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When Florida was once part of Spain, the colonizers there began to establish schools that taught catholicism and the first school opened this year.

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During these years tribal education systems were broken; the traditional modes of education were through prayer, storytelling, memory skills, and listening which was all stopped with the Intrusion Process.

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In Philadelphia first school for blacks was opened by Bray Associates.

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The constitution recognized the Native tribes for being self governed apart from the US government.

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New York African free school was highly successful.

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After the treaty was established, the federal Indian education policy begun by President Washington’s staff, a few treaties were created as part of the government's policy to attempt to civilize the Native Americans.

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Indian Civilization Act was passed which gave up to 10k to help support individuals who were teaching the Natives which led to “Mission schools”.

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Chinese immigrants have no access to education or any opportunities for advancement in education.

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The first higher education for African Americans was opened; Cheyney University of Pennsylvania.

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Anti-literacy laws for admitting black students into classrooms would follow a consequence, second offense was death. It began in Boston and other states also adopted similar laws.

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Roberts vs. city of Boston fought against separation of race in schools because it is bad for both parties it creates degradation to blacks and prejudice to whites.

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San Francisco passed a law that segregated Chinese immigrants into separate schools.

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Late 19th Century the federal government created the first boarding school for Natives called the Carlisle Indian Industrial School, they were run like military schools and instructors only spoke English.

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Tape vs. Hurley ruled that a public school could not deny any child of Chinese descent because it was unconstitutional and a violation of the law.

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The goal of the boarding schools was to culturally assimilate them into American culture, the original school’s founder said “kill the Indian in him, save the man.”

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The Supreme Court decision of Plessy vs. Ferguson established separate public schools for black and white students.

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Japanese and Korean children were segregated into schools where Chinese students had been placed which were known as "Oriental Schools".

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The curriculum was half day academic and half day vocational according to the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.

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LULAC was formed by Mexicans in an effort to fight for equal access to education. This group helped the community get victories in several court cases.

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A report was made followed by an investigation about the quality of education at government-run Native schools, John Hopkins Press released a report where they shared criticism about the vocational program stating the school is using student labor to keep the schools running and save the government money.

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There was a Progressive Education approach, which was requiring more culturally appropriate education for these Native children; President Roosevelt passed the “Indian New Deal” which gave certain rights to Native Americans.

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Brown vs. Board of Education made it unconstitutional to have segregation in schools.

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Rough Rock Demonstration school opened in Arizona and was the first Indian run school.

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Milliken vs. Bradley caused segregation to rise a few years later because the court ruled that schools would not be forced to desegregate unless there was proven intent of racism.

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First Latino Secretary of Education, did not do much for the Latino community, rather he blamed parents for poorly educated Mexican children.

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Discrimination and inequality continues in teh Latino community. Native speakers struggle to assimilate into the American language and are segregated from the rest of their classmates since their first language is Spanish. We see this in our education systems primarily by ELD.

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No Child Left Behind Act was passed in efforts to increase the academic achievement of minority students which included Native students, since then there has been improvements in achievements for every minority group except Native Americans.

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Esther Martinez helped Congress pass the “Esther Martinez Native American Language Preservation Act” which preserves the Native American languages and ensured they were used as the primary language in Native schools.

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High schools in Georgia began to implement a K-12 Chinese language program.

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The Education Trust released a report on the state of Education for Native students which showed there had been no improvement in Indian achievements since 2005 when the National Assessment of Educational Progress was performed and showed American Indian and Alaskan Native students increased in math scores but not in reading.

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Last school to be desegregated was Cleveland High School.

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The Asian American Education project was designed to create Asian American and Pacific Islander history curriculum for K-12 students in the US.

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Group notes

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A study of the history of education of racial and ethnic groups during Colonial America and the United States (1)