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Original Prejudicial Headline:
"Restricted mobility, low literacy rate hindering rural women entrepreneurs' digital growth"

Why This is Problematic:
The headline frames rural women as passive victims of circumstance, ignoring their agency, resilience, and existing successes. It reinforces the stereotype that "development" must come from outside rather than within these communities.

Three Counter-Examples That Shatter This Narrative

1. The SHEROES of Uttar Pradesh

A collective of rural women with minimal formal education now runs a thriving digital marketplace for handmade textiles. Using voice-based apps (overcoming literacy barriers), they've connected with international buyers.

2. Lakshmi, the Solar-Powered CEO (Rajasthan)

Despite never attending school, Lakshmi built a rural solar lamp business. She learned inventory management through YouTube tutorials in her dialect, proving literacy isn't binary.

3. The "Mobile Didis" of Odisha

These women transformed restricted mobility into an advantage: they conduct door-to-door digital literacy workshops via bicycles, training 300+ women in cashless farming transactions.

Rewritten Headline (Solution-Focused & Nuanced):

"How Rural Women Entrepreneurs Are Rewriting the Rules of Digital Business—Despite Systemic Barriers"

Key Improvements:

Agency-Centered: Highlights active leadership ("rewriting rules") rather than passive suffering ("hindered").

Contextualizes Barriers: Uses "despite" to acknowledge challenges without defining the women by them.

Avoids Absolutes: Doesn't universalize "low literacy" as a blanket truth.

Why This Matters

Prejudicial framing shapes policies. When media portrays rural women as "lacking," funders design paternalistic "basic literacy" programs instead of investing in their existing entrepreneurial genius.

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Restricted mobility, low literacy rate hindering rural women entrepreneurs’ digital growth

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A forthcoming study by Initiative for What Works to Advance Women and Girls in the Economy (IWWAGE) highlights the digital divide in rural India.

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Gender and Leadership (Women in Leadership)

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Gender and Leadership (Women in Leadership)

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Headline Example of Prejudice: “Women Struggle to Break the Glass Ceiling in Leadership Roles”

This headline suggests that women are inherently unable to succeed in leadership positions and face a "struggle" to break through barriers. It implies that women's success in leadership is rare and framed in a way that emphasizes adversity over achievement.

Counter-Examples:

1. Indra Nooyi – Former CEO of PepsiCo
Indra Nooyi served as the CEO of PepsiCo from 2006 to 2018 and is one of the most powerful women in global business. She transformed the company and made significant contributions to PepsiCo's growth and expansion. Nooyi’s leadership has been widely praised, showing that women can excel at the highest levels of business leadership.

2. Jacinda Ardern – Former Prime Minister of New Zealand
Jacinda Ardern led New Zealand from 2017 until 2023, and her leadership style was highly praised for its empathy, effectiveness, and decisiveness. She was the youngest female head of government in the world when she took office and navigated significant challenges, including the Christchurch shootings and the COVID-19 pandemic, with remarkable poise.

3. Ursula von der Leyen – President of the European Commission
Ursula von der Leyen became the first woman to serve as President of the European Commission in 2019. As the head of the EU’s executive branch, she has played a critical role in shaping European policy, dealing with issues like climate change, global trade, and the COVID-19 response.

Revised Version of the Original Headline:

“Women in Leadership: Navigating Challenges and Achievements in Breaking the Glass Ceiling”

This version recognizes that while there may be challenges for women in leadership, it also acknowledges their achievements and contributions. It avoids portraying women’s leadership journeys as merely a struggle, emphasizing their success and resilience in breaking barriers.

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Many people are afraid of taking the bar exams simply because they had an opinion on how hard it was and use such as their radii of thinking

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"Notice on Semester Joining and Fee Submission: Clarifications and Concerns"

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"Notice on Semester Joining and Fee Submission: Clarifications and Concerns"

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1. Revised Original Example (Avoiding Prejudice):

My university has observed a concerning trend where some students pursuing their PhDs have shown less interest in updating their semester joining and submitting fees regularly. The university authorities are taking this matter seriously and aim to address it for the benefit of the students.

2. Counter-Example 1:

Contrary to the claim in the notice, I have consistently joined and registered by depositing semester fees up to the spring of 2022. This is evident from the historical record provided in Annex-I, demonstrating a regular commitment to the required procedures.

3. Counter-Example 2:

Responding to the second paragraph of the notice, I would like to clarify that my thesis has not been sent for foreign evaluation to date. Additionally, my request for a two-month extension for thesis submission has not been properly responded to, and an inaccurate communication has been sent claiming that the standing committee received my application for foreign/local evaluation.

4. Counter-Example 3:

Considering the mentioned facts, I request not to be considered in the defaulters' list until clarification and a decision from the concerned authority are conveyed to me regarding my applications for fee adjustment (dated 29/09/2022) and a two-month extension for thesis submission (dated 25/08/2023). Without a clear decision on these applications, my status for fall 2023 will remain unclear.

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Bias is an inclination of preference to give an individual an everlasting judgement while prejudice is an act of forming an opinion about an individual before knowing anything about them.
-people think that am not beautiful. this affects my life because I can not be comfortable while hanging out with my friends.
-strategy to be used is by knowing the real action and calling it out.

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Counter-Examples:

1. An article that explains what the glass ceiling actually is: https://www.businessinsider.com/personal-finance/glass-ceiling

2. Gender Discrimination and Stats from the Pew Research Center: https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2017/12/14/gender-discrimination-comes-in-many-forms-for-todays-working-women/

3. More Sexism in the Workplace Stats: https://teamstage.io/sexism-in-the-workplace-statistics/

Revised Headline: "I fundamentally don't understand gender discrimination," says female scientist

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PATRIARCY IS NOT REAL,WE DONT NEED FEMINISM IN INDIA

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PATRIARCY IS NOT REAL,WE DONT NEED FEMINISM IN INDIA

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1. No of woman rape cases in india is astonishingly high, where states like up is the highest.

2. domestic violence is still an issue in majority of the parts in india

3.dowry is also still a big issue in indi

So to rewrite:

PATRIARCHY IS REAL,WE NEED FEMINISM

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Girls should not get education in Pakistan 

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Girls should not get education in Pakistan 

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Nothing stops women from getting education neither religion and nor our culture. But still misogynists say such words

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Combatting bias against Indigenous Peoples

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Combatting bias against Indigenous Peoples

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Find a written example (headline or blog post) of the type of prejudice you’ve chosen for your challenge.

I cannot find the specific racialized post. Maybe they are already removed by this time because of awareness and campaigns against racialization. However, I have had a personal experience when, at one time, I shared with my son’s teacher that a certain week is National Indigenous Week, and the teacher said, “up to when shall we give in to them, we have given them so much” – referring to a characterization of dole out to reparations due to what were suffered by Indigenous peoples. “Many of them are drunk and do not work”, which stunned me to hear those words from a teacher.  I would like you to read this academic article: https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.3138/9781442624443-007/pdf

We need to dismantle stereotypes that support bias and hate, stereotypes which actually normalizes hate.

Search for three cases that contradict that statement. (For example, if you see a headline about women’s underperformance in science, then search for examples of stellar women in science.) Write a short description of each counter-example.

Inclusive trade counters stereotypes about the Indigenous peoples:

https://www.tradecommissioner.gc.ca/guides/spotlight-pleins_feux/spotlight-trade-pleins-feux-commerce.aspx?lang=eng

Rewrite the original example in a way that is not prejudicial, avoiding absolute terms.

1.     We should include Indigenous peoples in our businesses and give them opportunities for innovation and entrepreneurship;

2.    We should be more knowledgeable about the Truth and Reconciliation Report and ensure we all participate to break free from our bias and hate:

https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1450124405592/1529106060525

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What Do Countries With The Best Coronavirus Responses Have In Common? Women Leaders

https://www.forbes.com/sites/avivahwittenbergcox/2020/04/13/what-do-countries-with-the-best-coronavirus-reponses-have-in-common-women-leaders/?sh=5ebb6c9a3dec

Women leaders, a competitive edge in and after the crisis. 2009 survey of 800 companies. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/people%20and%20organizational%20performance/our%20insights/women%20matter/women_matter_dec2009_english.pdf

Female leaders exhibiting high levels of relational behaviors are trusted more than male leaders exhibiting high levels of relational behaviors when organizations are in crises with low uncertainty about consequences. https://gap.hks.harvard.edu/female-leadership-trust-advantage-times-crisis-under-what-conditions

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Looking for examples of true leadership in a crisis? From Iceland to Taiwan and from Germany to New Zealand, women are stepping up to show the world how to manage a messy patch for our human family. Add in Finland, Iceland and Denmark, and this pandemic is revealing that women have what it takes when the heat rises in our Houses of State. Many will say these are small countries, or islands, or other exceptions. But Germany is large and leading, and the U.K. is an island with very different outcomes. These leaders are gifting us an attractive alternative way of wielding power. What are they teaching us?

Truth

Angela Merkel, the Chancellor of Germany, stood up early and calmly told her countrymen that this was a serious bug that would infect up to 70% of the population. "It's serious," she said, "take it seriously." She did, so they did too. Testing began right from the get-go. Germany jumped right over the phases of denial, anger and disingenuousness we've seen elsewhere. The country's numbers are far below its European neighbors, and there are signs it may be able to start loosening restrictions relatively soon.

Data from the European Centre for Disease Control as of April 12, 2020
20-first

Decisiveness

Among the first and the fastest responses was from Tsai Ing-wen in Taiwan. Back in January, at the first sign of a new illness, she introduced 124 measures to block the spread without having to resort to the lockdowns that have become common elsewhere. She is now sending 10 million face masks to the U.S. and Europe. Tsai managed what CNN has called " among the world's best " responses, keeping the epidemic under control, still reporting only six deaths.

Jacinda Ardern in New Zealand was early to lockdown and crystal clear on the maximum level of alert she was putting the country under-and why. She imposed self-isolation on people entering New Zealand astonishingly early, when there were just 6 cases in the whole country, and banned foreigners entirely from entering soon after. Clarity and decisiveness are saving New Zealand from the storm. As of mid-April they have suffered only four deaths, and where other countries talk of lifting restrictions, Ardern is adding to them, making all returning New Zealanders quarantine in designated locations for 14 days.

Tech

Iceland, under the leadership of Prime Minister Katrín Jakobsdóttir, is offering free coronavirus testing to all its citizens, and will become a key case study in the true spread and fatality rates of COVID-19. Most countries have limited testing to people with active symptoms. Iceland is going whole hog. In proportion to its population the country has already screened five times as many people as South Korea has, and instituted a thorough tracking system that means they haven't had to lock down or shut schools.

Sanna Marin became the world's youngest head of state when she was elected last December in Finland. It took a millennial leader to spearhead using social media influencers as key agents in battling the coronavirus crisis. Recognizing that not everyone reads the press, they are inviting influencers of any age to spread fact-based information on managing the pandemic.

Love

Norway's Prime Minister, Erna Solberg, had the innovative idea of using television to talk directly to her country's children. She was building on the short, three-minute press conference that Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen had held a couple of days earlier. Solberg held a dedicated press conference where no adults were allowed. She responded to kids' questions from across the country, taking time to explain why it was OK to feel scared. The originality and obviousness of the idea takes one's breath away. How many other simple, humane innovations would more female leadership unleash?

Generally, the empathy and care which all of these female leaders have communicated seems to come from an alternate universe than the one we have gotten used to. It's like their arms are coming out of their videos to hold you close in a heart-felt and loving embrace. Who knew leaders could sound like this? Now we do.

Now, compare these leaders and stories with the strongmen using the crisis to accelerate a terrifying trifecta of authoritarianism: blame-"others," capture-the-judiciary, demonize-the-journalists, and blanket their country in I-will-never-retire darkness (Trump, Bolsonaro, López Obrador, Modi, Duterte, Orban, Putin, Netanyahu...).

There have been years of research timidly suggesting that women's leadership styles might be different and beneficial. Instead, too many political organizations and companies are still working to get women to behave more like men if they want to lead or succeed. Yet these national leaders are case study sightings of the seven leadership traits men may want to learn from women.

It's time we recognized it-and elected more of it.

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What Do Countries With The Best Coronavirus Responses Have In Common? Women Leaders

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Looking for examples of true leadership in a crisis? From Iceland to Taiwan and from Germany to New Zealand, women are stepping up to show the world how to manage a messy patch for our human family. Add in Finland, Iceland and Denmark, and this pandemic is revealing that women have what it takes when the heat rises in our Houses of State.

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There is no need for positive discrimination in favour of women in leadership

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There is no need for positive discrimination in favour of women in leadership

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https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/leadership-management/breaking-the-boardroom-bias-a-case-for-women-in-leadership

Singapore has the highest number of women CEOs at a rate of...13.1%
(Ref: a global Deloitte study)

https://gulfbusiness.com/women-in-business-how-diverse-perspectives-deliver-greater-profitability/

Neither men nor women are better leaders, the issue with creating profit and social value lies with the diversity of knowledge, skills and experience that having a balanced boardroom brings.

https://www.tbsnews.net/economy/stocks/womens-boardroom-participation-stuck-18-bangladesh-ifc-study-384894

The highest percentage of female board directors in South Asia is 18%. This was achieved by Bangladesh, but, this percentage has not increased in the past 5 years.
(Ref: the International Finance Corporation - IFC)

Isabelle

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It is others' job, to find out, which problem the team should try & solve. Designers only have to discuss how to solve this problem.

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It is others' job, to find out, which problem the team should try & solve. Designers only have to discuss how to solve this problem.

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Prejudice:
It's the developers or managers' job, to find out, which problem the team should try and solve. Designers only have to discuss how to solve this problem.

https://uxdesign.cc/why-designers-keep-fighting-with-other-product-departments-8c81f4cfd054

CASE # 1:
UI/UX design has always been a part of the product development process. Without it, users would find it difficult to interact and appreciate a product.

https://kitrum.com/blog/the-role-of-a-ui-ux-designer-in-the-product-development-process

For the most part, UI/UX designers follow a simple guide when creating a product. They ensure product quality and customer satisfaction are met at all times. They do this by:

1. Conducting proper and thorough research on the product.

2. Analyzing data obtained from earlier research.

3. Collating and interpreting said data.

4. Developing a wireframe that reflects the core product elements.

5. Building a functional prototype.

6. Evaluating and iterating on all steps mentioned before.

CASE # 2:

UX designer enables end-user feedback early on.

https://www.hansondodge.com/blog/how-ux-design-saves-time-and-money

In addition to making work run smoothly on project teams, UX designers can also prevent rework situations arising from fundamental misunderstandings of the user and their needs. Wireframes create an opportunity to test solutions with end-users early and inexpensively. This is a great way to review progress and ensure the project team is headed in the right direction. It’s also an opportunity to find further improvements—changes that will enhance the experience and promote business goals. If changes are needed, they are easier to execute in wireframes than they are in high-fidelity designs or development.

The general rule of thumb in organizations that routinely focus on improving UI/UX is that every dollar returns $10-$100.

Fixing a problem in development costs 10 times as much as fixing it in design, and 100 times as much if you’re trying to fix the problem in a product that’s already been released

CASE # 3:
As a UX designer, you’re there to make products and technology usable, enjoyable, and accessible for humans.

https://careerfoundry.com/en/blog/ux-design/what-does-a-ux-designer-actually-do/

The first and foremost job of a UX designer is to advocate for the end user or customer. Whether he's designing a brand new product, coming up with a new feature, or making changes to an existing product or service—the UX designer always consider what’s best for the user and the overall user experience.

Rephrase:

UX designers should play a key role in finding the the users' needs and solutions. And team should develop the impactful solutions rather features.

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https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2021/06/18/what-do-britons-think-about-medias-portrayal-immig

Racism in reporting and consideration of people fleeing conflict or seeking refuge in another country is in evidence in the UK. People fleeing conflict in some countries are seen in a positive light, whilst when freeing from other countries are perceived negatively- ethnicity, faith backgrounds, age, gender or sexual identity all play a role in this. It's also engrained in immigration policy and legislation e.g. the right to work; the right to choose where to live; the right to have a bank account- all depend on historic and contemporary perspectives on race.

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With concerns about immigration and asylum increasing in the public consciousness, a new YouGov study looks at what Britons think of the way the media covers the issue.

The results show a nation divided. A quarter (25%) say the media cover the issue of immigration and asylum too much, while 22% say too little and 31% say about right. The remaining 21% aren't sure.

Conservative voters are more likely to think there is not enough coverage than too much (28% vs 21%), while Labour voters take the opposite view, with 31% thinking it's too widely reported compared to 18% saying the press should give it more attention.

This could suggest that Labour voters don't see this topic as such an important 'issue' to be reported on, and therefore deem its presence in the media 'too much'. Indeed, our tracker of what Britons consider to be the top issues facing the country shows that just 9% of Labour voters put 'immigration and asylum' in their top three issues, compared to as many as 48% of Conservative voters.

Britons tend to see reporting on immigration and asylum matters as negative and inaccurate

Britons tend to think that the media generally portray immigration in a negative way - 57% say so of newspapers and 45% of the broadcast media. Only 8% of respondents say newspapers cover immigration and asylum seekers in a positive way overall, with 11% saying the same for broadcast media. Broadcast media reports on the issue are more likely to be considered neutral (23%) than those in the newspaper media (18%).

Conservatives are much less likely than Labour voters to think both types of media report negatively on the issue, although it is still the most commonly held view among Tories. There are little differences found across age groups, but men are more likely than women to think both media portray immigrants and asylum seekers positively.

While Britons tend to think the media coverage of immigration and asylum is negative, do they at least think it is accurate? The answer is no: people tend to think both types of media report inaccurately on the subject, with newspaper reporting seen as inaccurate by more Britons (51%) than broadcast media (44%). Men are slightly more trusting of both types of media outlets, as are older Britons compared to their younger peers.

Labour voters are more likely than their Conservative counterparts to say both types of media outlet report inaccurately: 40% of Conservative voters and 55% of Labour voters say broadcast media report inaccurately, while 44% of Conservative voters think newspapers report accurately compared to just 58% of Labour voters.

Among those who think the media inaccurately covers immigration and asylum issues, in what ways do they think the reporting is inaccurate? For both broadcasters and newspapers, the most common answer is that reports are generally biased against immigrants and asylum seekers. Half (50%) of those who accuse the newspaper media of inaccurate reporting made this claim, as did 40% who consider broadcast reporting inaccurate.

The second most common answer for both broadcast and newspaper media was that they misrepresent the reasons people immigrate and seek asylum, at 40% and 37% respectively. The third most common answer, again for both types of media, is that they suggest that immigrants and asylum seekers receive more support than they do.

The results also show that people who think media reports are inaccurate are more likely to accuse broadcast media of being biased in favour of immigrants and asylum seekers (21%) than newspapers (15%).
See full results here

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What do Britons think about the media's portrayal of immigration and asylum seekers? | YouGov

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With concerns about immigration and asylum increasing in the public consciousness, a new YouGov study looks at what Britons think of the way the media covers the issue. The results show a nation divided. A quarter (25%) say the media cover the issue of immigration and asylum too much, while 22% say too little and 31% say about right.

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Bias statement against Dreaming people from Australia (Aboriginal people)

https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/media/media-coverage-of-aboriginal-issues

Some media, it found, reported from a "white-mastery" perspective where media considered Aboriginal demands as a thing of the past and assimilation as a positive policy. Media also labelled Aboriginal people as "stone agers" who have to give up their Aboriginal identity to survive.

Another perspective assumes Aboriginal people as inferior. Thus their rights can only be partially recognised so that there is no threat to the existing government control and power of the Crown.

A perpetual problem perspective assumes that the Aboriginal fight for recognition and rights is an unsolvable problem and puts it into a "tragic light", reiterating nothing can change.

To contradict the statements above

Article:

11 Ways Indigenous Australian Culture Still Influences Society

https://theculturetrip.com/pacific/australia/articles/11-ways-indigenous-australian-culture-still-influences-society/

Rewrite the biases examples:

Aboriginal people are contemporary, they are actively involved and contributing to various parts of society.

Aboriginal people share a complex and intelligent knowledge system useful to tackle our current earth crisis.

Aboriginals fight for recognition and rights in a discriminatory and racist legal system.

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Seventy-five per cent of Australians hold an implicit bias against Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, a study has found.

The study, published in the Journal of Australian Indigenous Issues, is based on more than 11,000 unique responses to an implicit association test over 10 years.

According to Australian National University researcher Siddharth Shirodkar, the results show that "most Australian participants on average - regardless of background - hold an implicit bias against Indigenous Australians".

A third of respondents showed a strong implicit bias against Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. The most neutral group were Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples themselves, who showed such a slight bias toward Indigenous people that "statistically speaking they are unbiased", Shirodkar said.

"Your internal implicit bias, that's what's inside," he said. "You may or may not act on that."

Shirodkar said implicit bias was not in itself a measure of racism, but could potentially be the cause of racism or discriminatory actions. He said it showed the discrimination experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples was not imaginary, and had a foundation in the perceptions of non-Indigenous Australians.

"It's the conscious part, that's what can cause the discriminatory actions," he said. "But the reality is if your unconscious bias remains unconscious and unchallenged and you don't identify it, if you are not even aware of it, then it is potentially weighing on all of your decisions and how you behave."

The data comes from an implicit association test that was established as part of a collaboration between Project Implicit, a global project founded by researchers at Harvard University, the University of Washington and the University of Virginia, and a researcher at the University of Sydney. The Australian data has never been published before.

Respondents were shown black-and-white photographs from the late-19th and early 20th century of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and white people, and given a word to associate with that person.

The test measures how quickly the respondent clicks a button to associate a positive word with the image of an Indigenous person or a white person. People who are quick to click the button are perceived as holding a bias toward Indigenous people, while people who are slow to associate the positive word with the image of an Indigenous person are seen as biased against them.

The test is so sensitive that blinking when the response flashes up could change an individual's score, but Shirodkar said it was useful, if the sample size was large enough, as a way to gauge broad levels of implicit bias in a society.

No one received a score of zero, which would suggest they had no implicit bias toward either group. In a fair society, he said, you would hope the average score would tend toward zero.

The average score was +0.29, biased toward caucasian faces, while the median score was +0.33. Young people aged 14 to 25 and older Australians over the age of 60 had the highest rates of bias toward white faces.

The results also found that men were more biased than women. But there was no reduction in the level of implicit bias held by people with a tertiary education. "Which is certainly a little depressing to see," Shirodkar said.

An earlier study by the Australian National University found that 20% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander school students in New South Wales and Victoria experienced racial discrimination from their teacher.

A similar test conducted in the United States in 2018 to test bias against black Americans found an average score of 0.30 and median score of 0.34 in favour of caucasian faces.

Shirodkar said: "The result implies that the level of implicit bias that Australian residents have toward Indigenous Australians is comparable in magnitude and direction to the implicit bias that US residents have towards African Americans."

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Three-quarters of Australians biased against Indigenous Australians, study finds

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Researcher says implicit bias isn't itself a measure of racism but can potentially cause it or discriminatory actions

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Bias is a personal and sometimes unreasoned judgement, while prejudice is a preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience.
People that study Arts in Nigeria are looked down on in school as not been intelligent and smart, and that they can study professional courses and are not serious minded persons. This thoughts comes from a bias mindset with those studying science.

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© josealbafotos / Pixabay | © josealbafotos / Pixabay

Rebecca Jagoe

Chinua Achebe and Wole Soyinka are two names synonymous with Nigerian fiction. Yet the literary output of the country is far from limited to these two greats. Here, we look at ten authors whose international success attest to their talent and the depth in contemporary Nigerian literature.

Chinua Achebe

Chinua Achebe is one of the most internationally-acclaimed writers from Africa, and his death in 2013 saw an outpouring of tributes from across the globe. Though he has often been called 'The Father of Nigerian Literature', he twice refused the Nigerian government's attempt to name him Commander of the Federal Republic - first in 2004, then again in 2011 - in protest against the political regime of the country. His first novel Things Fall Apart (1958) is an intimate account of the clash between African native traditions of the Igbo people in southeastern Nigeria and European colonization. Weaving together oral tradition with Igbo folk tales, Achebe's works reveal a tapestry of cultural norms, changing societal values, and the individual's struggle to find a place in this environment.

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Wole Soyinka

When Wole Soyinka, a playwright, poet and writer won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1986, Achebe joined the rest of Africa to celebrate the first African to receive the award. Soyinka's writing often focuses on oppression and exploitation of the weak by the strong. None are spared in his critique, neither the white speculator nor the black exploiter. Wole Soyinka has also played an important role in Nigerian politics, which has at times exposed him to great personal risk. The government of General Sani Abacha (1993-1998), for instance, pronounced a death sentence on him 'in absentia'. His works include novels such as Aké: The Years of Childhood and Death and the King's Horseman. You Must Set Forth at Dawn: A Memoir is Soyinka's own look at his life, experiences, and thoughts about Africa and Nigeria.

Femi Osofisan

As with many Nigerian writers, Femi Osofisan's oeuvre - encompassing plays, poems and novels - is informed by colonialism and its legacy, and is a clear protest against corruption and injustice. Nonetheless, his exploration of the themes surrounding the complex history of his country are rarely literal. Instead, Osofisan employs allegory and metaphor, and his writing often has a surrealist bent. His first novel, Kolera Kolej (1975) tells the story of a Nigerian University campus that is granted independence from the rest of the country in order to halt the spread of a Cholera outbreak. His best-known play, Women of Owu (2004) is a retelling of Euripides' The Trojan Women. Osofisan translates the play to the Ijebe and Ife war that devastated the Owu Kingdom in 1821-26.

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Ben Okri

Ben Okri is a renowned novelist and poet whose written works defy definition. He is often termed post-modern, yet his seamless interweaving of the spirit world into his stories belies this genre. The author also rejects claims that his work falls into the 'magical realism' category, seeing his writing not as a venture into the realm of the fantastic but instead a reflection of an upbringing wherein myths, ancestors and spirits were an intrinsic component. "Everyone's reality is different," he once said. His most famous work is The Famished Road (1991), forming part of a trilogy with Songs of Enchantment and Infinite Riches. It chronicle the journeys of Azaro, a spirit-child narrator.

Buchi Emecheta

Born in Lagos to Igbo parents, Emecheta moved to London in 1960 to live with her husband Sylvester Onwordi, who had moved there to study. The couple had been engaged since the age of 11, and whilst the marriage produced five children, Onwordi was a violent partner. He even burned her first manuscript, prompting Emecheta to leave him and establish herself as a single mother. Her novels draw heavily from her own life and address gender imbalance and enslavement, and how women are often defined through the narrow framework of sexuality or the ability to bear children. Her most acclaimed work, The Joys of Motherhood (1979), has as its protagonist a woman who defines herself through motherhood and validates her life solely through the successes of her children. Emecheta was awarded an OBE in 2005.

Sefi Atta

Sefi Atta is a sensitive writer, who broaches polemical themes in a subtle and nuanced manner. Everything Good Will Come (2005), her debut novel, is the story of Enitan, an 11-year-old girl waiting for school to start, and her friendship with the girl next door, which receives little support from Enitan's deeply religious mother. Set against the backdrop of the military rule of Nigeria in the 1970s, it is at once coming-of-age-tale and quiet campaign against political corruption and the repression of women. Atta is widely known for her radio plays, which have been broadcast on the BBC, and her short stories, that have appeared in a number of journals including the Los Angeles Review of Books.

Helon Habila

After graduating from University of Jos in 1995, Helon Habila worked first as a junior lecturer in Bauchi, then as Stories Editor for Hints magazine, before moving to England in 2002 to become the African Fellow at the University of East Anglia. That same year, his first novel was published: Waiting for an Angel is a complex book that interweaves seven narratives, collectively speaking of life under dictatorship rule in Nigeria. The book won the Commonwealth Writers' Prize in the African region, spurring the author to greater success. His two subsequent novels, Measuring Time (2007) and the latest, Oil on Water (2011) were equally well-received, and the list of awards and honors the Habila has gained attest to his sophisticated and poetic literary voice.

Teju Cole

Born in the US to Nigerian parents, raised in Nigeria and now living in Brooklyn, Cole's upbringing is as varied as his career. Photographer, art historian and novelist, he is also Distinguished Writer in Residence at Bart College, New York. Open City (2011), his debut novel, is set in New York five years after 9/11, and follows Julius, a psychiatry graduate, as he wanders aimlessly first through the city, then through Brussels, rootless and on the rebound from a previous relationship. While the geographical locations play a fundamental role in the novel, the narrative above all reads as a mapping of Julius' inner world, as the divergent references and meandering associations woven into its structure mirror often inexplicable thought processes.

Teju Cole at his reading at Literaturhaus Munich | © U.S. Consulate General Munich/Flickr

Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani

Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani is a novelist, journalist and essayist who from an early age demonstrated an affinity for the written word, winning her first writing prize aged 13. As a journalist, she has contributed to the New York Times, the BBC, the Guardian and CNN, among others. Her debut novel I Do Not Come to You By Chance (2010), is told in a witty and irreverent tone that belies the fundamental issues it addresses. The book's protagonist Kingsley is unable to find work, and so turns to the shady world of email confidence tricks. The 419 scams are too often cited by xenophobes and racists as the main export of Nigeria, yet Adoabi addresses this contentious issue with humor and lightness, creating a story of family, aspiration and the hard lessons that come with age.

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie

Adichie is part of a new generation of Nigerian authors swiftly growing in reputation. Each of her three novels have garnered universal acclaim and a slew of awards. Her first two books dealt largely with the political atmosphere of her native country through the prism of personal and familial relationships. Purple Hibiscus (2003), winner of the Commonwealth Writer's Prize for Best First Book, tells the story of the 15-year-old Kambili, whose father is mysteriously involved with a military coup that destabilizes the country. The publication of Half of a Yellow Sun (2006) confirmed the author has a uniquely talented voice. Set amidst the Nigerian-Biafran war, the book chronicles its everyday horrors through the differing lives of its four protagonists. Her latest novel, Americanah (2013), is at its heart an enduring love story between Ifemulu and Obinze, childhood sweethearts who are separated when one goes to study in America. Nonetheless, it still manages to take in such themes as racism, immigration and globalization.

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From Achebe To Adichie Top Ten Nigerian Authors

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Chinua Achebe and Wole Soyinka are two names synonymous with Nigerian fiction. Yet the literary output of the country is far from limited to these two...

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Lots of people believe that immigrants don't pay taxes but, that's not true! Many immigrants living in the United States-often even those living here illegally-pay taxes. They use and ITIN number.
1.Do Illegal Immigrants Pay Taxes in the U.S.? Yes, and Here's How (marketrealist.com)
2.Undocumented immigrants are paying taxes today, too | CNN
3.20-Immigration and Taxation.pdf (irs.gov)

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Residents
If an immigrant is a resident, like someone with a Green Card, they're usually taxed just like a U.S. citizen. [2] All of their income, whether it's made in the U.S. or outside of the U.S., is taxed.
Immigrants Living Illegally in the U.S.
Immigrants living illegally can pay taxes too! All they need is an
Non-Residents
Non-residents, on the other hand, only get taxed on their income made in the U.S. or any money that they make from a U.S. trade or business. [3]

ITIN number . This number takes the place of a social security number on tax forms and allows many types of immigrants to file taxes in the United States. [4]

Unfortunately, it's hard to say exactly how many illegal immigrant actually do file taxes since they don't have to identify their citizenship status on their tax return.

​However, researchers can (and do!) make educated guesses. [5]

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Residents If an immigrant is a resident, like someone with a Green Card, they're usually taxed just like a U.S. citizen. [2] All of their income, whether it's made in the U.S. or outside of the U.S., is taxed. Immigrants Living Illegally in the U.S. Immigrants living illegally can pay taxes too!

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Wearing Hijab prevents lust so women should be in Hijab

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Wearing Hijab prevents lust so women should be in Hijab

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This is a weird statement that came from the supporters of Hijab. No doubt, it is a thousand years old tradition to keep women lower in the strata and oppressive process which must go

Here is a case 1
https://womensmediacenter.com/women-under-siege/its-not-what-women-wear-its-how-we-treat-them-revisiting-the-hijab

Example 1
I had my crotch grabbed... it was very crowded and I didn’t see who did it. I had a niqaab – full face covering – on at the time

https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/modest-clothing-mayim-bialik-harvey-weinstein-sexual-harassment-muslim-women-a8004501.html

Did you ever think that holy pilgrimages like the Hajj could be unsafe for women too? A woman named Sabica Khan took to Facebook to share her #MeToo moment at Mecca, and helped many others shed light to their stories too.

https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-globally/muslim-women-sharing-their-sexual-harassment-incidents-at-hajj-has-shaken-up-netizens-metoo-5058222/

An abaya, A FREAKING ABAYA. On top of that it happened during tawaf in FRONT OF THE KAABA. The man was obviously a Pakistani  because he had a bag that had the Pakistani flag on it. I was 11.

Wear what you want and learn your self defence

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In September, I wrote a piece for WMC's Women Under Siege about the hijab, or headscarf, and sexual assault against women in conservative Muslim societies. I chronicled the experiences of my sister Neelo, who experienced sharp harassment as a young girl while wearing a hijab in Pakistan. The premise of the piece was simple enough:

Sexual harassment and assault against women has nothing to do with what women wear.

There is a dangerous myth supported by prominent Muslim scholars that if a Muslim woman wears the hijab, she is somehow safe from sexual harassment and assault.

The assertion of increased safety is hazardous because it means Muslim women in many Islamic societies don't receive adequate protection through laws against sexualized violence and enforcement of those laws.

I clearly stated in the story that I support a woman's right to wear the hijab. This didn't stop it from attracting controversy. Detractors accused me and WMC's Women Under Siege of having an anti-hijab agenda that we masked with concern for Muslim women.

Here are a few of the dozens of comments I received (grammar uncorrected):

Heavily slanted article. Her harassment was not because the hijab couldn't serve its purpose. Her harassment was due to the sickness in the hearts of the men to fear their lord and abide by the commandments set! In order for any society to function everyone must do their part to abide by the laws.

That one just confounded me. It seems to echo my argument that the hijab doesn't "protect" women from sexual harassment, but it also says that the hijab serves "its purpose." Moving on.

I have visited many western countries and im resident in the middle east for the moment i can swear to God that muslims treat their women betteR than you [in the West] do, im from Morocco i m well placed to judge the europeen and this culture im not telling lies you have to come he and to see how the women are living like queens believe me

Sexual harassment exists in conservative Islamic societies as it does in secular societies. This isn't about an article of clothing, headscarf or otherwise. (See: arguments that state women shouldn't wear short skirts. You know, that they're "asking for it.")

And here's my favorite comment, from someone who sets out to prove that my story is a "forgery":

"Hijab would to some extent prevent" [quotes not from the original story] prevent [ sic] sexual assault of women from men is nothing but a mere advantage told to people to encourage it and for people to be content with their religion.

In other words, this commenter totally believes the point of the article that hijab doesn't protect women from sexual harassment and assault, but he endorses the perpetuation of this myth only because it will somehow keep women veiled.

While no one actually convincingly argued against the blog post (in my opinion), there were many responses in support from men and women, Muslim and non-Muslim alike. Many sent me private messages on social media to tell me about their own horrible experiences in countries from Egypt to Pakistan, Iran to Turkey. The most heartbreaking, however, was this one on the site about harassment in Saudi Arabia:

I'm sure it is a very strong statement to wear a hijab in the West in today's day and age but in a place where it is considered a *rule* the men do not think twice about their behaviour with these women. The most astounding experience I have ever had was in the Holy city of Mecca while praying to Allah around the Holy Ka'ba. I was sexually harassed in the one place where both men and women can worship together which is while walking in Tawa'af around the Ka'ba. If a man resorts to perverse thoughts in such a dignified and Holy place which is said to be the Home of Allah Almighty, then why would he refrain from doing so in his day to day life-regardless of whether the women are wearing hijab or not.

And certainly, women in Saudi Arabia aren't alone. Even in the West, the hijab is no defense against criminals out to victimize women. At Altmuslimah, a website that focuses on gender issues within the Muslim community, Altaf Saadi -a medical student at Harvard who wears the hijab-wrote about the subject a day after my story was published. Here's an anecdote from her post, which I encourage everyone to read:

For me, such stories are a sordid reminder of my friend Noor. She is the exemplar Muslim woman: opinionated, ambitious, happy-go-lucky and incredibly intelligent. One day, while we were undergraduates she confessed to me, amid tears and trepidation, that she had been sexually assaulted and harassed by a professor. Noor's story isn't unique-the statistics show a horrific reality in the United States, where someone is sexually assaulted every two minutes every two minutes and where 1 in 4 college women have either been raped or suffered attempted rape-but what made her story stand apart for me was that Noor wore the hijab.

She added:

Noor blamed herself for what had happened. After all, she wore the headscarf-the alleged protector against men's inflamed desires-and thus must have done something, or acted in some way, to have "made" the professor behave the way he did-right?

Experiences like Noor's are precisely why I wrote my story, which called for education and real laws against sexual harassment and assault on women in conservative Muslim societies, as well as the enforcement of those laws.

On the one hand, women who don't wear the hijab are painted as shameless sluts who deserve to be sexually harassed so perverts feel justified in targeting them. On the other, women like Neelo and Noor who wear the hijab are forced into silence about abuse and attacks that are motivated by perversion-if they speak out about their horrible experiences, they risk being told, "Are you sure it wasn't because you were immodest?"

After getting such a huge response to my piece, I went to visit Neelo. We reminisced about our childhood. She told me how she felt safer in California than she ever did in Afghanistan or Pakistan even though, according to some of the comments I received and the Muslim clerics pushing this myth, men here are much more perverted than men where the hijab is worn to protect women against perversion. None of that has changed Neelo's mind, however. She still thinks she was victimized and that she wishes there was more protection available for her and for women living in those societies.

By the way, did I mention that my wonderful sister still wears the hijab?

More articles by Category:International,Misogyny,Violence against women
More articles by Tag:Sexual harassment,Identity

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It's not what women wear, it's how we treat them: Revisiting the hijab - Women's Media Center

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In September, I wrote a piece for WMC's Women Under Siege about the hijab, or headscarf, and sexual assault against women in conservative Muslim societies. I chronicled the experiences of my sister Neelo, who experienced sharp harassment as a young girl while wearing a hijab in Pakistan.

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Nine out of 10 people found to be biased against womenThis article is more than 1 year oldAnalysis of 75 countries reveals ‘shocking’ scale of global women’s rights backlashA lone woman is seen among delegates at the National People’s Congress in BeijingA lone woman is seen among delegates at the National People’s Congress in Beijing. More than 86% of people in China held at least one bias against women in the period 2010-14. Photograph: Fred Dufour/AFP/Getty ImagesGlobal development is supported byBill and Melinda Gates FoundationAbout this contentLiz Ford@lizfordguardianThu 5 Mar 2020 05.01 GMTAlmost 90% of people are biased against women, according to a new index that highlights the “shocking” extent of the global backlash towards gender equality.

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Nine out of 10 people found to be biased against womenThis article is more than 1 year oldAnalysis of 75 countries reveals ‘shocking’ scale of global women’s rights backlashA lone woman is seen among delegates at the National People’s Congress in BeijingA lone woman is seen among delegates at the National People’s Congress in Beijing. More than 86% of people in China held at least one bias against women in the period 2010-14. Photograph: Fred Dufour/AFP/Getty ImagesGlobal development is supported byBill and Melinda Gates FoundationAbout this contentLiz Ford@lizfordguardianThu 5 Mar 2020 05.01 GMTAlmost 90% of people are biased against women, according to a new index that highlights the “shocking” extent of the global backlash towards gender equality.

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“As representatives of leading organisations championing gender equality, we’re raising the alarm about the pace of progress. There is no time left for business as usual: gender equality can be achieved for billions of girls and women by 2030, but it requires everyone to move faster,” read an open letter, signed by nine presidents and CEOs of organisations including Plan International, Women Deliver, the One Campaign and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

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Bias is less than imperfect judgement and shows up in explicit ways such as gender bias and physical bias amongst others while prejudice is basically judging a book by it’s cover.

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1.https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2016/04/13/why-dress-codes-cant-stop-sexual-assault/

-- A Federal Commission on Crime of Violence study found that just 4.4 percent of all reported rapes involved “provocative behavior” on the part of the victim. (In murder cases, it’s 22 percent.) It also found that most convicted rapists could not remember what their victims were wearing. Studies show that women with passive personalities, who tend to dress in layers, long pants and sleeves and high necklines, are actually more likely to be raped. In one study, 1 in 3 college men said that they would force someone to have sex if they could get away with it, and that has nothing to do with clothing.

2. https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-42668362
-- A quick view of this display of reconstructed attire worn by survivors gives a clearer view on how completely irrelevant clothing is.

3. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/29/rape-about-power-not-sex
-- These perversions derive themselves from the power imbalance and not the clothing of an individual, this explains widely, the same for other genders not just females.

New Statement:
"Imran Lacks fundamental understanding on sex crimes, clothes are not consent."

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Pakistan Prime Minister Imran Khan continues to blame women and what they wear for the rising incidents of rape in his country.

In a recent interview with 'Axios on HBO', the Pakistan PM again said that, "If a woman is wearing very few clothes, it will have an impact on the men, unless they are robots. It's just common sense."

Khan has come in for intense criticism for his sexist view that has sparked off major outrage on social media with opposition political parties and the media slamming him for his utterances.

"Disappointing and frankly sickening to see PM Imran Khan repeat his victim-blaming regarding reasons for sexual violence in Pakistan," tweeted Reema Omer, Legal Advisor, South Asia, International Commission of Jurists, reported India Today.

However, Dr Arslan Khalid, focal person to the PM on digital media, called it "selective and out of context tweeting".

"Again selective and out of context tweeting of what he actually said by subtracting the part where he talked about what kind of society we live in and about the sexual frustration in the society," Dr Arslan Khalid tweeted.

A few months ago, the cricketer-turned-politician had said that vulgarity was to blame for the rise in cases of sexual violence in Pakistan.

In an interview on live television, PM Imran Khan said, "This entire concept of purdah is to avoid temptation. Not everyone has the willpower to avoid it."

Meanwhile, human rights groups in Pakistan have accused Imran Khan of being a 'rape apologist' after he blamed a rise in sexual assault cases on how women dress.

During a live television interview, he advised women to cover up to prevent temptation.

"In any society where vulgarity is prevalent, there are consequences," he said.

Pakistan is ranked as one of the most dangerous countries in the world for women in terms of safety and equality.

Sexual abuse, so-called 'honour' killings and forced marriage are common, and criminal complaints are rarely reported to police, or seriously investigated.

Journalists, especially women scribes, across Pakistan have slammed Khan for his remarks that women's dress code is the real reason or motive for rape.

Earlier, too, Imran had blamed 'fahashi' (vulgarity) for rise in rape and sexual violence instead of the deteriorating law and order situation in the country.

Khan, when asked what the government plans to do in the light of rising incidents of rape and sexual violence, especially against children, had said that there are some fights that governments and legislation alone cannot win and that the society must join in the fight. He said it was important for societies to protect themselves against 'fahashi' (vulgarity).

The prime minister said incidents of rape and sexual violence that make their way to the media are just one per cent of the actual horrific crimes of such nature that take place.

Khan said when he went to the UK, during the '70s to play cricket, the "sex, drugs and rock n roll" culture was taking off. He said nowadays, divorce rates "have gone up by as much as 70% due to vulgarity in that society".

Official statistics in Pakistan have revealed that at least 11 rape incidents are reported in the country every day, with over 22,000 cases reported to the police in the last six years.

However, only 77 of the accused have been convicted which comprises 0.3 per cent of the total figure. With inputs from ANI, India Today, PTI
DON'T MISS:

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Imran blames women's clothes for rising rapes in Pakistan

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Pakistan Prime Minister Imran Khan continues to blame women and what they wear for the rising incidents of rape in his country. In a recent interview with 'Axios on HBO', the Pakistan PM again said that, "If a woman is wearing very few clothes, it will have an impact on the men, unless they are robots.

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https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2019/01/25/africa-is-an-opportunity-for-the-world-overlooked-progress-in-governance-and-human-development/amp/&ved=2ahUKEwje0ojj3a3yAhWG3OAKHSz7CdsQFnoECBcQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3Y2Hrtkq6Qjijewanc6BaN&ampcf=1
https://theconversation.com › af...
Web results
African countries aren't borrowing too much: they're paying too much ...
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/here-are-top-10-sub-saharan-african-countries-have-reduced-poverty-most&ved=2ahUKEwje0ojj3a3yAhWG3OAKHSz7CdsQFnoECCMQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2JOlT3xC4wb1TlWfkDaEc1

AFRICAN COUNTRIES ARENT ACTUALLY POOR BUT DEVELEOPING

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A college where the graduation rate for black students has been zero percent — for years

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A college where the graduation rate for black students has been zero percent — for years

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1. The success rates of black students at Historically Black Colleges and Universities continue to confirm that representation in higher education is important.
https://www.brookings.edu/blog/brown-center-chalkboard/2021/01/18/when-it-comes-to-student-success-hbcus-do-more-with-less/

2. While this article blames the lack of graduation on students not being college ready we know that course selection and counseling is a biased process that further marginalize students of color. https://cdn.uncf.org/wp-content/uploads/PDFs/College-readiness2-2.pdf

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Historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) have been supplying leaders to the nation and to communities for nearly 200 years. Martin Luther King Jr. is surely the most famous HBCU alumnus, having entered Morehouse College at age 15 and graduating at 19. And, of course, the next vice president of the United States, Kamala Harris, is a 1986 graduate of Howard University. Brookings has covered HBCU topics a number of times, notably in articles by Andre Perry.

Today I want to provide some background on HBCUs by discussing some data about these critical institutions, as I suspect there is much that is not widely known-at least outside the Black community. The simple message in the numbers is that HBCUs work their magic with very little money.

To keep things comparable, I'll limit my numbers to public and nonprofit HBCUs that offer a four-year degree or more. And as a warning, because accounting definitions vary from one government source to another, definitions of the variables I look at are not perfectly consistent across sources, though any consequent errors should be quite small.

Gallup compared life outcomes for Black college graduates of HBCUs to outcomes for Black alumni of other colleges. (In making the comparisons, Gallup controlled for parents' education, decade of graduation, and the level of student loans.) While HBCU grads had, on average, better outcomes on all of Gallup's measures, here are the three where the HBCU advantage was largest.

Percent of Black college graduates who are thriving in elements of well-being

Financial Well-Being
(Managing your economic life to reduce stress and increase security)

40

29

Purpose Well-Being
(Liking what you do each day; being motivated to achieve your goals)

51

43

Social Well-Being
(Having strong and supportive relationships and love in your life)

54

48

I find the report of better financial well-being especially interesting, as below we'll see that HBCUs particularly attract students from low-income families.

Gallup also asked graduates what happened in college that made a difference to them. Black HBCU alumni reported more favorable experiences in all categories. Here are the three biggest.

In other words, HBCUs really do take care of their students. As another example showing that HBCUs produce successful students, work by Rhonda Vonshay Sharpe shows that HBCUs produce undergraduate science and engineering degrees using fewer NSF grant dollars then do other schools.

The main message in what follows is that the success of HBCUs comes about despite HBCUs having relatively fewer financial resources. Before we start talking about details, I do want to point out that HBCUs don't serve just Black students. Per the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, about 13% of HBCU students are not Black (including 4.5% identifying as "more than one race"), while about 13% of students at non-HBCU schools are Black. In other words, while HBCUs are certainly focused on Black students, they are not monolithic.

Any discussion of HBCUs and money must begin with a simple fact: HBCUs have less in the way of financial resources than do colleges in general. Here's a picture.

HBCUs are able to spend about two-thirds the revenue per student than do colleges in general. Despite this, HBCUs produce about one out of eight bachelor's degrees earned by Black students.

Part of the reason HBCUs don't have much money-and something important to know about their mission-is that HBCU students typically come from much lower-income families than do students at non-HBCUs. Below, I've put together data from the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study for both Black and non-Black students.

The HBCU bars are a lot lower, indicating that students at HBCUs come from lower-income families. One might think this simply reflects the fact that Black families in America still have much lower incomes than do white families. But compare the heights of the bars above for HBCUs to the bars for non-HBCUs. Parental income of Black students is almost 40% higher at other schools than it is at HBCUs. The gap for non-Black students is even larger.

Central to the financial aid process for colleges is the idea of "expected family contribution" (EFC). The EFC is computed by a formula that takes into account income, assets, family size, and other characteristics. The formula is set by law, so it's the same at all schools. EFC is much, much lower at HBCUs, which is another way of seeing that HBCUs serve students whose families just don't have much money. The difference is very large, as this next chart exhibits.

The fraction of families expected to make no contribution is almost twice as high outside HBCUs as it is at HBCUs; about 60% of HBCU families have too little in the way of income and assets to be expected to help pay for college. Similarly, the fraction in the highest contribution level is over three times as high outside HBCUs.

HBCUs receive much less revenue from tuition than do other schools; perhaps this is unsurprising given their service to low-income families. At non-HBCU public schools, tuition revenue per student is about $6,700-as compared to only $4,900 at HBCUs. Similarly, at private non-HBCU schools, the average is $17,000 as compared to $10,400 at private HBCUs.

One might think that, given the elite reputation of some of the HBCUs, at least some of them would have substantial endowments. While a few of the best-known HBCUs have endowments large enough to help, in general their endowments don't compare to well-off non-HBCUs. Around 100 universities have endowments above $1 billion dollars. No HBCU makes that list. Compare the "HUs": Harvard University vs. Howard University. (It's worth noting that Howard is occasionally called the Harvard of HBCUs). Harvard's endowment is about $42 billion. Howard does have a solid endowment, around $700 million-but that's less than a 50th of Harvard's endowment. Dr. King's alma mater, Morehouse College, has an endowment of $145 million-more than a quarter of that coming from a recent donation from Netflix co-founder Reed Hastings.

While HBCUs work their magic with limited resources, it is worth remembering that the nation has made a modest commitment to support HBCUs-currently a few hundred million dollars a year-as part of the federal government's Higher Education Act of 1965. The plan for higher education endorsed by President-elect Joe Biden similarly calls out HBCUs for special treatment. The special status of HBCUs acknowledges that, 73 years after Dr. King graduated from Morehouse, HBCUs continue to provide a special contribution to American higher education.
Thanks go to Spelman College professor Angelino Viceisza for advice on this post.

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When it comes to student success, HBCUs do more with less

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Historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) have been supplying leaders to the nation and to communities for nearly 200 years. Martin Luther King Jr. is surely the most famous HBCU alumnus, having entered Morehouse College at age 15 and graduating at 19.

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“Sorrow From Britain to Yonkers.” It later said, “Beloved royal is gone at age 99, The Prince & The Rapper, Brilliant but troubled musician dies at 50.”

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“Sorrow From Britain to Yonkers.” It later said, “Beloved royal is gone at age 99, The Prince & The Rapper, Brilliant but troubled musician dies at 50.”

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Contradicting Articles:
1)https://allhiphop.com/news/dmx-royalty-new-york-daily-news/
2)https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/09/arts/music/dmx-dead-earl-simmons.html
3)https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/rapper-dmx-dead
Beloved Royal is gone at age 99, The Prince & The Brilliant Rap King of Yonkers gone at 50, DMX

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Undocumented immigrants are the cause of rise in crime rates.

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Undocumented immigrants are the cause of rise in crime rates.

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We find that undocumented immigrants have substantially lower crime rates than native-born citizens and legal immigrants across a range of felony offenses. Relative to undocumented immigrants, US-born citizens are over 2 times more likely to be arrested for violent crimes, 2.5 times more likely to be arrested for drug crimes, and over 4 times more likely to be arrested for property crimes. In addition, the proportion of arrests involving undocumented immigrants in Texas was relatively stable or decreasing over this period. The differences between US-born citizens and undocumented immigrants are robust to using alternative estimates of the broader undocumented population, alternate classifications of those counted as “undocumented” at arrest and substituting misdemeanors or convictions as measures of crime.

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Significance

Despite its centrality to public and political discourse, we lack even basic information on fundamental questions regarding undocumented immigrants and crime. This stems largely from data constraints. Going beyond existing research, we utilize data from the Texas Department of Public Safety, which checks and records the immigration status of all arrestees throughout the state. Contrary to public perception, we observe considerably lower felony arrest rates among undocumented immigrants compared to legal immigrants and native-born US citizens and find no evidence that undocumented criminality has increased in recent years. Our findings help us understand why the most aggressive immigrant removal programs have not delivered on their crime reduction promises and are unlikely to do so in the future.

Abstract

We make use of uniquely comprehensive arrest data from the Texas Department of Public Safety to compare the criminality of undocumented immigrants to legal immigrants and native-born US citizens between 2012 and 2018. We find that undocumented immigrants have substantially lower crime rates than native-born citizens and legal immigrants across a range of felony offenses. Relative to undocumented immigrants, US-born citizens are over 2 times more likely to be arrested for violent crimes, 2.5 times more likely to be arrested for drug crimes, and over 4 times more likely to be arrested for property crimes. In addition, the proportion of arrests involving undocumented immigrants in Texas was relatively stable or decreasing over this period. The differences between US-born citizens and undocumented immigrants are robust to using alternative estimates of the broader undocumented population, alternate classifications of those counted as "undocumented" at arrest and substituting misdemeanors or convictions as measures of crime.

Materials and Methods

The primary data source for this analysis is the Texas Computerized Criminal History (CCH) database provided by the Texas Department of Public Safety. The focus on Texas is warranted for several reasons. First, Texas has the second-largest immigrant population in the United States, with roughly 4.8 million foreign-born individuals (∼17% of the population), of which an estimated 1.6 million are undocumented ( 16). Second, Texas processes large numbers of immigrants through their criminal justice system. In 2012, Texas had the third-highest number of reported noncitizens in their prison systems ( 17), and the DHS estimates that there were more noncitizens arrested in recent years by local police in Texas than any other criminal justice system in the United States, save California ( 18).‡ Third, Texas is a site of intense federal immigration enforcement as evidenced by the fact that the federal government paid more to house criminal aliens in local jails in Texas than all other states except New York and California ( 19).

Unlike the voluntary nature of the Uniform Crime Reports collected by the FBI, the CCH reporting system is statutorily mandated for every jurisdiction in the state of Texas. By law, all arresting agencies in Texas must report information to the DPS within 7 d of the arrest for all class B misdemeanors or greater.§ The only arrests that are not required in the CCH data are misdemeanor class C offenses, which are ineligible for jail or prison sanctions in Texas and often handled with citations rather than arrests.

The requirements for the CCH data also specify that agencies must report several key variables, including the criminal statute, the level of the offense (e.g., first-degree felony, second-degree felony, etc.), the date of arrest, the arresting agency, and demographic information for the individual. Critical for our purposes, the booking process mandates inquiries into an arrestee's place of birth and citizenship, and the Texas Commission on Law Enforcement (TCOLE) requires training on conducting intake interviews to be a licensed jailer in the state of Texas.¶

The consequence of these strict training and reporting requirements is the extremely low rate of missingness in the dataset. According to the DPS, the compliance rate for these CCH data from 2011 through 2015 was 96%, and citizenship information is missing in only 3% of felony arrests. In sum, the CCH database contains case processing information for every jailable arrest in the state of Texas, with detailed information on both the criminal conduct and the arrested individuals.

One key variable missing from the CCH database is the individuals' immigration status, which requires the use of a second data source. In 2011, the Texas DPS started participating in the Secure Communities Program (S-COMM). As part of S-COMM, starting in June of 2011 the DPS sends the fingerprints of every arrested individual to the Department of Homeland Security's Automated Biometric Identification System (IDENT) database, where Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) determines their immigration status.# The DHS reports the immigration status back to the Texas DPS for all individuals with a known immigration status (reported as either "legal" or "illegal"). While the cross-referencing of criminal records with the IDENT database is common practice across state and local jurisdictions ( 20), the DPS is unique in that they retain the immigration status information from the DHS in their records. We obtained this immigration status dataset from the Texas DPS as part of our request for the CCH database.

We combine data from the DHS on immigration status with the citizenship and place of birth data in the CCH to record felony arrestees into one of the three categories: 1) native-born US citizens, 2) legal immigrants, and 3) undocumented immigrants. Any individual deemed "illegal" by the DHS is considered to be an undocumented immigrant. Legal immigrants comprise three groups: those identified as "legal" immigrants in the IDENT database, non-US citizens who were not designated "illegal," and foreign-born US citizens (i.e., naturalized citizens). We examine the crime patterns of naturalized citizens separately in SI Appendix, section VII. Our coding of the legal immigrant population merits attention. Prior work examining the differences between legal and undocumented immigrants in Texas relied solely on the DHS information to determine legal status ( 12). However, the DHS variable is incomplete because many legal noncitizen and foreign-born arrestees are not recorded in the IDENT database. In 2018, for example, there were nearly 60,000 legal immigrant arrests in the CCH data based on our coding, compared to about 37,000 legal immigrant arrests when using only the DHS data. Thus, the exclusive reliance on the DHS information in Nowrasteh's ( 12) report almost certainly undercounted the number of legal immigrant arrests and misclassified many legal immigrants as "native born." In our analysis, the category of native-born citizens comprises all individuals who were born in the United States, are US citizens, and are not recorded as a "legal" or "illegal" immigrant by the DHS. We return to this issue of misclassification in the IDENT database in Sensitivity Analyses.

To our knowledge, Texas is the only state that requires the determination and documentation of immigration status as part of its standard criminal justice records practice. Combined with the fact that we have complete information for every jailable arrest in Texas, our dataset is ideal for comparing the criminality between undocumented immigrants, legal immigrants, and native-born citizens. Simply put, no other data source in the United States could accomplish this task with the same degree of breadth, rigor, and detail.

Our crime rate analysis focuses on all felonies in the years 2012 to 2018 (an analysis of misdemeanors is shown SI Appendix, section VI); 2012 was the first full year immigration information was recorded by the DPS, and the most current estimates of the undocumented population are from 2018. In calculating the number of crimes, we count each arrest charge as a separate crime incident, which is common practice in the calculation of crime rates (often referred to as incident-based reporting). Most arrests in Texas (83%) have only one arrest charge. To ensure consistency with published reports, we report offense categories using the same arrest offense codes as those reported by the DPS ( 21). Given the relevance of both status offenses and income-generating crimes for our inquiry, we also supplement the DPS coding by further examining drug and traffic offenses. Detailed descriptions for all offense categories are shown in SI Appendix, section I.

It is important to note how we dealt with the nexus between state and federal authorities. More than 39,000 individuals in the CCH data were booked for "federal offenses," the majority of whom (70%) were undocumented immigrants.|| Based on conversations with local authorities, we determined that these individuals were temporarily held in local facilities for various federal agencies, including ICE, the Bureau of Prisons, and the US Marshalls. Because these individuals are not held on local criminal charges, but rather as an administrative accounting for local jails, we exclude them from our analysis.

Our population data come from two sources. Annual information on the total population, the population of US-born citizens, the foreign-born population, and the number of naturalized citizens in Texas come from the US Census Bureau's American Community Survey (ACS) 1-y estimates. Estimates of the undocumented population come from the Center for Migration Studies (CMS), one of the most reliable, respected, and peer-reviewed sources on the undocumented immigrant population ( 22, 23). Stated briefly, the CMS uses a residual methodology based on Census Bureau data, whereby the number of authorized immigrants is subtracted from the foreign-born population. The remainder, or residual, is then the estimated number of potentially undocumented immigrants. Several features of the CMS estimates are noteworthy. First, the CMS applies logical edits when calculating residuals ( 22) that serve as tools to identify as many legal residents as possible. These edits are derived from survey responses that are unlikely to apply to someone who is undocumented, such as occupations that require legal status or those that receive public benefits restricted to legal residents. Second, the CMS adjusts for factors that influence yearly fluctuations in the immigrant population such as emigration and mortality and calculates independent population controls by country of origin ( 22, p. 308). This is important because the percentage of undocumented immigrants among the foreign-born population can vary considerably based on national origin. Third, utilizing the population controls from step 2, final selections are made of individual respondents to be classified as undocumented. Last, these estimates are adjusted for underenumeration, whereby the undercount rate decreases with length of residence (i.e., the most recent entrants are assumed to have the highest undercount rates) ( 22, 23). These data serve as the undocumented denominator for the main analysis. In line with previous research, the legal immigrant population is calculated as the total foreign-born population minus the undocumented population ( 24).

All data and replication materials for this analysis are available on openICPSR ( https://www.openicpsr.org/openicpsr/project/124923/version/V1/view).

Results

Discussion

Criminality among the undocumented is a paramount social science concern. Yet despite substantial public and political attention, extant research has established surprisingly few empirical findings on the criminological impact of undocumented immigration. Leveraging a unique combination of data from the Texas Department of Public Safety and the Department of Homeland Security, this study sheds light on this understudied area of inquiry. Our analysis reveals two broad conclusions about the criminality of undocumented immigrants. First, undocumented immigrants have substantially lower rates of crime compared to both native US citizens and legal immigrants. Second, over the 7 y period from 2012 to 2018, the proportion of arrests involving undocumented immigrants in Texas was relatively stable or decreasing.

Taken together, these results have important theoretical and policy implications. Regarding public policy, these findings clearly run counter to some of the basic assumptions behind strict immigration enforcement strategies. Debates about undocumented immigration will no doubt continue, but they should do so informed by the available evidence. The results presented here significantly undermine the claims that undocumented immigrants pose a unique criminal risk. In fact, our results suggest that undocumented immigrants pose substantially less criminal risk than native US citizens.

More specifically, this analysis helps explain why immigration enforcement programs have largely failed to deliver on their public safety claims. Prior research examining the Secure Communities Program, for example, found that it had no discernable impact on crime rates despite the fact that it was active in nearly every county by 2013 and it substantially increased the number of undocumented immigrants deported from the United States ( 20, 35). Such findings are unsurprising in light of our results. That is, removing those with relatively low felony crime rates is unlikely to reduce the overall risk of criminal victimization. It is likely precisely for this reason that the significant surge in immigration enforcement in Texas under President Trump ( 36) has not yielded significant crime reductions.††

Despite substantial barriers to economic mobility coupled with considerable criminological risk factors such as low educational attainment and high poverty, the fact that we observe lower crimes rates among undocumented immigrants has important implications for current theorizing on immigration and crime. Although our data cannot identify the mechanisms driving this relationship, we think insights from theories of assimilation, selection, and deterrence are each potentially relevant.

Regarding assimilation theory, assimilation often refers to the tendency for immigrants to adopt the cultural and social values of their host country, particularly as their amount of exposure to the country's social and cultural context increases. The term "assimilation" has been critiqued in recent years, but the general findings regarding the tendency of immigrants to gradually look more like the native citizens of their host country over time remain ( 37). In particular, one persistent finding in criminology is that first-generation immigrants tend to be less crime prone than their native peers, whereas second- and third-generation immigrants look more like their native peers in their criminal behaviors ( 6). Another common finding in the literature is that immigrants brought to the United States as younger children tend to have higher rates of adolescent and adult criminality than those brought as older children ( 38). In a criminological context, assimilation theory suggests that as immigrants become more assimilated to the US culture, they adapt to the criminal behaviors of native citizens. Since undocumented immigrants are, by definition, first generation and, on average, have fewer years of residence in the United States compared to legal immigrants, assimilation theory would predict lower crime rates for undocumented immigrants.

Our findings are also consistent with research on the selective nature of migration, which suggests that immigrants tend to fare better on multiple social indicators than would be expected by their level of socioeconomic disadvantages ( 39). In addition, many undocumented immigrants are driven by economic and educational opportunities for themselves and their families, and the decision to migrate necessarily requires a considerable amount of motivation and planning. As such, undocumented immigrants may be selected on qualities such as motivation to work and ambition to achieve, attributes that are unlikely to predispose them toward criminality ( 40).

The consequences of criminal sanctions due to their precarious legal status may also be relevant. Far more than legal immigrants, undocumented immigrants have strong incentives to avoid criminal involvement for fear of detection and deportation. In this regard, lower rates of crime for undocumented individuals are consistent with a deterrence-based argument, whereby undocumented immigrants face considerably harsher sanctions (mainly deportation) from criminal wrongdoing compared to their citizen and legal immigrant counterparts.

Taken together, these perspectives-assimilation, selection, and deterrence-help us understand why the observed crime rates for undocumented immigrants were considerably lower than those for legal immigrants and native-born citizens. Each, in turn, offers a fruitful avenue for further research on undocumented immigration and crime.

Acknowledgments

Grants from the National Science Foundation (Award # 1849297) and the National Institute of Justice (Award # 2019-R2-CX-0058) supported this research.

Footnotes

Author contributions: M.T.L. designed research; J.H. and J.P.R. analyzed data; and M.T.L., J.H., and J.P.R. wrote the paper.

The authors declare no competing interest.

This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.

↵*The Department of Homeland Security also produces estimates of the undocumented immigrant population, but these figures have not been updated since 2015 (8).

↵**In this hypothetical scenario, the felony crime rate from 2012 to 2018 is 761 (per 100,000) for "undocumented immigrants," 607 (per 100,000) for legal immigrants, and 1046 (per 100,000) for US-born citizens.

This article contains supporting information online at https://www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.2014704117/-/DCSupplemental.

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Comparing crime rates between undocumented immigrants, legal immigrants, and native-born US citizens in Texas

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Despite its centrality to public and political discourse, we lack even basic information on fundamental questions regarding undocumented immigrants and crime. This stems largely from data constraints. Going beyond existing research, we utilize data from the Texas Department of Public Safety, which checks and records the immigration status of all arrestees throughout the state.

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Women are not good enough to be leaders because of their feminine nature. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181105105401.htm

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Women are not good enough to be leaders because of their feminine nature. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181105105401.htm

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Contradicting articles:
-Ruth Bader Ginsburg is the second woman to be nominated to the US Supreme Court. Throughout her career, Ginsburg has been an advocate for women's rights and has worked with the ACLU's Women's Rights Project.

In 1980, President Carter appointed her to the US Court of Appeals. In 1993, President Bill Clinton appointed her to the Supreme Court.

https://africa.businessinsider.com/strategy/35-of-the-most-powerful-women-in-the-world-in-2020/f34t38h#:~:text=Ruth%20Bader%20Ginsburg%20is,to%20the%20Supreme%20Court.

- Alexandria Oscasio-Cortez is the youngest woman to ever be elected to Congress and is an active member of the Democratic Socialists of America and a Bernie Sanders supporter. She is also a proponent and co-author of the "Green New Deal," a congressional resolution that aims to provide a resolution to climate change.

During her term as a congresswoman, Ocasio-Cortez has spoken out on hot-button issues like abortion and border control, as well as cybersecurity and climate change.

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This articule says that Africa remains in poor...

https://www.dw.com/en/world-bank-report-poverty-rates-remain-high-in-africa/a-45926382

https://fb.watch/5uyULEwP4D/ millionaire ideas

https://fb.watch/5uy_-BryWX/
and also humanitarian

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I doubt anyone put their heads together to figure out why such gender bias originated. Women are usually given the task of driving when it’s absolutely unavoidable. There is always a father, brother, husband or a paid driver, who becomes your chauffeur and picks you up from dance classes, yoga classes, gym or even birthday parties. Its all about the practice. I don't if its an ideal example here but this a basic prejudicial statement that should be changed with practice from the place where I come from i.e., India.
Instead the statement could have read practice the art of driving.

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Article from the Guardian: "Juncker: Italians need to work harder and be less corrupt"

Contradicting articles:
"10 promising Italian startups to watch out for in 2020" = the Italian startups that were very succesful in 2020, entrepenuership is thought of as one of the ways to solve Italy's loss of productivity

"Refugee settlement and the revival of local communities: lessons from the Riace model" = how the South of Italy is curing its ghost town problem by aiding refugee integration

"Southern Italy: the key to relaunching the Italian economy?" = how the South of Italy has the potential to aid all of Italy to change the Italian economy

Original article rewritten:

"Juncker: Italians are change-driven and have the potential to recover from their high-debt through innovation and local investments."

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1. The bias towards color of the people or the way they are created or the original color that they have are least accepted by the society.

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/colourism-and-racism-the-indian-variant-of-colourism-doesnt-automatically-gatecrash-into-black-lives-matter/

2. Combating prejudice: Many people realized and started to stop over the biases that they had in mind.

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/07/09/860912124/black-lives-matter-gets-indians-talking-about-skin-lightening-and-colorism

3. The Indian variant of colorism helps everyone to be accepted and loved by all.

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Dipankar Gupta taught for nearly three decades in the School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University.

Fair & Lovely, arguably India's most popular skin lightening cream, has just emerged from the makeup room. It now calls itself Glow & Lovely. To campaign bluntly and in your face, literally, for "fair" skin is clearly bad manners, given the worldwide momentum of the "Black Lives Matter" movement. Obviously, the intention here is to rename and un-shame.

By adroit label management, manufacturers of Fair & Lovely have found a good place to land. They offloaded "cancel culture" conscience keepers, kept their customers safely strapped, and stayed on course. Street protests and internet ballistic missiles work when they have clear implications for state policy. For example, Barclays Bank was once in trouble for its apartheid connections and JK Rowling is roasted today because her remark "biological sex is real" offends transgender rights.

Glow (or Fair) & Lovely, however, need not fear. It is below the radar for hostilities towards it, unlike the examples above, have no policy implications. Colour preference in India is an aesthetic choice, largely a domestic affair. It has no obvious impact on public spaces like racism does in the US. The Indian variant of "colourism", if one may call it that, is an unfortunate consequence of colonialism. But that does not allow it to gate crash into the "Black Lives Matter" movement.

The anti-racist struggle in the US, even Europe, is way beyond surface aesthetics and has a profound bearing on public policy and administration. Police reform in America stresses anti-racism and colour blindness, while police reform in India seeks independence from political masters. Reservations in India are based on caste, while affirmative action in America is largely colour coded.

The markers of status in India are far more subtle and varied with skin colour playing only a peripheral role, at best. For example, no Indian cop will have his knee on a person's neck because of skin colour. In the high-end job market being "wheatish", or fair, is easily trumped by brains and skills. A Bengaluru-based IT executive put it graphically: "We need Nerds, not Birds."

There are times when light skin works in India but, ironically, in the reverse direction, such as when hiring people for low end jobs, like that of shop assistants and hospitality staff. This is because a pleasant face at the counter, or reception desk, helps customers reach for their wallets without a muscle pull. The store owner or the hotel general manager could be much darker than the junior, front line employees, many of whom are from India's Northeast, where people are generally "fairer". Yet, it is these light skinned migrants from Northeast who face actual, public racism in Bengaluru, Delhi, and elsewhere.

If ever a movement emerges in India saying "Dark Complexions Matter", the first casualty will be the family. Siblings would club siblings and cousins would fire bomb one another's homes. Given the idiosyncratic ways genes combine, it is quite likely that children from the same parents may have different skin pigmentation. The darker ones may resent nature's callousness but they wouldn't be categorised as half-breed, mestizos, or creole, or quadroon, or octoroon, or illegitimate, whatever. Their parentage is never in doubt, nor concealed.

This is in contrast to the phenomenon known as "passing" that was prevalent till recently in the US, when light skinned blacks tried to hide their lineage in the hope of passing off as whites. Till the 1950s the "one drop rule" was used quite frequently in America to separate the races, though it never really became law. If somebody had 1/64th black blood, that was it. No matter what the actual skin pigmentation, the person could even be a sunshine blonde (like civil rights leader Walter Francis White), but would still be categorised as black.

The ranking principle in the caste order is different and colour is of little relevance here. The warrior-like Dogra is generally fairer than a Namboodri or a Bengali Brahman. Likewise, a merchant Baniya may well be shades darker than peasant Jats or Gujars, who stand lower in the traditional hierarchy. Subornobaniks of Bengal have a reputation for being light skinned, but they are not on top of the caste heap.

Castes invoke a powerful sense of identity which draws on origin myths, legendary heroes, and believed in, but invisible, caste specific bodily substances, but not skin colour. Some so-called lower castes may claim parity, even superiority, with so-called upper castes, but still would not want to "pass", or marry out; so proud they are of their identities.

In India, no one is "fair" by European, or Caucasian, standards, which is why there is an obsession with minor skin colour differences. This is not uniquely Indian and is fairly common in other non-white populations too, such as in Brazil and the French West Indies. Brazil betters India in this department for over there eight different non-white complexions are recognised, while in India we have terms for about five.

In this connection, one must commend the American Civil Rights movement. It marked a big break from the past and gave blacks a new sense of confidence. Consequently, the many terms they also used to differentiate skin colour among themselves, like ink spot, red bone, yaller, tar baby, and so on, are in disuse today.

All said and done, it does not really matter in India if you are black or white, so long as you have a Green Card.

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Colourism and racism: The Indian variant of colourism doesn't automatically gatecrash into "Black Lives Matter"

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Dipankar Gupta taught for nearly three decades in the School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University. Fair & Lovely, arguably India's most popular skin lightening cream, has just emerged from the makeup room. It now calls itself Glow & Lovely.

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1. Article from UNDP "

Almost 90% of Men/Women Globally Are Biased Against Women" - despite decades of progress closing the equality gap between men and women, close to 90 percent of men and women hold some sort of bias against women, providing new clues to the invisible barriers women face in achieving equality, and a potential path forward to shattering the Glass Ceiling.

https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/news-centre/news/2020/Gender_Social_Norms_Index_2020.html

The link to "Tackling Social Norm": http://hdr.undp.org/en/gsni

2. Prejudice against immigrants - Public attitudes toward immigrants in the UK, especially prejudice against them, form a strong theme in retrospective media postmortems emphasizing the uniqueness of Brexit, yet similarly hostile public opinion on immigrants forms a recurrent theme in populist politics in many European Union nations.
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2019.00012/full

3. Prejudice against LGBT - It is unconscionable that people with an actual or perceived sexual orientation, gender identity and gender expression different from a particular social norm, are targeted for violence and discrimination in many parts of the world,” said Vitit Muntarbhorn, the UN’s first independent expert on the matter.
https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/10/569492-action-needed-stop-violations-lgbt-peoples-rights-worldwide-expert-tells-un

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Intrafamily violence occurs between members of the same family and puts individuals at risk on three levels: physical, emotional and psychological.
It is not reported out of fear.
When domestic violence occurs, it is an indicator that professional help is needed.
According to figures from the World Health Organization, 35% of the world's women have suffered some type of domestic violence.
There are online psychologists who can provide online counseling and therapy.
There are various types of domestic violence.
There is physical violence within the family is executed with fear and aggression, this is how the aggressor paralyzes his victim.
Bodily harm is caused both by blows and by objects. Weapons are sometimes used.
Emotional violence, which is linked to physical violence, can also be identified.
Through this type of domestic violence, emotions are hurt through humiliation, insults and threats.
Emotional violence can affect a victim's self-esteem.
On the other hand, there is sexual violence, in which sexual contact intervenes in a coerced way.
The last type of domestic violence is economic violence.
This refers to the excess of economic domination within the family.
It manifests itself through financial restrictions and material goods.
When people are not educated to tolerate, to accept, they end up turning violently against others.
When there has not been a good development of affective bonds, people are not able to establish them, therefore they adopt aggressive behaviors.
Another cause is the inability to solve problems.There are causes like alcohol, drug use.
All of these causes can be avoided or corrected with the help of a psychologist.
They become unable to establish or maintain affective relationships. They suffer from self-esteem problems.
Domestic violence can even lead to death.
That is why when faced with signs of domestic violence, it is necessary to seek the help of experts.
It is necessary for bullies to learn to manage their emotions, control their impulses and overcome intolerance in time.
Victims also need help, to overcome the consequences and develop a full life, by overcoming the ravages caused by domestic violence.

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UK Equalities Minister Liz Truss pits minorities against the 'white working class' in concerning rants...

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UK Equalities Minister Liz Truss pits minorities against the 'white working class' in concerning rants...

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Truss claimed that the efforts to advance the rights of minority groups amounts to people jumping on the 'woke bandwagon'.  Truss said the real issue affecting the UK today are poverty and disadvantage, but completely ignored the disproportionate poverty and disadvantage faced by many within the LGBT community.  The minister also claimed that the 'woke brigade'  a term which apparently refers to minority groups is more concerned about the sins of historical figures (slave traders who are still be hailed as great) than it is interested in improving life for people around today!  If these are the thoughts of the UK Minister of Equalities ... God help us!!

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Quote from the essay: "Feminism does not reject sexism, but advocates anti-male sexism."
Conclusion of the essay: "It is difficult to know how many individuals who self-identify as feminist hope only to be treated fairly as individuals, and how many, whether implicitly or explicitly, take a female supremacist view. Certainly the feminist organizations act as if they take a supremacist approach. The net effect of toxic feminism is to reduce complex human individuals to simplistic gender categories, to dismiss all values but the partisan interests of females, and to endorse anti-male sexism."

3 essays/posts contradicting the above:
1. This piece, written by Sam Killerman, a man, explains how "All feminists don't hate men, despite people being told they do for over 200 years. Feminists don't think all men are evil. Feminism is about equity for all genders." https://www.itspronouncedmetrosexual.com/2012/12/reasons-people-believe-feminism-hates-men/
2. This piece clarifies what feminism stands for, and also compiles a few good quotes on feminism: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/wonderfulwoman/why-feminism-is-not-a-bad-thing-as-you-are-made-to-believe-20595/
3. This balanced article clarifies how "Feminism isn’t about flipping the script of gender roles, where women are powerful and in charge and men are submissive. Feminism is about increasing the freedom we all have to find the roles that fit us best."
https://thelifeofscience.com/2019/05/14/4-reasons-anti-feminist-women-hate-feminism-and-what-theyre-missing/

Original essay headline re-articulated:
Challenges that the Feminist movement need to address

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The bias towards aboriginal, indigenous and first nation people either in Canada or Australia, being predisposed to alcoholism, drug addiction, homelessness and petty criminal activities is not new and in fact so rooted that it needs articles explaining how “Aboriginal people and alcohol: Not a genetic predisposition”.

Although we can not deny that there is an issue amongst people of this ethnic groups they are not more or less prepense to fall into this problem than any other ethnic or social group that is disenfranchised, dispossessed or displaced. These issues arise regardless of race or ethnic background, however the fact that some people think its a genetic predisposition tells a lot about the bias toward these people.

https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/aboriginal-people-and-alcohol-not-a-genetic-predisposition-1.2660167

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Jack (2019) I Was a Low-Income College Student. Cla...’t the Hard Part. - The New York Times

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Most of the governments in Africa are blaming their youths of being very lazy, idle and don't like to work.

The fact remains, they are not employed and there are no provision made for them to show case their potential
Sometimes they are discriminated against because they belong to certain political party

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The difference between bias and prejudice

Is the fact that while bias is a complete act of either a first time act prejudice is more of the effect of bias..

Bias serves as a foundation to which prejudice can be referred.

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The difference between bias and prejudice 

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The difference between bias and prejudice 

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Is the fact that while bias is a complete act of either a first time act prejudice is more of the effect of bias..
Bias serves as a foundation to which prejudice can be referred.
2:About myself, the prejudice of the fact that am into politics I am wayword.. simply because of the bias already place against women in politics.
3: as Jonathan Greenscot have said,a simply act of kindness... identify with victims of the act...it makes the world a better place

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Perhaps if history books were more balanced and objective then people would know and understand that people of color and the poor played a major role in the growth and development of societies worldwide. Unfortunately written history favors the "victor" who often controls how history is viewed and recorded.

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Original Headline: Alan Jones says Australia "needs more stolen generations"

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Original Headline: Alan Jones says Australia "needs more stolen generations"

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Contradictory headlines:
1. Growing up our happy healthy kids
2. Indigenous Youth program scoops award.
3. Strong and proud - NAIDOC week celebrated across the Nation.

Reword: 2 suggestions:
1. Alan Jones uses privileged position to denigrate our First Australians.
2. The impact of colonisation and historic policies of the Australian Government continue to impact the community today.

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In Kenya, tribal politics has given rise to rampant corruption, marginalisation, disenfranchisement of entire communities, and full-blown violence.

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In Kenya, tribal politics has given rise to rampant corruption, marginalisation, disenfranchisement of entire communities, and full-blown violence.

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1. Ethnic culture are the characteristics, values, beliefs, religion, attitudes, customs and language that pertain a given group of people who share a common ancestral origin.
2. Our ethnic cultures are also a basis for understanding of many of the subjects we study in learning institutions. Subjects like history, geography, law, economics, political science, linguistics among others rely heavily on our ethnic cultures.
https://www.kenyaplex.com/resources/13272-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-ethnic-cultures-and-customs-in-kenya.aspx

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Original: Welfare recipients are being paid to not work and just "game" the system.

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Original: Welfare recipients are being paid to not work and just "game" the system.

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Reality: https://poverty.ucdavis.edu/faq/who-are-working-poor-america

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Original: Japanese women don't want to get promoted

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Original: Japanese women don't want to get promoted

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The percentage of women who want to be a manager is only 14.7%, and the article said that it follows that women in Japan don't wont to get promoted because they don't have an ambition.
According to another survey, the number of men who want to be a manager is also low, it's 21.4%. It means the ambition to get promoted has been decreasing in both, men and women. Another survey shows, the number of women who want to be a manager is lower than men, but the more women focus on growth at work than men. We could consider that there might be some difficulties to be a manager as a woman, it doesn't mean that they don't want to thrive at work.
You can find many articles about prejudice about women working in Japan. Most of the problems are based on systematic discrimination against women that has been continuing for a long time.

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Social Contradicting examples:
1. Aboriginal people and alcohol: Not a genetic predisposition but a social condition and outcome from historical oppression that still continues
2. Only 66% of First Nations adults living on reserve consumed alcohol compared to 76% of the general population
3. The Indian Residential School  created the breakdown in individual, family, and community values that are being passed along from generation to generation and that is why we see problems with alcohol in some, not all, people and communities across the country.

Rewrite: Many Indigenous Peoples face multi-generational trauma and adverse childhood experiences, increasing their risk for mental health issues and substance abuse.

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African inferior Intellectuality due to prevalence disease

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African inferior Intellectuality due to prevalence disease

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Below is work done by Dr Ibram
https://diverseeducation.com/article/31279/

Africans has no inferior Intellectuality. I will give you few examples
1. Chinua Achebe
2. Prof Wole Soyinka
3. Chiamanda Ngozi Adichie

African is has no inferior Intellectuality but their exhibition of their Intellectuality can be affected by some diseases.

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Original: Israel is an occupying force in the Palestinian land

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Original: Israel is an occupying force in the Palestinian land

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Other points of view that examine what that land means to both Palestinian and Israeli people would show there are many conflicting facts, opinions and points of view that have to be taken into consideration.

View these multiple answers to a Quora question about who are the good/ bad guys in this conflict:

https://www.quora.com/Is-Israel-the-good-guy-or-the-bad-guy-in-the-Middle-East-conflict

This is a thoughtful article by an American reporter. In it he spends a year and a half in Israel and the territories living and reporting. He changes his ideas of who is starting and continuing the conflict. Certainly this is one person's view, but it does mean that there is no longer a "single story"
http://www.jpost.com/Jerusalem-Report/A-view-from-the-frontlines-480829

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Original: Penurias de los haitianos en Chile

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Original: Penurias de los haitianos en Chile

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Nuevo: “Los migrantes suelen ser gente extraordinaria, dejaron su tierra y su familia y vienen a trabajar y progresar”

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"They are poor because don't want to work"

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"They are poor because don't want to work"

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More than a headline, I wanted to use this phrase that I have heard more than once in my country, Colombia. I didn't find in headlines, but I found articles that contradicts this:
- The Majority Of America's Poor Are Actually In Work (Forbes - https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2015/06/27/the-majority-of-americas-poor-are-actually-in-work/#61ba21d1701f)
- Laziness isn't why people are poor. And iPhones aren't why they lack health care (Washington Post - https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2017/03/08/laziness-isnt-why-people-are-poor-and-iphones-arent-why-they-lack-health-care/?utm_term=.ecb66d06665f
- No, The Poor Aren’t Poor Because They Refuse To Work
(https://thinkprogress.org/no-the-poor-arent-poor-because-they-refuse-to-work-50fde720b764/)

A possible new Headline: "They are poor, even if they work (harder)"

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Men, commit to mentor a women.
I understand the nice intend behind it but a mentor should be free of prejudice anyway. Someone who needs a push / a cause in order to step up is not a suitable mentor in my mind - and experience. I do mentor women (as a woman) across religions, nations and coach men from Germany, Australia to the US.
This is a cheap copy of *heforshe
A better version would be: Commit to mentor women or Commit to mentor women & men on equal terms

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Original Headline: Why Women Belong in the Kitchen
- This is actually an article about how women have the right to choose whether or not to be homemakers, but the headline can be misleading.
Contradicting Examples:
1. We Must Inspire Women To Design Their Own Paths (Forbes)
- It's important to respect both women who stay at home and raise a family and who choose to have a career. It's also important to respect women who choose to do both!
2. Why Women Are Key For Empowering Other Women (HuffPost)
- Women should not tear each other down; rather it's important to inspire one another.
3. Women In The Kitchen Are Not Always A Sexist Cliché (Forbes)
- Women can be successful chefs. Also, women can empower each other even through traditionally "feminine" tasks, such as cooking.
Rewritten Headlne: Women Have The Right To Follow Their Dreams, Regardless Of Whether Those Dreams Include A Kitchen

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That's right, I said it, and you want to know something else? I meant it. To all of you feminists rolling your eyes at me, wondering what kind of weak woman raised me to be so incredibly and horrifically incorrect -BITE ME. I'm well aware of the seemingly offensive title to this, but hear me out first.

In my household, there is no "keeper of the kitchen." My dad likes to cook and try out new things just as much as my mom does, and sometimes, neither one of them want to cook at all. My reason for telling you this is, I don't think I ever had an idea of how things are "supposed to be," and I am very thankful for it, because it has opened my eyes to a very serious problem today.

It is 2016 and we are going through the third wave of this thing called feminism. According to Merriam-Webster's dictionary, feminism is "the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes." Or in other words, it is all about advocating for women and men until both genders are equal in the world-how awesome is that? The women who worked so very hard during the women's suffrage movement would soil their knickers with excitement. However, in the midst of all of this advocating, protesting and celebrating, we may have forgotten what we are working for in the first place.

The ongoing joke/insult that women belong in the kitchen that will drive any feminist batty trying to tell you just how wrong you are is troubling to me. Obviously, like with any intended insult, you'd want to shoot back something witty and irrefutable. I mean, they're trying to bring you down, it only makes sense that you'd want to prove them wrong. The troubling thing is, we have started to believe that a woman who believes she belongs in the kitchen doesn't value herself. For example, has one of your friends said "I want to be a stay at home mom," and instead of supporting her, you instantly tell her she will change her mind or try to talk her out of it. It's okay, we all do it, we want what is best for our friends. But why is it that wanting to be a stay at home mom is not for the best? What is wrong with that?

We have attached a stigma to women who want to stay in the home; we often shame women or think less of them because they must be lazy or weak. Obviously, if she thought better of herself, she wouldn't depend on her spouse to be the breadwinner. In this day and age, a woman who chooses to stay home is a woman without enough confidence to believe she can make money herself. Maybe I am missing something here, but SAYS WHO?

Who says women can't stay at home? Who says you can't cook the best dang biscuits and gravy or homemade soup? Who says fathers can't stay at home either? Is there some sort of "me man, you woman," neanderthal-type way of thinking that states if you stay home, you are lesser?

DREAM SHAMING NEEDS TO STOP. There is no shame in focusing on child-rearing, just as much as there is no shame in wanting to have a career.

The only place anyone belongs is where they want to be. Women can belong in the kitchen just as much as they can belong in an office of a Fortune 500 company. They can belong in a mom's club or a fight club or whatever the Sam Hill makes them happy. The point is, it is not our job to judge or to belittle, but to instead acknowledge and encourage the dreams and aspirations of our fellow [wo]men.

Feminism is an incredible idea that fights to make the world equal and fair. I want to make it clear that I do not, in any way believe feminism is bad for anyone. Sometimes, there just needs to be a reminder that we aren't working to get women "out of the kitchen." We are working so that women can do and be what they want without having to worry about the discrimination of others. So to all of our future women politicians, business women, sports coaches, and stay at home mothers I say: Do what you'd like, and just make sure you like what you do.

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Ah, the " armpit of America." Whether you traveled far for college, moved away, or even just went on vacation--you know these things to be true about leaving New Jersey. It turns out to be quite a unique state, and leaving will definitely take some lifestyle adjustment.

1. You discover an accent you swore you never had.

Suddenly, people start calling you out on your pronunciation of "cawfee," "wooter," "begel," and a lot more words you totally thought you were saying normal.

2. Pork Roll will never exist again.

Say goodbye to the beautiful luxury that is pork roll, egg, and cheese on a bagel. In fact, say goodbye to high-quality breakfast sandwiches completely.

3. Dealing with people who use Papa Johns, Pizza Hut, or Dominos as their go-to pizza.

It's weird learning that a lot of the country considers chain pizza to be good pizza. You're forever wishing you could expose them to a real, local, family-style, Italian-owned pizza shop. It's also a super hard adjustment to not have a pizza place on every single block anymore.

4. You probably encounter people that are genuinely friendly.

Sure Jersey contains its fair share of friendly people, but as a whole, it's a huge difference from somewhere like the South. People will honestly, genuinely smile and converse with strangers, and it takes some time to not find it sketchy.

5. People drive way slower and calmer.

You start to become embarrassed by the road rage that has been implanted in your soul. You'll get cut off, flipped off, and honked at way less. In fact, no one even honks, almost ever.

6. You realize that not everyone lives an hour from the shore.

Being able to wake up and text your friends for a quick beach trip on your day off is a thing of the past. No one should have to live this way.

7. You almost speak a different language.

The lingo and slang used in the Jersey area is... unique. It's totally normal until you leave, but then you find yourself receiving funny looks for your jargon and way fewer people relating to your humor. People don't say "jawn" in place of every noun.

8. Hoagies are never the same.

Or as others would say, "subs." There is nothing even close in comparison.

9. Needing Wawa more than life, and there's no one to relate.

When you complain to your friends about missing Wawa, they have no reaction. Their only response is to ask what it is, but there's no rightful explanation that can capture why it is so much better than just some convenient store.

10. You have to learn to pump gas. Eventually.

After a long period of avoidance and reluctance, I can now pump gas. The days of pulling up, rolling down your window, handing over your card and yelling "Fill it up regular please!" are over. When it's raining or cold, you miss this the most.

11. Your average pace of walking is suddenly very above-average.

Your friends will complain that you're walking too fast - when in reality - that was probably your slow-paced walk. Getting stuck behind painfully slow people is your utmost inconvenience.

12. You're asked about "Jersey Shore" way too often.

No, I don't know Snooki. No, our whole state and shore is not actually like that. We have 130 miles of some of the best beach towns in the country.

13. You can't casually mention NYC without people idealizing some magical, beautiful city.

Someone who has never been there has way too perfect an image of it. The place is quite average and dirty. Don't get me wrong, I love a good NYC day trip as much as the next person, but that's all it is to you... a day trip.

14. The lack of swearing is almost uncomfortable.

Jerseyans are known for their foul mouths, and going somewhere that isn't as aggressive as us is quite a culture adjustment.

15. No more jughandles.

No longer do you have to get in the far right lane to make a left turn.

16. You realize that other states are not nearly as extreme about their North/South division.

We literally consider them two different states. There are constant arguments and debates about it. The only thing that North and South Jersey can agree on is that a "Central Jersey" does not exist.

17. Most places also are not in a war over meat.

"Pork roll" or "taylor ham"... The most famous debate amongst North and South Jersey. It's quite a stupid argument, however, considering it is definitely pork roll.

18. You realize you were spoiled with fresh produce.

After all, it's called the "Garden State" for a reason. Your mouth may water just by thinking about some fresh Jersey corn.

19. You'll regret taking advantage of your proximity to everything.

Super short ride to the beach and a super short ride to Philly or NYC. Why was I ever bored?

20. Lastly, you realize how much pride you actually have in the "armpit of America," even if you claimed to dislike it before.

After all, there aren't many places with quite as much pride. You find yourself defending your state at all necessary moments, even if you never thought that would be the case.

Cover Image Credit: Travel Channel

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In Honduras for cocaine, in daylight, amidst the crowd,

With stolen guns, bare hands, belts, gasoline, of the woman

who dressed improperly, dyed her hair red, wore a choker,

Revolted against rape, worked at a bar, of men fighting

against discrimination, religion, defending families, nations,

politicians with matches, hammers, golf sticks and knives,

of blacks, immigrants, Muslims, Christians, Hindus, those

who know no religion, at the border, in the rain, in the bedroom

where you caught your wife having sex, broken building, graveyard,

latched room, for being humiliated, in anger or in pain, of another with

more money, an ex who moved on too quickly, for sex,

or for fun, for the excitement, the chase, and run, by skinning alive,

burning, with a rope, strangling, of people who didn't surrender,

to lust, dominion, authority, and power, at the backseat of the car,

isolated street, as meat, for theft, robbery, satisfaction, mercy,

for argument's sake or destroyed ego, for obsession or gang loyalty

in El Salvador, for not having enough to eat, crushed by the State,

destroyed by neighbors, consumed by drugs, alcohol or law, of police,

child laborers, grandmothers, and fathers, pregnant woman, by bombing planes,

shopping malls, temples, mosques, times square, water, or terrain.

Cover Image Credit: Author's photo

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That's right, I said it, and you want to know something else? I meant it. To all of you feminists rolling your eyes at me, wondering what kind of weak woman raised me to be so incredibly and horrifically incorrect -BITE ME. I'm well aware of the seemingly offensive title to this, but hear me out first.