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1. Have students read about how Dutch colonists in New Netherland affected the Native Americans who already lived there.
Explain to students that is a group's way of life. The movement of different groups impacts the cultural landscape s of both the places they leave and the places they settle. The Dutch colonists impacted the lives of the Native Americans who were already settled in the Hudson River Valley. Project the website The Hudson: The River That Defined America. Click on "Dutch Settlement" and invite volunteers to read each paragraph aloud. Also have students read the information included in each of the clickable markers on the map. Ask:

How did the Dutch colonists and the Native Americas become dependent on one another? (The natives hunted and delivered fur pelts for the Dutch. They traded these for the tools, cloth, weapons, and alcohol the Dutch imported.)

How did the Dutch presence negatively affect the Native American population? (The settlers brought diseases to which the natives had no immunity. There were also armed conflicts between the Dutch and the Native Americans and between the different Native American groups, caused by uneven trade agreements with the Dutch.)

2. Introduce the terms cultural markers and cultural diffusion.
Explain to students that every region has unique characteristics, or cultural markers, that distinguish it from other places. The Dutch colonists impacted the cultural landscape of the Hudson River Valley in ways that include its ethnic makeup, spoken languages, religious institutions, traditions, architectural styles, and other cultural markers. Explain that cultural diffusion is the spread of elements from one culture to another. Ask: What elements of Dutch culture do you think are still part of American life today? Have students use the list of cultural markers from Dutch colonists to brainstorm ideas.

3. Show students the video segment "New Amsterdam, Diversity and Opportunity."
Show students the video segment "New Amsterdam, Diversity and Opportunity." Ask students to jot notes on the three terms and phrases used in the video to describe the culture of the Dutch colony. Ask:

What terms and phrases are used in the video to describe the culture of the Dutch colony in the 17th century? (multicultural, melting pot, middle class)

Which of those terms do you think describe American culture today? Explain.

Have students do a word association activity. Write multicultural, melting pot, and middle class on the board. Ask students to brainstorm words and phrases that describe a culture with those descriptors. Prompt them to include answers such as: opportunity, diversity, tolerance, and educated.

4. Introduce and show the video segment "Dutch Cultural Transition."
Tell students that the Dutch colony became an English colony in 1664; however, approximately 90% of the Dutch settlers stayed and continued to affect the cultural landscape. Explain that the next video, "Dutch Cultural Transition," is about that time. Ask students to write notes as they watch on the traits of Dutch culture they hear about. Ask:

What are some traits of Dutch culture that are highlighted? (landowners; women were equal to men and could inherit land, money, and businesses; religious tolerance; architecture; love of flowers and tulips; love of art and painting)

Which of those traits are part of American culture today? Explain.

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1. Have students read about how Dutch colonists in New Netherland affected the Native Americans who already lived there. Explain to students that is a group's way of life. The movement of different groups impacts the cultural landscape s of both the places they leave and the places they settle.

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Dutch Americans - History, Modern era, The first dutch settlers in america

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Dutch Americans - History, Modern era, The first dutch settlers in america Du-Ha

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a brief history on dutch influence on america

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A brief history on Dutch influence on America - PlanetSide Universe

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A brief history on Dutch influence on America Political Debate Forum

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French Influence in North America: text, images, music, video | Glogster EDU - Interactive multimedia posters

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See the Glog! French Influence in North America: text, images, music, video | Glogster EDU - Interactive multimedia posters

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English Influence in North America: text, images, music, video | Glogster EDU - Interactive multimedia posters

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See the Glog! English Influence in North America: text, images, music, video | Glogster EDU - Interactive multimedia posters

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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Portuguese Americans - Early history, The eighteenth century, The nineteenth century

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Portuguese Americans - Early history, The eighteenth century, The nineteenth century Pa-Sp

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Spanish Influence in the New World | Novelguide

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Spanish Influence in the New World, Free Study Guides and book notes including comprehensive chapter analysis, complete summary analysis, author biography information, character profiles, theme analysis, metaphor analysis, and top ten quotes on classic literature.

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Louisiana French Influence in America General Information Where It All Began Building it Up Perseverance War Down and Out Louisiana is located in the southeastern
United States at the mouth of the Mississippi River. Named after France's King Louis XIV in 1682, this state was mostly uninhabited until the arrival of the French. Native Americans passed through and Spanish sailed by, although no one but the French penetrated through the swamps to set up a home away from home. Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle,was a French explorer who navigated the Great Lakes Region, the Mississippi River, and the Gulf of Mexico. After his expiditions, la Salle claimed the entire Mississippi River basin for France, including Louisiana, in 1682. He later attempted to create a permanent French colony, although this plan failed. The French didn't let one failed attempt stop them. A 1699 expedition by Pierre le Moyne, Sieur d'lberville, settled the French on Biloxi Bay. Louis Juchereau de St. Denis established the first permanent European settlement in Louisiana, Natchitoches, in 1714. Four years later, d'lverville's Brother - Sieur de Bienville - established New Orleans. Under French rule, neither as a royal colony or under the proprietorship first of Antoine Crozat and then of John Law's Company of the Indies (1712 - 1731), did Louisiana flourish economically. Although, French culture was fully secured here and incoming Germans were quickly Gallicized. In 1762 during the French and Indian War, France was forced to cede Louisiana to Spain. With the Spaniards in charge, the area was more prosperous, although was a burden on the country's treasury. By 1800, Napoleon recovered Louisiana for the French through the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso. "New France" Back in the bayous of Lousiana rests a deeply ingrained take on French culture that shows how the country's impact is bigger than its boundaries. Three years later, Napoleon was forced to give up Louisiana to the United States to avoid British possession. President Thomas Jefferson leaded the transaction by purchasing 800,000 sq mi for $15,000,000. This doubled the size of the US at 3 cents per acre. The deal incorporated Louisiana and surrounding areas, and has still been called the best real estate deal in history. Statehood William C. Claiborne led the creation of the newly acquired territories state divisions. In 1810 a census reported the future Louisiana territory to have 76,556 inhabitants, enough to establish a state. Newly formed Louisiana entered the Union on April 30, 1812. Languages About 7% of those living in Louisiana still speak French. An interesting aspect to Louisiana language is their variations of French. Creole "French" takes some aspects of the language and flips words around, backward, and makes some up. Louisiana French is very similar to that spoken in the country, although some words have been added or changed. "Why We Still Speak French" French Celebrations One of the biggest celebrations that many may not realize is French that takes place in Louisiana is Mardi Gras. Meaning "Fat Tuesday", Mardi Gras celebration in France occurs the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday, the last day prior to Lent. This holiday was originally started as a celebration and feast before fasting for Lent's 40 days. In America, with the largest event in New Orleans, Mardi Gras has taken on a new form or hardcore partying and excessive drinking. Cuisine The French have also had an impact on foods consumed within not only Louisiana, but the entire United States. The "Creole State" is famously known for seafood including shrimp, crawfish, crab, and oysters. Gumbos, bisques, and grits are ubiquitous, and everything is always hyped up with various spices. Of course, there are many other resturaunt varieties and many classic French cafes can be found throughout the state. Laws of the Land Louisiana even has a different law system than the rest of the country. The state's law is said to be based off French Civil Law, not English Common Law like the rest of the nation. Tests such as the Legal Education BAR Exam are different due to the change of rules as well. Judges in Louisiana rule based on their interpretations of the law, and juries can hear cases that other courts would consider equitable. Melting Pot Although France is not the only country by any means that has shaped Louisiana into the state it is now, the French will be forever associated with the area. No matter how many generations come and go, Louisiana will forever be French. Bibliography "Louisiana." U-S-History.com. U-S-History.com, n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. <http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1905.html>.

"Prezi." Prezi.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. <http://prezi.com/>.

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Louisiana French Influence in America General Information Where It All Began Building it Up Perseverance War Down and Out Louisiana is located in the southeasternUnited States at the mouth of the Mississippi River. Named after France's King Louis XIV in 1682, this state was mostly uninhabited until the arrival of the French.

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The English language has been shaped by a number of other languages over the centuries, and many English speakers know that Latin and Germanic languages were two of the most important. What many people don't realize is how much the French language has influenced English.

History

Without going into too much detail, here is a little background about other languages that have also shaped English. The language grew out of the dialects of three German tribes (Angles, Jutes, and Saxons) who settled in Britain around 450 A.D.

This group of dialects forms what we refer to as Anglo-Saxon, which gradually developed into Old English. The Germanic base was influenced in varying degrees by Celtic, Latin, and Old Norse.

Bill Bryson, a noted American linguist of the English language, calls the Norman conquest of 1066 the "final cataclysm [that] awaited the English language." When William the Conqueror became king of England, French took over as the language of the courts, administration, and literature-and stayed there for 300 years.

Anglo-Norman

Some say this eclipse of the English vernacular was "probably the most regrettable effect of the conquest. Superseded in official documents and other records by Latin and then increasingly in all areas by Anglo-Norman, written English hardly reappeared until the 13th century," according to britannica.com.

English was demoted to humble everyday uses, and it became the language of peasants and the uneducated.

These two languages existed side by side in England with no noticeable difficulties. In fact, since English was essentially ignored by grammarians during this time, it evolved independently, becoming a simpler language grammatically.

After 80 years or so of coexisting with French, Old English segued into Middle English, which was the vernacular spoken and written in England from about 1100 to about 1500.

This is when Early Modern English, the language of Shakespeare, emerged. This evolutionary version of English is nearly identical to the English we know today.

Vocabulary

During the Norman occupation, about 10,000 French words were incorporated into English, about three-fourths of which are still in use today. This French vocabulary is found in every domain, from government and law to art and literature. About one-third of all English words are derived directly or indirectly from French, and it's estimated that English speakers who have never studied French already know 15,000 French words. There are more than 1,700 true cognates, words that are identical in the two languages.

Pronunciation

English Pronunciation owes a lot to French as well. Whereas Old English had the unvoiced fricative sounds [f], [s], [θ] (as in in), and [∫] (in), French influence helped to distinguish their voiced counterparts [v], [z], [ð] (e), and [ʒ] (mirae), and also contributed the diphthong [ɔy] (b).

Grammar

Another rare but interesting remnant of French influence is in the word order of expressions like secretary general and surgeon general, where English has retained the noun + adjective word order typical in French, rather than the usual adjective + noun sequence used in English.

Additional Reading

1. The Mother Tongue: English & How It Got That Way, by Bill Bryson

2. French is Not a "Foreign" Language, American Association of Teachers of French.

3. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, ed. Houghton Mifflin Company

4. French Inside Out: The French Language Past and Present, by Henriette Walter

5. Honni soit qui mal y pense : L'incroyable histoire d'amour entre le français et l'anglais, by Henriette Walter

6. The Languages of the World, by Kenneth Katzner

7. Made in America: An Informal History of the English Language in the United States, by Bill Bryson (compare prices)

French Words and Expressions in the English Language

These are some of the thousands of French words and expressions the English language has adopted. Some of them have been so completely absorbed into English the etymology is not evident Other words and expressions have retained their written "Frenchness," a certain je ne sais quoi that does not extend to pronunciation, which has assumed English inflections.

The following is a list of words and expressions of French origin that are commonly used in English. Each term is followed by the literal English translation in quotation marks and an explanation.

agent provocateur "provocative agent"
A person who attempts to provoke suspected individuals or groups into committing unlawful acts

aide-de-camp "camp assistant"
A military officer who serves as a personal assistant to a higher-ranking officer

aide-mémoire "memory aid"

1. Position paper
2. Something that acts as an aid to memory, such as crib notes or mnemonic devices

à la carte "on the menu*"
French restaurants usually offer a with choices for each of the several courses at a fixed price. If you want something else (a side order), you order from the carte.

Note that menu is a false cognate in French and English.

à la minute "to the minute"
This term is used in restaurant kitchens for dishes that are cooked to order, rather than made ahead of time

à la mode "in fashion, style"
In English, this means "with ice cream," an apparent reference to a time when ice cream on pie was the fashionable way to eat it.

allée "alley, avenue"
A path or walkway lined with trees

amour-propre "self love"
Self-respect

après-ski "after skiing"
The French term actually refers to snow boots, but the literal translation of the term is what is meant in English, as in "après-ski" social events.

à propos (de) "on the subject of"
In French, à propos must be followed by the preposition de. In English, there are four ways to use apropos (not that in English, we've done away with the accent and the space):

1. Adjective: appropriate, to the point. "That's true, but it's not apropos."

2. Adverb: at an appropriate time, opportunely. "Fortunately, he arrived apropos."

3. Adverb/Interjection: by the way, incidentally. "Apropos, what happened yesterday?"

4. Preposition (may or may not be followed by "of"): with regard to, speaking of. "Apropos our meeting, I'll be late.""He told a funny story apropos of the new president."

art déco "decorative art"
Short for art décoratif. A movement in art of the 1920s and 1930s characterized by bold outlines and geometric and zigzag forms

art nouveau "new art"
A movement in art, characterized by flowers, leaves, and flowing lines

attaché "attached"
A person assigned to a diplomatic post

au jus "in the juice"
Served with the meat's natural juices.

au naturel "in reality, unseasoned"
In this case naturel is a semi-false cognate. In French, au naturel can mean either "in reality" or the literal meaning of "unseasoned" (in cooking). In English, we picked up the latter, less common usage and use it figuratively, to mean natural, untouched, pure, real, naked.

au pair "at par"
A person who works for a family (cleaning and/or teaching the children) in exchange for room and board

aux trois crayons "with three crayons"
Drawing technique using three colors of chalk

avant-garde "before guard"
Innovative, especially in the arts, in the sense of before everyone else

bas-relief "low relief/design"
Sculpture that is only slightly more prominent than its background.

belle époque "beautiful era"
The golden age of art and culture in the early 20th century

bête noire "black beast"
Similar to a pet peeve: something that is particularly distasteful or difficult and to be avoided.

billet-doux "sweet note"
Love letter

bon mot, bons mots "good word(s)"
Clever remark, witticism

bon ton "good tone"
Sophistication, etiquette, high society

bon vivant "good 'liver'"
Someone who lives well, who knows how to enjoy life.

bric-a-brac
The correct French spelling is bric-à-brac. Note that bric and brac don't actually mean anything in French; they are onomatopoetic.

brunette "small, dark-haired female"
The French word brun, dark-haired, is what English really means by "brunette." The suffix -ette indicates that the subject is small and female.

carte blanche "blank card"
Free hand, ability to do whatever you want/need

cause célèbre "famous cause"
A famous, controversial issue, trial, or case

chaise longue "long chair"
In English, this is often mistakenly written as "chaise lounge," which actually makes perfect sense.

chargé d'affaires "charged with business"
A substitute or replacement diplomat

chef d'œuvre "chief work"
Masterpiece

cheval-de-frise "Frisian horse"
Barbed wire, spikes, or broken glass attached to wood or masonry and used to block access

cheval glace "horse mirror"
A long mirror set into a moveable frame

cinéma vérité "cinema truth"
Unbiased, realistic documentary filmmaking

cordon bleu "blue ribbon"
Master chef

cordon sanitaire "sanitary line"
Quarantine, buffer zone for political or medical reasons.

coup de grâce "mercy blow"
Deathblow, final blow, decisive stroke

coup de main "stroke of hand"
Somehow the English meaning (surprise attack) got completely separated from the French meaning, which is assistance, helping hand.

coup de maître "master stroke"
A stroke of genius

coup de théâtre "stroke of the theater"
Sudden, unexpected turn of events in a play

crème caramel "caramel cream"
Custard lined with caramel like a flan

crème de cacao "cream of cacao"
Chocolate-flavored liqueur

crème de la crème "cream of the cream"
Synonymous with the English expression "cream of the crop" - refers to the best of the best.

crème de menthe "cream of mint"
Mint-flavored liqueur

Despite its meaning, crème fraîche is in fact slightly fermented, thickened cream.

crêpe de Chine "Chinese crepe"
Type of silk

crime passionnel "passionate crime"
Crime of passion

critique "critical, judgment"
Critique is an adjective and noun in French, but a noun and verb in English; it refers to a critical review of something or the act of performing such a review.

cul-de-sac "bottom (butt) of the bag"
Dead-end street

décolletage, décolleté "low neckline, lowered neckline"
The first is a noun, the second an adjective, but both refer to low necklines on women's clothing.

dégustation "tasting"
The French word simply refers to the act of tasting, while in English "degustation" is used for a tasting event or party, as in wine or cheese tasting.

"already seen"
This is a grammatical structure in French, as in Je l'ai déjà vu > I've already seen it. In English, déjà vu refers to the phenomenon of feeling like you've already seen or done something when you're sure that you haven't.

demimonde "half world"
In French, it's hyphenated: demi-monde. In English, there are two meanings:
1. A marginal or disrespectful group
2. Prostitutes and/or kept women

démodé "out of fashion"
Same meaning in both languages: outmoded, out of fashion

de rigueur "of rigueur"
Socially or culturally obligatory

dernier cri "last cry"
The newest fashion or trend

Dieu et mon droit "God and my right"
Motto of the British monarch

double entendre "double hearing"
A word play or pun.

For example, you're looking at a field of sheep and you say "How are you (ewe)?"

droit du seigneur "right of the lord of the manor"
The feudal lord's right to deflower his vassal's bride

eau de cologne "water from Cologne"
This is often cut down to simply "cologne" in English. Cologne is the French and English name for the German city Köln.

embarras de richesse, richesses "embarrassement of wealth/richness"
Such an overwhelming amount of good fortune that it's embarrassing or confusing

emigré "expatriate, migrant"
In English, this tends to indicate exile for political reasons

en banc "on the bench"
Legal term: indicates that the entire membership of a court is in session.

en bloc "in a block"
In a group, all together

enfant terrible "terrible child"
Refers to a troublesome or embarrassing person within a group (of artists, thinkers, and the like).

en garde "on guard"
Warning that one should be on his/her guard, ready for an attack (originally in fencing).

en masse "in mass"
In a group, all together

en passant "in passing"
in passing, by the way; (chess) the capturing of a pawn after a specific move

en prise "in grasp"
(chess) exposed to capture

en rapport "in agreement"
agreeable, harmonious

en route "on route"
On the way

en suite "in sequence"
Part of a set, together

entente cordiale "cordial agreement"
Friendly agreements between countries, especially those signed in 1904 between France and the UK

The correct way to say "come in" in French is simply entrez.

esprit de corps "group spirit"
Similar to team spirit or morale

fait accompli "done deed"
"Fait accompli" is probably a bit more fatalistic than merely "done deed."

faux "false, fake"
As in faux jewels.

faux pas "false step, trip"
Something that should not be done, a foolish mistake.

femme fatale "deadly woman"
An alluring, mysterious woman who seduces men into compromising situations

fin de siècle "end of the century"
Refers to the end of the 19th century

fleur-de-lis, fleur-de-lys "flower of lily"
A type of iris or an emblem in the shape of an iris with three petals.

fleur de sel "flower of salt"
Very fine and expensive salt

foie gras "fat liver"
The liver of a force-fed goose, considered a delicacy

folie à deux "craziness for two"
Mental disorder that occurs simultaneously in two people with a close relationship or association.

force majeure "great force"
An unexpected or uncontrollable event, like a tornado or war, that prevents a contract from being fulfilled.

gamine "playful, little girl"
Refers to an impish or playful girl/woman.

gauche "left, awkward"
Tactless, lacking social grace

haute couture "high sewing"
High-class, fancy and expensive clothing

haute cuisine "high cuisine"
High-class, fancy and expensive cooking or food

hors de combat "out of combat"
Out of action

idée fixe "set idea"
Fixation, obsession

joie de vivre "joy of living"
The quality in people who live life to the fullest

maître d', maître d'hôtel "master of, master of hotel"
The former is more common in English, which is strange since it is incomplete. Literally, it is: "The 'master of' will show you to your table."

mal de mer "sickness of sea"
Seasickness

ménage à trois "household of three"
Three people in a relationship together; a threesome

mise en abyme "putting into (an) abyss"
An image repeated within its own image, as with two facing mirrors.

mot juste "right word"
Exactly the right word or expression.

noblesse oblige "obligated nobility"
The idea that those who are noble are obliged to act noble.

nom de guerre "war name"
Pseudonym

nouveau riche "new rich"
Disparaging term for someone who has recently come into money.

nouvelle cuisine "new cuisine"
Cooking style developed in the 1960's and 70's that emphasized lightness and freshness.

papier mâché "mashed paper"
Used for art

par excellence "by excellence"
Quintessential, preeminent, the best of the best

pas de deux "step of two"
Dance with two people

passe-partout "pass everywhere"
1. Master key
2. (Art) mat, paper, or tape used to frame a picture

peau de soie "skin of silk"
Soft, silky fabric with a dull finish

petite "small, short"
It may sound chic, but petite is simply the feminine French adjective meaning "short" or "small."

petit four "little oven"
Small dessert, especially cake

petit point "little stitch"
Small stitch used in needlepoint.

pièce de résistance "piece of stamina"
In French, this originally referred to the main course, or the test of your stomach's stamina. In both languages, it now refers to an outstanding accomplishment or the final part of something, as a project, a meal, or the like.

pied-à-terre "foot on ground"
A temporary or secondary place of residence.

pince-nez "pinch-nose"
Eyeglasses clipped to the nose

porte cochère "coach gate"
Covered gate through which cars drive and then stop temporarily to allow passengers to enter a building without getting rained upon.

potpourri "rotten pot"
A scented mixture of dried flowers and spices; a miscellaneous group or collection

prêt-à-porter "ready to wear"
Originally referred to clothing, now sometimes used for food.

prix fixe "fixed price"
Two or more courses at a set price, with or without options for each course.

Though the term is French, in France, a "prix fixe menu" is simply called le menu.

raison d'être "reason for being"
Purpose, justification for existing

risqué "risked"
Suggestive, overly provocative

roman à clés "novel with keys"
Novel with real people appearing as fictional characters

sang-froid "cold blood"
The ability to maintain one's composure.

savoir-faire "knowing how to do"
Synonymous with tact or social grace.

savoir-vivre "to know how to live"
Living with sophistication and an awareness of good etiquette and style

soi-disant "self saying"
What one claims about oneself; so-called, alleged

soigné "taken care of"
1. Sophisticated, elegant, fashionable
2. Well-groomed, polished, refined

succès d'estime "success of estime"
Important but unpopular success or achievement

succès fou "crazy success"
Wild success

tableau vivant "living picture"
A scene composed of silent, motionless actors

table d'hôte "host table"
1. A table for all guests to sit together
2. A fixed-price meal with multiple courses

tête-à-tête "head to head"
A private talk or visit with another person

toilette "toilet"
In French, this refers both to the toilet itself and anything related to toiletries; thus the expression "to do one's toilette," meaning to brush hair, do makeup, etc.

touché "touched"
Originally used in fencing, now equivalent to "you got me."

tour de force "turn of strength"
Something that takes a great deal of strength or skill to accomplish.

tout de suite "right away"
Due to the silent e in de, this is often misspelled "toot sweet" in English.

vieux jeu "old game"
Old-fashioned

vis-à-vis (de) "face to face"
In English vis-à-vis or vis-a-vis means "compared to" or "in relation with": vis-a-vis this decision means vis-à-vis de cette décision. Note than in French, it must be followed by the preposition de.

Vive la France ! "(Long) live France" Essentially the French equivalent of saying "God bless America."

vol-au-vent "flight of the wind"
In both French and English, a vol-au-vent is a very light pastry shell filled with meat or fish with sauce.

Ballet and Cooking Terms

French has also given English scores of words in the domains of ballet and cooking. The literal meanings of the adopted French words are (in parentheses).

Ballet: barre (bar), chaîné (chained), chassé (chased), développé (developed), effacé (shaded), pas de deux (two step), pirouette (turn), plié (bent), relevé (lifted).

Cooking: blanch (to lighten in color, parboil; from blanchir), sauté (fried over high heat), fondue (melted), purée (crushed), flambée (burned).

Test your understanding of the above with this quiz.

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The English language has been shaped by a number of other languages over the centuries, and many English speakers know that Latin and Germanic languages were two of the most important. What many people don't realize is how much the French language has influenced English.

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French Americans - History, Patterns of french immigration, The first french americans

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French Americans - History, Patterns of french immigration, The first french americans Du-Ha