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-Eight-stage theory of social evolution -> predicted decline of individual property rights and capitalist values
-Compared to Republicans freeing Americans from slavish monarchical gov, Brisbane argued Fourierist socialism would liberate workers from capitalist employers and slavish system of Hired Labor of Labor for Wages

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Utopian community stood as counter cultural blueprints of more egalitarian society

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- John Humphrey Noyes
-Perfectionists = Christ returned to Earth
-Money w/ silverware (Oneida Silverware Company still exists)
- Free love = complex marriage
- Sex at a young age
- Sexual mentors in town, but tried to avoid reproduction

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The Shaker and Oneida people created distinct and separated communities in pursuit of a perfect society. They began questioning the traditional sexual norms based on capitalist values as they experimented with new sets of rules. They took a step towards equality as class divisions were no longer as prominent and the belief that Christ was incarnated by a women gave them more recognition in society.

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-1770: Ann Lee Stanley (Mother Ann) had a vision she was the incarnation of Christ

-Ecstatic dances
-Celibacy
-Tried to stay away from politics, tobacco, etc.
-God: "dual person male and female"
-Relied on conversions and adoptions of young orphans

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1820 and 1860 = America’s emerging market wasn’t appealing -> retreated back to the rural areas (NE & MW)