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The bullet points didn't copy to the right format! All the bullets are there however.

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Source 4 (not finished- the other 3 sources are done- scroll down)

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Source 4 (not finished- the other 3 sources are done- scroll down)

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http://www.c3teachers.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/NewYork_9_Silk_Road.pdf: Warwick Ball, historian’s essay on the Silk Road, “Following the Mythical Road”(excerpts), Geographical (Campion Interactive Publishing), 1998

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http://www.c3teachers.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/NewYork_9_Silk_Road.pdf: Richard Kurin, description of the role, value, and uses of silk, “Silk Road: Connecting People and Cultures” (excerpts), Smithsonian Institute, 2002

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Silk Road- how it developed, and how that affected the name of the trading network

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Silk Road- how it developed, and how that affected the name of the trading network

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“Seidenstrassen”/”Silk Road” was coined by German geologist Barn Ferdinand von Richthofen in 1877

Used as a metaphor of Eurasia’s cultural interchange

Symbolised sharing and exchange, but silk was highly guarded

Ancient Chinese guarded silk production for centuries

English + French tried to restrict its markets

Ottoman Turks and Persians fought wars

Silk was thought to help in summer and winter

Silk was absorbent and had more efficient color dyes

Silk could be used for surgical sutures

Silk was a great trade item- royal gifts, tribute, paper, fishing lines, string, etc.

It was used by people of importance

Kimonos and wedding saris for religious rituals

Burial shrouds in china

Graves of sufis

Used to clothe Chinese emperor, but was adopted later by rest of Chinese society

Became form of payment/exchange

Buddhism was carried along the Silk Road network to Japan and China

Islam was carried by Sufi teacher + armies

Martial arts, arts, tiles, and paintings were traded through these routes

With Mongol control of Asia a third Silk Road flourished

Silk was no longer top commodity, however

Marco Polo's travel account spiked European interest in the Silk Road Network

Europeans wanted spices, gems, other fabrics, not so much silk

Silk production was already passed on by Arabs

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“…The growth of silk as a trade item both stimulated and characterized other types of exchanges during the era. Curative herbs, ideas of astronomy, and even religion also moved along the Silk Road network.”

“Silk became both a component and a symbol of this cultural diffusion. It was seen as a valuable index of civilization with regard to religious ritual, kingship, artistic production, and commercial activity. Silk stood for the higher things in life. It was a valuable, traded commodity, as well as a historical medium of exchange.”

“Silk both epitomized and played a major role in the early development of what we now characterize as a global economic and cultural system. Europeans of the 19th century saw this new globalism not just as an interesting historical occurrence, but also as something that resonated with the growing distribution of silk use and manufacturing of the time….”

“During this "third" Silk Road, silk, while still a highly valued Chinese export, was no longer the primary commodity.”

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SOURCE H: Valerie Hansen, description of the legacy of the Silk Road

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SOURCE H: Valerie Hansen, description of the legacy of the Silk Road

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It was more about exchanging culture then trade.

Exchanged culture, religion, art, language, and technology

Was not just for rich

Cultures and languages changed as they became more familiar with other cultures

People encountered others on the silk road resulting in people talking to each other in different languages.

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Source G: John Major, description of impact

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Source G: John Major, description of impact

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Paper was invented by the Han dynasty, and became the main chosen writing material throughout china and east asia. This idea of paper gave people the idea of printing

Another thing that spread throughout eurasia was the wheel.

It was not all good. A example of this was the black plague

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by John Major

Good ideas and innovation travel easily-and far. Historically, these ideas spread along trade routes. This essay looks at the great Eurasian Silk Roads as a transmitter of people, goods, ideas, beliefs and inventions.

Good ideas travel easilyand far along trade routes, and the Silk Road was no exception to that rule. A famous example of a Chinese invention that helped to transform the world is paper. Paper was invented during the Han dynasty, probably just at the time the Silk Road trade was beginning to flourish. (Many accounts ascribe the invention of paper to a Latter Han official at the beginning of the 2nd century CE, but actual paper at least two centuries older than that has been archaeologically excavated from Han tombs.) Far superior to the narrow wooden strips or hard-to-handle rolls of silk that the Chinese had previously used for writing, paper soon became the writing material of choice throughout China and East Asia. It was found also in the Buddhist temples of China's northwest, but seemed not to make inroads beyond that for a long time, perhaps in part because the Chinese tried to protect the secret of its manufacture, and perhaps in part also because other writing materials, such as parchment and papyrus, were well established in the west.

But under the Mongols in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, a group of Chinese workmen set up a papermaking establishment in Samarkand. Their product quickly spread by trade and imitation, and paper soon supplanted other writing materials in most of western Eurasia.

In China, the invention of paper stimulated the invention of printing, sometime during the 6th century CE-a development energetically supported by Buddhism, according to which the duplication of sacred texts was an act of religious merit. The re-invention of printing in Europe centuries later did not employ East Asian-style printing technology, but it may have been stimulated by accounts of Chinese printing that could have circulated in the Middle East.

Another invention that spread entirely across Eurasia was the noria, or irrigation waterwheel. This simple, ingenious device, invented in Roman Syria, consists of a vertical waterwheel to the rim of which are attached a series of pots or tubes. As the current of a river rotates the wheel, the pots fill with water at the bottom of the cycle and empty into a chute at the top; a large noria can lift water as much as forty feet with no input of human or animal energy. This inspired invention was obviously a good idea, and rapidly spread along the Silk Road and its tributaries. There is a famous example in Toledo, Spain, others along the upper reaches of the Yellow River in China, and many more in between.

Foodstuffs also count in this category of the travel of ideas and techniques Apples spread, in prehistoric times via the steppe belt, in both directions from the region of modern-day Kazakhstan; oranges went (via the maritime route) from China to the Mediterranean world; grapes went from the western reaches of the Silk Road to China.

These examples and dozens more that could be mentioned make the point clear: ideas, inventions, devices and techniques spread readily and far along the Silk Road, and the traffic was very much a two way, or perhaps one should say a multi-way, street. In the process the Silk Road enriched not just the merchants who carried and exchanged goods, but the people of countries and cultures all across Eurasia.

It is perhaps worth noting, however, that long-distance trade can have unexpectedly bad side effects as well as direct beneficial effects. For example, the Black Death plague that devastated Europe in the 14th century is believed to have come via the Silk Road from Central Asia, where plague is endemic among local rodents. One theory holds that a load of marmot pelts (destined to be used on fur-trimmed garments), contaminated with plague-bearing flea eggs, was brought from somewhere in Central Asia to a Middle Eastern port. There the eggs hatched into fleas that infested some local rats; some of the rats eventually went on shipboard and were carried to port cities in Italy. There the plague spread, via fleas, to other rats, and then to people; and a disaster was in the making.

Additional Background Reading on Asia

Why were there so many Chinese fans in the bleachers at this year's FIFA World Cup, when the Chinese team wasn't even on the field? Student Jerry Tian gives us his perspective.

by John Major
Good ideas and innovation travel easily-and far. Historically, these ideas spread along trade routes. This essay looks at the great Eurasian Silk Roads as a transmitter of people, goods, ideas, beliefs and inventions.

Good ideas travel easilyand far along trade routes, and the Silk Road was no exception to that rule. A famous example of a Chinese invention that helped to transform the world is paper. Paper was invented during the Han dynasty, probably just at the time the Silk Road trade was beginning to flourish. (Many accounts ascribe the invention of paper to a Latter Han official at the beginning of the 2nd century CE, but actual paper at least two centuries older than that has been archaeologically excavated from Han tombs.) Far superior to the narrow wooden strips or hard-to-handle rolls of silk that the Chinese had previously used for writing, paper soon became the writing material of choice throughout China and East Asia. It was found also in the Buddhist temples of China's northwest, but seemed not to make inroads beyond that for a long time, perhaps in part because the Chinese tried to protect the secret of its manufacture, and perhaps in part also because other writing materials, such as parchment and papyrus, were well established in the west.

But under the Mongols in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, a group of Chinese workmen set up a papermaking establishment in Samarkand. Their product quickly spread by trade and imitation, and paper soon supplanted other writing materials in most of western Eurasia.

In China, the invention of paper stimulated the invention of printing, sometime during the 6th century CE-a development energetically supported by Buddhism, according to which the duplication of sacred texts was an act of religious merit. The re-invention of printing in Europe centuries later did not employ East Asian-style printing technology, but it may have been stimulated by accounts of Chinese printing that could have circulated in the Middle East.

Another invention that spread entirely across Eurasia was the noria, or irrigation waterwheel. This simple, ingenious device, invented in Roman Syria, consists of a vertical waterwheel to the rim of which are attached a series of pots or tubes. As the current of a river rotates the wheel, the pots fill with water at the bottom of the cycle and empty into a chute at the top; a large noria can lift water as much as forty feet with no input of human or animal energy. This inspired invention was obviously a good idea, and rapidly spread along the Silk Road and its tributaries. There is a famous example in Toledo, Spain, others along the upper reaches of the Yellow River in China, and many more in between.

Foodstuffs also count in this category of the travel of ideas and techniques Apples spread, in prehistoric times via the steppe belt, in both directions from the region of modern-day Kazakhstan; oranges went (via the maritime route) from China to the Mediterranean world; grapes went from the western reaches of the Silk Road to China.

These examples and dozens more that could be mentioned make the point clear: ideas, inventions, devices and techniques spread readily and far along the Silk Road, and the traffic was very much a two way, or perhaps one should say a multi-way, street. In the process the Silk Road enriched not just the merchants who carried and exchanged goods, but the people of countries and cultures all across Eurasia.

It is perhaps worth noting, however, that long-distance trade can have unexpectedly bad side effects as well as direct beneficial effects. For example, the Black Death plague that devastated Europe in the 14th century is believed to have come via the Silk Road from Central Asia, where plague is endemic among local rodents. One theory holds that a load of marmot pelts (destined to be used on fur-trimmed garments), contaminated with plague-bearing flea eggs, was brought from somewhere in Central Asia to a Middle Eastern port. There the eggs hatched into fleas that infested some local rats; some of the rats eventually went on shipboard and were carried to port cities in Italy. There the plague spread, via fleas, to other rats, and then to people; and a disaster was in the making.

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by John Major Good ideas and innovation travel easily-and far. Historically, these ideas spread along trade routes. This essay looks at the great Eurasian Silk Roads as a transmitter of people, goods, ideas, beliefs and inventions. Good ideas travel easilyand far along trade routes, and the Silk Road was no exception to that rule.

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Source A: Marco Polo, description of Polo’s travels, The Travels of Marco Polo (excerpts), 2004

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In Tabriz Iran cloth of gold and silk is woven

Market for merchandise from many places

Good profits can be made by travelling merchants

Come from India brings spices, silk, pearls, gold, tusks, etc.

Great centre of commerce- many valuable items

Tenduc, Northeast China was where Marco Polo traversed

There were Mahometans, idolaters, and Nestorian Christians

Had gold and many silks

Ho-kien-fu was like Tenduc- subject to the Great Khan

Used paper money, lived by trade and industry.

They had a lot of silk, and produced it abundantly

There is a river when merchandise are transported to Khan-balik

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“just as we have woollen cloths of many different types, so have they of cloth of gold and silk.  They are subject to the great Khan”

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This source allows us to find a commonality between all three places- they produced an abundance of silk. This allows us to infer that in order for one to be a thriving region with trade, they were probably trading silk. Maybe silk was considered a precious commodity, and maybe that is why it was called the silk road- will find out more in other sources.

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https://asiasociety.org/education/silk-road

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Silk Road Food Spice Drugs, Silk Road Food Culture, Silk Road Cultural Exchange

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Chinese dinner table had used to be fairly limited, and thanks to Chinese language , there are a number of plants that contains the character "胡 hu". Examples include: hutao (胡桃, walnut), hugua (胡瓜, cucumber), hucong (胡葱, allium porrum), hujiao (胡椒, pepper), huluobo (胡萝卜, carrot), hudou (胡豆, horse bean), etc.

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The Chinese civilization led the world for a long period in history. It had contributions in science and technology in the Silk Road. China had many new inventions which were the most important contributions: compass, dynamite, paper making and printing techniques, water well drilling, cast iron technologies, alchemy, sericulture Chinese medicine (in particular, acupuncture), etc. Many people became interested in others because of the knowledge or technology people had. Eventually silk-reeling machines, matches, cement, electricity, leather, rubber, tobacco, refinery, etc. spread to China through the Silk Road.

Handicrafts

“China’s major exports included silk, porcelain, lacquer ware, ironware, gold & silver ware, and other luxuries.” Silk had became popular and it became fashionable.

“Porcelain became a major commodity to the West with the rise of Maritime Silk Road which was more efficient and convenient for transport the fragile porcelain.”

“Emperor Lingdi of Han Dynasty was addicted to clothes, tent, bed, stools, konghou (musical instrument like a harp), flute, dancing etc.” Silk Road had advantages like this.

“the Chinese started sitting on stools or chairs as compared against formerly kneeling on their own heels on the ground.” Changed the lifestyle.

In china, “Western clocks, glasses, tobacco bottles, and satin were popular items for the upper class people.”

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Chinese food changed thanks to the vegetables they got with the silk road.

“胡 hu” seems like the character that the Chinese would use in front of foreign foods and plants

One of China’s biggest contribution is tea.

Spice came to china through the silk road. It was used in food, medicine and cosmetics.

A lot of medicine was also transported through the silk road.

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Silk roads acted as “a transmitter of people, goods, ideas, beliefs and inventions” for the people of Eurasia.

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The Chinese invention, paper, helped transform the world, and it was invented during the Han dynasty, around the time the Silk Road trade started to flourish. Everyone started to use paper as writing material throughout China and East Asia. When the Mongols started establishing paper making in Samarkand, it spread very quickly throughout most of western Eurasia. With paper there was printing which allowed for sacred texts and religious merit to be duplicated.

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“The re-invention of printing in Europe centuries later did not employ East Asian-style printing technology, but it may have been stimulated by accounts of Chinese printing that could have circulated in the Middle East.”

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On top of that, the irrigation waterwheel spread across Eurasia, and it was invented in Roman Syria. With the waterwheel, there was no need for human or animal energy, and spread rapidly along the Silk Road and its tributaries (famous example in Toledo, Spain, and upper reaches off the Yellow River in China).

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How Silk Road trade led to other benefits

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How Silk Road trade led to other benefits

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With the trade of the waterwheel, food and techniques to have surplus food spread. Apples from the steppe belt in the region of modern-day Kazakhstan, oranges went from China to the Mediterranean, and “grapes went from the western reaches of the Silk Road to China” (there are other examples of course).

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The Black Death plague that deeply affected Europe was believed to have come via the Silk Road. Some people believed that it was flee eggs that carried such a plague, and once they hatched they affected the rats which affected and ended up being the cause of death for many civilians.

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All of these also helped the Western Civilization. “Compass greatly facilitated oceanic navigation. Paper-making & printing techniques were brought to Europe via the Middle East, and greatly promoted the spread and development of knowledge and culture. The peoples in Central Asia learned to drill well and develop irrigation systems of wells connected by underground channels from the Chinese migrants and troops via the Silk Road, which boosted the economy of the desert region states. The cast iron technology precipitated the transition of many Central Asian peoples from the Neolithic Age to the Iron. Dynamite became extensively used in Europe in wars, triggering a revolution in weapons and warfare and giving the European powers an edge over the Orient. Alchemy, a technology developed by Chinese Taoist religion, spread to the Arabic world which in turn, influenced Europe and formed the basis on which modern chemistry had grown. ”

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“[…] ideas, inventions, devices and techniques spread readily and far along the Silk Road, and the traffic was very much a two way, or perhaps one should say a multi-way, street. In the process the Silk Road enriched not just the merchants who carried and exchanged goods, but the people of countries and cultures all across Eurasia."

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https://asiasociety.org/religions-silk-road

The region which is now known as Afghanistan was mainly a Buddhist area during the eve of the Muslim conquests in the 7th century CE. The majority of the silk road's economy was run by the Buddhist traders. Because of this they became direct competitors of the muslims from the 7th century onwards. Islam spread across the silk road primarily due to the activities of the muslim merchants operating under the protection of local muslim rulers. Religion was constantly being spread across the silk road.

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https://asiasociety.org/geographical-setting-silk-roads
The term Silk Road denotes a network of trails and trading posts, oases and emporia connecting East Asia to the Mediterranean. Along the way, branch routes led to different destinations from the main route, with one especially important branch leading to northwestern India and thus to other routes throughout the subcontinent.

https://www.travelchinaguide.com/silk-road/maritime-silk-route.htm
In order to distinguish it from the traditional Silk Road, this maritime trade route linking the East and West was given the name 'Silk Road on the Sea' by a Japanese scholar in 1967. The two most favoured courses followed by trade ships were those of the East China and South China Sea Routes.