an illegal area of housing owned by poorer people and is often nearer to cities or industrial areas.

the reason people live in shanty towns is because of:
- unemployment
-low wages
- no food or water
- high taxes
- debt

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Flooding can be affected by human and physical factors.

An example of a human factor is the increase in buildings. This is as buildings are normally built on areas that were previously permeable, such as soil, replacing them with non permeable surfaces/materials such as cement and concrete. This can cause flooding as these materials can't absorb water, increasing surface runoff.

A physical factor is the sudden change in weather or the occurrence of natural events, e.g. Tsunamis. This is because the sudden increase of water flowing causes soil to become over saturated, increasing surface runoff and increasing the chance of flooding.

A

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A shanty town an area of make shift housing occupied but swatters. In Kenya Kibera is a large shanty town. It is slowly being developed due to education , health care and income . To begin with, faith star school is an voluntary organization working to improve the quality of primary education.

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Erosion is the warring away of land by rivers
- Hydraulic action, involves the force of water against the bed and banks
- Abrasion, the bed and banks being worn away by the river’s load
- Attrition, materials carried by the river, bumps into each other and broken down into smaller particles.
- Corrosion, is the acid that slowly dissolves the bed and banks

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4 types of hazards
- environmental
- technological
- biological
- climatic

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Bilogical diseases
Climatical storm
Technological nuclear
Geotropical earthqueake

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Fertile land - The land is good for agriculture (silt)
Birth place - They might not want to move from their birthplace
Tourism - Tourism is a good source of income

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Volcanoes occur at a constructive  plate boundary, when the edges of two plates move away from each other causing the displacement of magma. Over time this magma builds up causing the volcano to grow.

At a constructive plate boundary one plate boundary subduction beneath another plate boundary. As a result molten rock rises to the surface to form volcanoes.

Hamzeh

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Erosion is the weathering down of land by water, ice, wand and gravity.

Four main types:

1) Hydraulic Action-when water hits the river bed and banks with such force that material is dislodged and carried away.

2) Abrasion-The material being carried away by a river is rubbed against the sides and floor of the channel and this action widens and deepens the channel.

3) Corrosion-When minerals in the rock that form the sides of the river channel are dissolved by the water flowing past them.

4) Attrition-When particles of material being carried by a river becomes rounder and smaller as they constantly collide with each other.

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The land in the suburbs are cheaper and more of the land is available. More space means a business can make more of their products as well as save capital to focus on different parts of the business. In addition there are good transport links coming from these areas meaning the business can get to places at a faster pace.

Hamzeh

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An earthqauke is the movement of plates, which causes sudden shocks to the ground. Earthquakes mostly occur either near or on plate boundaries. They occur along all three plate boundaries: Constructive, conservative and destructive. The pressure of these plates crashing/sliding into each other builds up causing them to joilt.  Earthquakes can occur on the Mid Atlantic Ridge and when the Eurasian and Norht American plate meet. They happen in countries like Japan and Nepal.
-Floortje

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Urbanization would be a result of a rapid population which would be caused by improvement in the economy since that would attract more people. Also, more people are having more children (natural increase), as well as better way of life available available in certain areas.

-hamzeh

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The tropical storms are located in areas where the ocean temperature is on average 27C. These oceans are mainly found around the equator, such  as the Pacific, Indian, Atlantic oceans. Hurricanes (in the Atlantic and pacific) move towards the West and the North West towards the Bahamas and California. Cyclones (in the Indian Ocean) move to the north and to the west, towards India and Madagascar. Typhoons in the pacific (south east Asia) move to the west and the south west, towards the east of Asia and Australasia

-hamzeh

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Suburbanisation- The spread of low density, often detached or semi-detached, housing around the edges of a city or town.
Counterurbanisation- The movement of people and businessess from large cities to smaller towns and rural areas. This is the opposite of urbanisation.
Urban Regenaration- Transforming an urban area, It is the process of improving a city
-Floortje

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Why do tropical storms cause more damage in LICs?

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Why do tropical storms cause more damage in LICs?

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The impact of a tropical storm is usually worse in LICs because they are less prepared and are not able to respond quickly and effectively. HICs are able to do this because they have more money and better technoology. For example, Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar (LIC). This cyclone effected many people as, 140,000 were dead and up to 3 million people homeless. Today, Myanmar is still relying on foreign aid to rebuild and recovery is slow.
However, on the other hand  Hurricane Katrina in the USA (HIC) ,even though killing 1836 people, had less of an impact. Many people were saved as they had time to evacuate, since state of emergency declared two days before the storm made landfall. The area has now completely recovered and built flood defences.
This shows that HICs are more prepared for hazardous events than LICs.
-Floortje

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Suburbanisation: is the outward growth and expansion of urban development, towns and cities away from the CBD.

Counterurbanisation: The movement of people and businesses from urban areas to rural area

Urban Regeneration: The improvement of areas through investment, rebranding and advertising; creating new buildings in place of old ones.

Abrevaa :)

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The erosion causes the meander neck to narrow until eventually it breaks through. This often takes place when the river has more energy as in times of flood. The river now follows a straight path. After the meander has been cut through the river seals off the bend by deposition and an ox-bow lake is formed.
-Floortje

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Characteristics of social deprivation in HICs

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Characteristics of social deprivation in HICs

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Social deprivation is when a person's welll-being falls below a level of which is generally thought of as 'normal'. Some characteristics  consist of:
-Lack of education in the area: This can result in no oppurtunities later in life, meaning no job, leading to no income, which doesn't allow them to break the cycle of poverty
-Crime: High levels of crime can be a signal of social deprivation as people don't have a high income it can lead to things like mugging.
-Unemployment: If there is a high unemployment rate, it means people don't have an income, resulting in bad living environment and also decreasing the economy of the area.
-Floortje