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The Hapsburgs rule extended over many different ethnic groups of people, because of this diversity it was hard to develop a sense of nationalism. When riots for nationalism arose the Hapsburgs crushed them. Eventually Francis Joseph made some reforms and created a legislature, however this legislature was made up of primarily German speaking Austrians, which didn't represent the whole area in which it ruled.
Mitchell Warren

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Ferenc Deák was a moderate Hungarian leader that helped the Dual Monarchy, a compromise that created a new political power in Austria-Hungary. The two states were separate with their own constitution,, but were ruled by the sam person, Francis Joseph, shared the same finance ministries, defense, and foreign trading affairs.

Some people resented the Dual Monarchy and the Slavic  groups became restless. By the early 1900's, nationalists were constantly leaving the government paralyzed with political and social disputes.

Caption: Many subject nationalities were excluded from power in the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary Among them,  the peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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the ottomans ruled a multinational empire, it varied from Eastern Europe and the Balkans to North Africa and the Middle East.

during the 1830's Serbia won autonomy and Greece won independence although many serb and greeks still lived in balkans under the ottomans rule. among serbs and greeks, some other nationalities that were ruled by the ottomans were Bulgarians and Romanians.

in the 1800's revolts formed hoping to gain independence from the ottomans. Russia fought many wars against the empire alongside France and britan. in the mid 1800's the ottoman became known as, "the sick man of Europe" and its lands started to be divided. by 1914 there were many new independent countries.

liz setley

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During the 1800s, Russia expanded its empire eastward into Asia but faced rising demands for reform at home. Reformers hoped to bring Enlightenment ideals such as constitutional government and social justice. Under pressure, tsars introduced some reforms but soon reverted to repression when ongoing unrest threatened their throne. By 1815, Russia was not only the largest, most populous nation in Europe but also a great world power. Other European powers, including Britain and France, watched Russia anxiously. At the same time, Russia remained economically undeveloped.

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Emancipation and Stirrings of Revolution - Lucy

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Emancipation and Stirrings of Revolution - Lucy

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During the mid-century, Alexander II had came to the throne during the Crimean War, a war between the Russians, British, French and Turks in 1853 and ended in 1856. When the war ended, Russia was at the bottom of the barrel and its loss was a call for change. With pressure from liberals and students, Alexander II agreed to reforms and issued a decree to grant freedoms to slaves and serfs.

This decree brought many problems, such as people being too poor to buy land and the lands were too small to farm properly on. He tried making a local government but failed to please many. Alexander II was assassinated and his son took over. Jews were most of the population soon after Alexander III became tsar. This spark a violent outrage toward jews and many were attacked and killed. They became refugees and sought for a safer home in the U.S.

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by the late 1800's, Russia entered the Industrial Age under Alexander III and his son Nicholas II. Russia had land and minerals as well as a large population, which created the perfect storm for factory working. soon the urban working class began. however, industrialization increased social and political problems, as well as creating new social problems in forms of working long hours, with low pay and in dangerous conditions.

liz setley

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Nicolas II created slogans to promote feelings of patriotism but to no avail. After the military losses the people released built up discontent from years of oppression. The riot called Bloody Sunday happed when protesters were shot down by the Russian soldiers, this event caused people lose all faith in the tsar. After Bloody Sunday more riots and protests broke out. Eventually Nicolas announced his October Manifesto giving the people freedom of person, conscience, speech, assembly and union. this still isolated socialists, which still kept the tsar in power. In 1906 Peter Stolypin was appointed to reform. He issued arrests, pogroms and executions as he sought to restore orders.
Mitchell Warren