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A typical handling facility for cattle is a cattle chute. This is used for holding cattle while they are being examined, marked, given veterinary treatment etc. Typically to get the cattle to go into the chute, the flight zone will be used to convince them to move forward into the chute. Once they put their head through the head gate and it is closed, the cattle can then be handled. If the cattle is not cooperating once in the chute, their head may be immobilized by a rope, and if possible, the sided of the chute can squeeze them. Once the handler has finished what they need to do, the cattle is then rewarded by being let from the chute.

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When compared to humans, cattle have better eyesight and sense of smell than people. They can also hear higher frequencies than people can hear and are sensitive to them. Lower frequencies are calming and are sometimes used to calm them in stressful situations. Their skin is sensitive to touch as they sometimes use touch to communicate with one another.  Cattle almost have 360 degree vision but have a blind spot behind them known as the flight zone.

https://www.lifestyleblock.co.nz/lifestyle-file/livestock-a-pets/cattle/cattle-behaviour/item/55-cattle-senses.html

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Classical and Operant Conditioning in Cattle 

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Classical and Operant Conditioning in Cattle 

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In this study, they trained some of the cattle by operant conditioning and some by classical conditioning to see which technique the cattle responded better to. They used these techniques to try and associate a sound with getting fed so they would be able to use the sound to get the cattle to come in for food. For the classical conditioning, it was similar to the Pavlov experiment where they exposed the cattle to both the food and sound stimulus simultaneously. For operant conditioning, they presented the cattle with a pleasant sound when they did what they wanted and a negative sound when they did something aversive. In the end, they found that the cattle responded better to the operant conditioning technique.

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In this article, it briefly mentions that it is important to improve the management and handling of calves when they are younger so that they are easier to handle when they are older and bigger which in turn will make them more profitable.
https://www.farmerstrend.co.ke/the-most-critical-and-sensitive-stage-during-a-dairy-cows-life/

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In this journal article, it talks about a study conducted to connect the environmental and genetic impact on the milking frequency of dairy cattle in the automatic milking system. In the end of the study, it was concluded that the heritability for milking frequency was significant enough to incorporate the behavioral trait into the breeding goal. They also selected for traits that caused the dairy cattle to go more voluntarily into the automatic milking systems to improve labor efficiency.

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Use of Repeated Measures Analysis for Evaluation of Genetic Background of D...: EBSCOhost

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This heritability table shows the heritability for docility and flight distance for different breeds of cattle. Like we talked about in class, docility can be related to the quality grade. The more docile, the better the quality grade, not to mention they are easier to work with.

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I chose cattle as the species that I wanted to look into more because I am interested in the species and am interested in working with them in the future. I have some experience working with cattle but not enough to understand them as much as I would like to in the future. Learning more about cattle in particular will help me with my career path as well. It will help me to decide which animals I would prefer to work with in my future. Cattle are a big part of the animal agriculture industry, so learning more about them will help me to prepare for my future.