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What has to happen and why?
Circulation ensures that no substance must diffuse very far to enter or leave a cell. By transporting fluid, it functionally connects the aqueous environment of the body cells to organs that exchange gases, absorb nutrients, and dispose wastes.

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1. Respiratory System

depends on gas exchange because the respiratory system delivers oxygen to the bloodstream from the lungs. The heart then pumps the non-oxygenated blood to the lungs. The hemoglobin in blood are the proteins that carry oxygen. The diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of the blood which is determined by the partial pressure in different parts of the circulatory system. Gases go from higher partial pressure to lower partial pressure.

2. Lymphatic system-

The lymphatic system is made up of lymphatic vessels and is responsible for the immune system as well as is part of the circulatory system. Lymphatic system carries lymph. Like circulatory system has lymphocytes. Both the circulatory and lymphatic system are involved in the immune system. According to Wikipedia,  "The blood does not come into direct contact with the parenchymal cells and tissues in the body (except in case of an injury causing rupture of one or more blood vessels), but constituents of the blood first exit the microvascular exchange blood vessels to become interstitial fluid, which comes into contact with the parenchymal cells of the body

3. Excretory system-

Blood circulates through the kidneys. Urea, uric acid, and water are removed from the system. Most of water put back into system.

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1. Unicellular Organisms: use the surface of the cell to exchange gases and nutrients with their environment. Intracellular circulation is accomplished by the ER, Golgi apparatus, and Cyclosis.

2. Plants:  xylem and phloem, which act like veins, are used for transporting water and nutrients.

3. Animals (invertebrates): Arthropods, mollusks use open circulatory systems. There is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid (general fluid is called hemolymph). Chemical exchange occurs between hemolymph and body cells. Body movements that squeeze sinuses (spaces surrounding organs) help circulate hemolymph.

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Circulatory Adaptations in Multicellular Animals

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Circulatory Adaptations in Multicellular Animals

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1. Crocodiles: In crocodiles the ventricular septum is complete, but the two aortas come out of different ventricular chambers. A semilunar valve at the entrance to the left aorta prevents non-aerated blood in the right ventricle from flowing into the aorta. Instead, part of the aerated blood from the left ventricular chamber pumped into the right aorta flows into the left by way of an opening. This is advantageous because it allows oxygen poor blood to be diverted from lungs when diving.

2. Amphibians: Amphibians have a three-chambered heart, which allows for double loop circulation.Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix in the heart. Amphibians are ectotherms.

3. Birds: Birds have a complete septum in the heart, creating four chambers. This prevents any mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Birds are endotherms.

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Four Chamber Heart with Parts and Functions

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Four Chamber Heart with Parts and Functions

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Right atrium- receives oxygen poor blood from the body and pumps into the right ventricle

Right ventricle- pumps oxygen poor blood to lungs.

Left atrium- receives oxygen-rich blood from lungs and pumps into left ventricle.

Left ventricle- pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body.

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Two Major Kinds
1. Cells
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes):  The most abundant. The purpose is to enclose a large quantity of the oxygen-binding protein hemoglobin in a package that allows travel through tortuous routes in the circulation, and efficient gas exchange at the same time.
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes): Function in cellular immune response. They are made from stem cells in bone marrow, have a nucleus, and lack hemoglobin. There are 5 types: neutrophils (enter tissue by squeezing through capillary walls and are responsible for phagocytosing foreign bodies), macrophages (release white blood cell growth factors), lymphocytes (fight infections), T-cells (attack viruses) and B-cells (produce antibodies).
Platelets: Involved in clotting blood. Platelets adhere to tears in the blood vessels and carry chemicals essential for blood clotting. They bud off of megakaryocytes in bone marrow.

2. Plasma
This is the liquid portion of blood made of water, ions, nutrients, wastes, and proteins. The most abundant protein is serum albumin, which is used to transport fatty acids.

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Lungs:

Inside the chest cavity the windpipe divides into two branches, called the right and left bronchial tubes that enter the lungs. The large bronchial tubes branch into ever smaller tubes, called bronchioles. These in turn divide into even narrower tubes. Each small tube ends in clusters of thin-walled air sacs, called alveoli. It is the alveoli that receive the oxygen and pass it on to the blood.

The alveoli are surrounded by tiny blood vessels, called capillaries. The alveoli and capillaries both have very thin walls, which allow the oxygen to pass from the alveoli to the blood. The capillaries then connect to larger blood vessels, called veins, which bring the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. The largest veins that do this work are called the pulmonary veins, and they connect directly to the heart.

Body Tissues:

The process of systemic circulation moves oxygen rich blood to all the organs and body tissues (except the heart and lungs) and returns oxygen-poor blood to the heart.

This process carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells and picks up carbon dioxide and waste products.

Organs: The liver filters blood and cleans it so other parts of the body can use it to maintain homeostasis

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Coronary Heart Disease is a disease that results in heart attacks. The heart attacks are caused by the gradual buildup of lipids and cholesterol to the inner walls of the coronary artery. As a result of the buildup, one may experience chest pain, angina pectoralis (Angina- the demand for oxygen is larger than can be provided). Treatments include: Aspirin, Beta-blockers, Nitroglycerin patches, etc.

Hypertension (high blood pressure) occurs when blood is over 140/190. Caused by stress, obesity, high sodium intake, smoking. Can be treated with diet, exercise and medicines such as, Diuretics, Beta-blockers, etc.

Atherosclerosis caused by a buildup of a plaque of cells and cholesterol in blood vessels which leads to a decrease in diameter. There are no specific symptoms. Treatments include: diet, lifestyle changes, and medication.