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https://sites.google.com/apps.isd742.org/extra

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"Development in a Time of Xenophobia"

MLA Citation: Easterly, William. “Development in a Time of Xenophobia.” Journal of International Affairs, vol. 70, no. Special Issue, 2017, pp. 1–6. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost.

The author of this source, an economics professor at Columbia University, examines the questions associated with racism, generalizations, and xenophobic thinking in the modern United States, as well as its disparity of development versus discrimination. The attitudes held by some, that certain groups have innate capabilities or biological variation to the extent that they are naturally superior to other groups, is rebutted with the argument that such generalizations deny the validity of the individual. This deepens the understanding of the many issues surrounding xenophobia, particularly the lack of coverage and discussion of said issues in contemporary society, and applies to the Outcome specifically because such questions and issues have plagued American society for centuries and the website was created with the intent of removing those issues.

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"Islamophobia and Threat Perceptions: Explaining Anti-Muslim Sentiment in the West"

MLA Citation: Ciftci, Sabri. “Islamophobia and Threat Perceptions: Explaining Anti-Muslim Sentiment in the West.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, vol. 32, no. 3, Sept. 2012, pp. 293–309. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/13602004.2012.727291.

This source, written by an associate professor of Arab and Arab-American Studies, is a thorough examination of the rationale behind Islamophobia, and by extension xenophobia, around the world. It provides graphics and charts, as well as data from the PEW Global Attitude Surveys, of the perceptions of Muslims held by people around the world, which help to better explain these perceptions. This applies to the project because such an understanding is crucial to the discussion of xenophobia, not just in the United States, but in the whole rest of the world as well.

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"Is a Rational Solution Possible?"

MLA Citation: Chirot, Daniel. “Is a Rational Solution Possible?” Society, vol. 47, no. 2, Mar. 2010, pp. 107–109. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, doi:10.1007/s12115-009-9298-2.

This source, authored by a professor of International Studies at Washington University, confronts the issue of xenophobia by examining it through the lens of data and reasonability. The claim is made that the foreigner-fearing people of the United States need to better understand the roles played by immigrants in society, and the surprising lack of numerical evidence on either side of the "illegal immigrant" debate is mentioned. Such rationale is comparable to the ideas expressed by William Easterly (Source A), cited previously, that a deeper discussion of xenophobic sentiment and its rationale is necessary for the understanding and eradication of said sentiment. This rationale corresponds directly with the Final Outcome, which provides information to better inform people about xenophobia and its prevalence.

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"My Descent into America's Neo-Nazi Movement & How I Got Out" - Christian Picciolini (TED)

MLA Citation: Picciolini, Christian. “My Descent into America's Neo-Nazi Movement & How I Got Out.” TEDx Talks. TEDxMileHigh, Denver, Colorado, Buell Theatre, www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSH5EY-W5oM.

This source, a TED Talk from a former neo-nazi who helped start the movement in the US, before leaving and campaigning against his former views, is a fitting piece of anecdotal evidence with regard to xenophobia from the point of view of one of the aggressors. Picciolini's story was used as an example that, in the fight against xenophobia, good can come from even the least likely of sources. The source also includes the striking quote, "Hatred is born of ignorance; fear is its father, and isolation is its mother", which was used as an eye-catch on the Final Outcome website's home screen. The quote, and by extension the whole speech, applied to the "big picture" of the issue of xenophobia in a way that no other source could quite achieve, and thus was an invaluable piece of evidence in the realization of the Final Outcome.

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"Combating Racism, Xenophobia, Intolerance, and Discrimination"

MLA Citation: Kamian, Harry. “HDIM: Working Session 17 - Combating Racism, Xenophobia, Intolerance, and Discrimination (Part 2).” U.S. Mission to the OSCE, U.S. Mission to the OSCE, 24 Sept. 2018, osce.usmission.gov/hdim-working-session-17-combating-racism-xenophobia-intolerance-and-discrimination-part-2/.

This source provides a detailed description of the steps that the United States government intends to take against xenophobia. This includes the protection of freedom of expression (as well as the use of this freedom to fight hate speech), legal protections against discrimination and hate crime, and much-needed government outreach to racial and religious communities. These examples were applied to the Final Outcome website's "Help" page as they are very real and very realistic steps that will be taken to help reduce xenophobia's impact on society. This, in turn, is an inspiration to the intended audience of the Final Outcome, who can clearly see that the issue of xenophobia is in fact being addressed by those in power.

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"State and Local Immigration Laws"

MLA Citation: “State and Local Immigration Laws.” American Civil Liberties Union, ACLU, 2019, www.aclu.org/issues/immigrants-rights/state-and-local-immigration-laws.

This source contains a database of current and past laws and court cases from local and national sectors that are discriminatory on a basis of race or ethnicity, for the purpose of overturning said laws and opposing the verdicts reached in the cases. Laws from the database were used as a background and point of origin in broadening the understanding of xenophobia as a whole in the United States, through both more historic examples and modern ones. The source applied to the Final Outcome as it mentioned various cases, including Arizona's SB 1070, which were extremely pertinent in researching the prevalence of xenophobic influences upon the American legal system.

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"For Refugees in America, an Unfulfilled Dream"

MLA Citation: Shafer, Leah. “For Refugees in America, an Unfulfilled Dream.” Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, 12 Mar. 2018, www.gse.harvard.edu/news/uk/18/02/refugees-us-unfulfilled-dream.

This source explains how foreigners, especially refugees, in the American education system are not being properly prepared for the hardships and complexities that "real" adult and collegiate life will pose after they have graduated high school. This is largely because refugees often attend specialized schools, where counseling isn't prioritized and students don't experience high levels of competition. To combat this, we can better institutionalize college and career planning, diverse peership with other students, and improving mentorship and education about institutionalized racism in the USA. Ideas and methods proposed in the article were used to better determine potential courses of action for the complete eradication of xenophobia from the culture and society of the United States.

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"Xenophobia" - Lee Scheffe (TED)

MLA Citation: Scheffe, Lee. “Xenophobia.” TEDx Talks. TEDxLakeTravisHigh, Austin, Texas, Lake Travis High School, www.youtube.com/watch?v=SmwbfORMeKE.

This is a TED Talk which gives an excellent definition of Xenophobia. The speaker is younger than most usually are, and was also a student interested in the question  of xenophobia and how to combat it. The talk also gives insight as to what can be done to stop xenophobia, such as counter speech and refusal to help spread hatred. This source was a large influence behind the format of the Final Outcome as it demonstrated the ability of the Internet to reach a wide audience, and also showed the extent to which many people, especially relatively young people, are willing to listen to reasonable efforts at social justice in the present day.

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"Earth Made of Flags" (Picture Mosaics Design Team)

MLA Citation: Picture Mosaics Design Team. “Earth Made of Flags.” Picture Mosaics - Earth Made of Flags Photo Mosaic, Picture Mosaics, www.picturemosaics.com/photomosaics/id/148.

This source was created by a professional design team, and thus has an æsthetically pleasing and well-crafted feel. It features a mosaic depicting the globe made out of the flags of every country in the world, which makes it an excellent backdrop, both literally and figuratively, for a discussion of xenophobia and foreign experience. Therefore, this source was used primarily as the website's background image, which in turn provides a degree of professionalism and authenticity to the Final Outcome. This better applies the Outcome to the discussion of xenophobia in America.

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“It's Official: 2016 Is the Year of Xenophobia"

MLA Citation: Stevens, Heidi. “It's Official: 2016 Is the Year of Xenophobia.” Chicago Tribune, Chicago Tribune, 30 Nov. 2016, www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/stevens/ct-xenophobia-word-of-the-year-balancing-1129-20161129-column.html.

Written by a reporter fr the Chicago Tribune, this source mentions the prevalence and importance of xenophobia with regard to United States history and the current political and social climates. The example of Dictionary.com labeling "xenophobia" as their word of the year was mentioned, and the site's rationale was examined: xenophobia has become a major, topical issue, and it has been mentioned more frequently, seemingly everywhere, by various news sources. This article was used as evidence to support the American public as the target of the project; the public of the United States is both a realistic and reasonable sample of people towards which to direct the efforts of the project, because the term encompasses everybody who is affected by xenophobia: victims, perpetrators, bystanders, and activists.

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Brainstorming for "Final Outcome" of Project (NOT A SOURCE)

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Brainstorming for "Final Outcome" of Project (NOT A SOURCE)

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Criteria:
-Easily accessible
-Reaches as many people as possible

Audience:
-The American public

Ideas:
-Website
-Youtube/Reddit

Website (EXTRA):
-Tabs:
--History of X in US
--Current examples
--What can we do?
--About