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treating an opinion as if it were  a plain truth
Ex 1: Students could focus on courses in their major if all these useless English courses were canceled.
Ex 2: Mr. Felderman is obviously the best principal  since he treats everyone so nicely.

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comparisons between things that are not actually similar
Ex 1: If I can balance my checkbook, why can't Congress balance the budget?
Ex 2: I play the piano really well, so I should also be great in chemistry class, right?

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giving easy answers to complicated questions, often accompanied by emotional appeals instead of logic
Ex 1: The more breaks an employee takes, the less productive she will be.
Ex 2:  Students would do far better in their afternoon classes if they had better options for lunch since most kids hate the unappealing food served.

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offering weak or inadequate evidence to support a conclusion
Ex 1: Playing sports makes people aggressive. Look at all those fights at hockey and basketball games!
Ex 2: Students on the speech team are the teachers' favorites because almost all of them get good grades.

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May lead the reader into drawing false conclusions
Ex 1: Hitler was a veggie lover, in this way, I don’t trust vegans.
Ex 2: All crows are black and the bird in my cage is black; therefore, the bird in my cage is a crow.

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Substituting a person’s actual position or argument with a distorted, exaggerated, or misrepresented version of the position of the argument.

Ex 1: Senator Smith says that the nation should not add to the defense budget. Senator Jones says that he cannot believe that Senator Smith wants to leave the nation defenseless.
Ex 2: Caroline says that she thinks her friends should not be so rude to the new girl. Jenna says that she cannot believe that Caroline is choosing to be better friends with the new girl than the girls who have always known her.

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A non-sequitur is an invalid argument.
Ex: People died of cancer before cigarettes were invented, so cigarettes do not cause cancer.

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When a relatively insignificant event turns into a more significant event which turns into a more significant event and so on.
Ex 1: We cannot unlock our child from the closet because if we do, she will want to roam the house.  If we let her roam the house, she will want to roam the neighborhood.  If she roams the neighborhood, she will get picked up by a stranger in a van, who will sell her in a sex slavery ring in some other country.  Therefore, we should keep her locked up in the closet.
Ex 2: We can't allow our parents to sleep in because if we do, we will miss school and if we miss school, we will never get a job, and then we will join a drug cartel. Therefore, parents can't sleep in.

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a distraction to turn the attention of the listener away from the original topic
Ex 1:  Mother: It’s bedtime Jane
Jane: Mom, how do ants feed their babies?
Mother: Don’t know dear. Close your eyes now.
Jane: But mama, do ant babies cry when hungry?
Ex 2: Mike: It is morally wrong to cheat on your spouse, why on earth would you have done that?

Ken: But what is morality exactly?

Mike: It’s a code of conduct shared by cultures.

Ken: But who creates this code?...

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Persuasive technique and a type of propaganda through which a writer persuades his readers, so that the majority could agree with the argument of the writer. He does this by suggesting that, since the majority agrees, the reader should too.

EX 1: Cathy is opposed to social media because she would rather have a face-to-face conversation. However, more and more of Cathy's friends have joined social media sites, so Cathy feels like she needs to create an account as well.

EX 2: During the obstacle course, Tanner believes that going left will get them out of the maze, but everyone else thinks they should go right. So, Tanner goes with the group.

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of an argument or reaction directed against a person rather than the position they are maintaining.

EX 1: A lawyer attacking a defendant’s character rather than addressing or questioning based on the case – in a case of theft pointing out the defendant’s level of poverty.

EX 2: Jimmy got a bad grade on the test and blamed the teacher because the teacher is stupid.

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Either you're this or your not.
Ex 1: Either you're with us or you're against us.
Ex 2: Come to school or die.

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When one thing occurs after another, it must have occured as a result of the first event.
Ex. 1: Our football team has lost every game until I got my new shoes. We haven't lost since I got my lucky shoes.
Ex 2: Temperature got colder this morning and I have a headache. The cold must have caused my headache.