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NRMS,  New Age and Spirituality (argue against secularisation) 

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NRMS,  New Age and Spirituality (argue against secularisation) 

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Debate about the continuing significance of spirituality - Heelas and Woodhead (2005) and others.

Drive in Western culture to individual autonomy, self expression and self actualisation .

New Age Self Religionists
- More utopian
- Liberation from the external world
- Religion comes from within - self religion

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Women and attitude towards religion study

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Women and attitude towards religion study

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https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1998-12653-007
Conveyed a positive correlation between women and attitude towards religion. In both age groups it was women or those leaning towards a more feminine psychological identity who held a more positive attitude towards Christianity and felt that it had a positive influence on their life and lifestyle.

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Two ideas of secularisation:

1. Disengagement of Religion
-  Religious beliefs and practices become detached from major institutions e.g the Gov't no longer heavily influenced by religion

-  Separation of church and state.

2. Disenchantment of Social Life

Science = more dominant

Modern societies experience loss of spiritual meaning.

Traditional religious beliefs no longer taken for granted - increasingly difficult to sustain

Influenced by dominance of scientific world view – rationality over faith (Comte and Durkheim).

Decline in religious membership and participation

Decline in Religous particpation stats (Bruce 2016)

Church attendance peaked around 1851 – since had nearly 170 years of decline.

1851between40-60%attended church.

2012– 10% attend weekly

Occasional attendance declined – now 2 in 3 never attend.

Sunday school attendance declined 93% 1900-2000

Immigration has expanded ‘religious repertoire’ but numbers involved have had no effect on overall religiosity.

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What is 'Secularisation' ?

- Essentially, it is the belief in God in decline.

- An indication of society becoming secular - less religious

- Religious influence over society and beliefs are no longer signification

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- Religious beliefs are organised around objects/ activities that are held to be sacred E.g communal prayers, the Bible or the sign of the Cross

- Berger (1969) - Religon forms a SACRED CANOPY = and overarching framework of meaning
- Essentially, this means that the framework gives larger, cosmological significance to the ordinary world of practical action

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Gender role orientation and attitude towards Christianity study

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Gender role orientation and attitude towards Christianity study

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https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/009164710503300303
- Sample of 496 older men and women in the UK (mainly England)
- Mainly in their 60’s and 70’s
- Completed the Bem Sex Role inventory together with the Francis Scale of attitude toward Christianity
- Data showed psychological femininity is key to differences in religiosity within the sexes
- biological sex conveyed no additional predictive power in respect of individual differences in religiosity
- Explained using Eysenck's biologically-based dimensional model of personality
- This model uses psychological masculinity and femminty as a key component in the making of the three dimensions of someone’s personality

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'Religion' = shared beliefs, established regulations, rules or bonds of obligation among the members of a community
- The shared beliefs define a 'code of behaviour' that regulates personal and social life.

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Journal articles and their overall conclusions:

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Journal articles and their overall conclusions:

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Grace Davies: Is aware that there is the visibility of religion in the modern world- although it has shifted.  Although, there is somewhat of a decline in membership people are 'believing without belonging'. This refers to the idea that people believe in God but would not necessarily participate in active worship e.g. going to church.

Bryan Wilson: secularization debate as such. Key in this respect are questions of timing. Is the process of secularization part and parcel of modernization (the Wilsonian view, echoed by Bruce), or is this an event-based affair. He also considers institutional decline and why there is a decline of attendance.

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Key theorists and and a summary of their arguments:

Auguste comte:
- Coined & founded the new religion: Religion of humanity. He studied the sociology of religion and his arguments concluded that religion is incompatible with contemporary society. Comte upheld scientific beliefs, arguing that since we are living in an age of science ''it follows then that our religion, too is resting upon scientific truths.'' ('Religion of Humanity revisited'- article by Kemal Ataman). Comte views the progression of science to be outmoding religious prevalence. His argument stems from his belief that in order to progress in a scientific world, religion can no longer be something to be relied upon (science>religion)

Marx:
- saw religion as responsible for creating false hope for the working class
- Simultaneously, Marx also saw religion as a form of protest by the working class against their poor working class and alienation. 
- he saw it as material realities and economic injustice
- Marx concludes that religion was used to make people better about the distress they experience due to being poor and exploited.

Weber
- He anticipated the total disappearance of religion

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Key theorists and and a summary of their arguments:

Auguste comte:
- Coined & founded the new religion: Religion of humanity. He studied the sociology of religion and his arguments concluded that religion is incompatible with contemporary society. Comte upheld scientific beliefs, arguing that since we are living in an age of science ''it follows then that our religion, too is resting upon scientific truths.'' ('Religion of Humanity revisited'- article by Kemal Ataman). Comte views the progression of science to be outmoding religious prevalence. His argument stems from his belief that in order to progress in a scientific world, religion can no longer be something to be relied upon (science>religion)

Marx:
- saw religion as responsible for creating false hope for the working class
- Simultaneously, Marx also saw religion as a form of protest by the working class against their poor working class and alienation. 
- he saw it as material realities and economic injustice
- Marx concludes that religion was used to make people better about the distress they experience due to being poor and exploited.

Weber
- He anticipated the total disappearance of religion

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'Religion' = shared beliefs, established regulations, rules or bonds of obligation among the members of a community
- The shared beliefs define a 'code of behaviour' that regulates personal and social life.